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Inwentaryzacja hałd materiałów sypkich metodą UAV oraz naziemnego skaningu laserowego

Pietroń Krzysztof, Kacprzak Łukasz

Materiały Budowlane

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2021

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nr 4

82--83

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The capability of terrestrial laser scanning for monitoring the displacement of high-rise buildings

Pham Trung Dung, Pham Quoc Khanh, Cao Xuan Cuong, Nguyen Viet Hung, Ngo Sy Cuong

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2021

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no. 2

495--504

EN

Recently, terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) has been increasingly used to monitor of displacement of high-rise buildings. The main advantages of this technique are time-saving, higher point density, and higher accuracy in comparison with GPS and conventional methods. While TLS is ordinary worldwide, there has been no study of the capability of TLS in monitoring the displacement of high-rise buildings yet in Vietnam. The paper's goal is to build a procedure for displacement monitoring of high-rise buildings and assess the accuracy of TLS in this application. In the experiments, a scanned board with a 60 cm x 60 cm mounted on a moveable monument system is scanned by Faro Focus3D X130. A monitoring procedure using TLS is proposed, including three main stages: site investigation, data acquisition and processing, and displacement determination by the Cloud-to-Cloud method (C2C). As a result, the displacement of the scanned object between epochs is computed. In order to evaluate the accuracy, the estimated displacement using TLS is compared with the real displacement. The accuracy depends on scanning geometry, surface property, and point density conditions. Our results show that the accuracy of the estimated displacement is within ± 2 mm for buildings lower than 50 m of height. Thus, TLS completely meets the accuracy requirements of monitoring displacement in the Vietnam Standards of Engineering Surveying. With such outstanding performance, our workflow of using TLS could be applied to monitor the displacement of high-rise buildings in the reality of geodetic production in Vietnam.

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A comparative analysis of the results of terrestrial laser scanning and numerical modelling for assessing the stability of a road embankment on the active landslide on the Just mountain at Tęgoborze at Just – Tęgoborze

Pilecka Elżbieta, Manterys Tomasz, Szwarkowski Dariusz

Technical Transactions

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2019

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Vol. 116, iss. 12

139--150

EN

This article presents a method for the quick assessment of the safety of the road on an active landslide on the Just mountain at Tęgoborze using the landslide hazard ratio of landslide movements. The hazard indicator for landslide traffic has been defined as the quotient of the largest displacements obtained from measurements using a terrestrial laser scanner to the largest displacement obtained from a numerical model of the worst geotechnical conditions and an unstable landslide. The application of this indicator was presented on the example of national road No. 75 along the section of the road in km from 51 + 900 to 52 + 700 at the location of the Just mountain at Tęgoborze in the south of Poland. The road is located on an active landslide and has a lot of traffic. The measurements were conducted with the RIEGL. VZ400 terrestrial laser scanner from 2012 to 2016. As a result of the measurements performed with a terrestrial laser scanner, a cloud of 3D points was obtained. Differential models of subsequent measurements were constructed and compared to the first base measurements. The results of 3D differential models obtained from terrestrial laser scanner measurements were compared with results obtained from 3D numerical modelling. Numerical calculations were conducted assuming the worst geotechnical conditions. The model of the landslide was fully saturated. A numerical simulation computed using the finite element method (FEM) in the MIDAS GTS program was applied. A result of the safety factor F = 0.8 (i.e. an unstable landslide) was obtained. In order to estimate the hazard, the values of the landslide hazard indicator were determined for each date using the measurements conducted with the laser scanner.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę szybkiej oceny bezpieczeństwa drogi na osuwisku za pomocą wskaźnika zagrożenia ruchem osuwiskowym. Zdefiniowano wskaźnik zagrożenia ruchem osuwiskowym jako iloraz największych przemieszczeń wyznaczonego z pomiarów naziemnym skanerem laserowym do największego przemieszczenia wyznaczonego z modelu numerycznego dla najgorszych warunków geotechnicznych i niestatecznego osuwiska. Przedstawiono zastosowanie tego wskaźnika na przykładzie odcinka drogi krajowej nr 75 wzdłuż odcinka drogi w km od 51 + 900 do 52 + 700 w miejscowości Just-Tęgoborze na południu Polski. Droga położona jest na czynnym osuwisku i ma duże natężenie ruchu. Pomiary przeprowadzono naziemnym skanerem laserowym RIEGL. VZ400 w okresie od 2012 do 2016 roku. W wyniku pomiarów naziemnym skanerem laserowym otrzymano chmurę punktów 3D. Wykonano modele różnicowe kolejnych pomiarów w porównaniu do pierwszego bazowego pomiaru. Porównano wyniki modeli różnicowych 3D otrzymanych z pomiarów naziemnym skanerem laserowym z wynikami otrzymanymi z modelowania numerycznego 3D. Obliczenia numeryczne przeprowadzono dla najgorszych warunków geotechnicznych czyli całkowitego nasycenia osuwiska metodą elementów skończonych (MES) w programie MIDAS GTS. Otrzymano wynik współczynnika stateczności F = 0,8 czyli osuwisko niestateczne. W celu oszacowania zagrożenia wyznaczono wartości wskaźnika zagrożenia osuwiskiem dla każdej daty wynikającej z przeprowadzonych pomiarów skanerem laserowym.

4

Headframe modelling accuracy for finite element method analysis purposes

Biel D., Lipecki T.

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2018

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Vol. 106

19--24

EN

Nowadays, the growing popularity of terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) allows to obtain a point cloud of many industrial objects along with classic surveying. However, the quality and model’s accuracy in comparison to a real shape seem to be a question, that must be further researched. It is crucial especially for Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis, which, being a part of technical design, estimate the values of construction’s dislocation and deformation. The article describes objects such as headgear with steel support and 4-post headframe with steel sheers. Both supports and sheers were modelled basing on point clouds. All the models were compared to the point cloud. The differences in models’ shape were calculated and the maximal values were determined. The results’ usefulness in FEM analysis was described.

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Three dimensional modeling and geometric properties of oil plant equipment from terrestrial laser scanner observations

Elgndy A. I., Zeidan Z. M., Beshr A. A.

Geodesy and Cartography

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2018

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Vol. 67, no. 2

193--206

EN

Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) is a new class of survey instruments to capture spatial data developed rapidly. A perfect facility in the oil industry does not exist. As facilities age, oil and gas companies often need to revamp their plants to make sure the facilities still meet their specifications. Due to the complexity of an oil plant site, there are difficulties in revamping, having all dimensions and geometric properties, getting through narrow spaces between pipes and having the description label of each object within a facility site. So it is needed to develop an accurate observations technique to overcome these difficulties. TLS could be an unconventional solution as it accurately measures the coordinates identifying the position of each object within the oil plant and provide highly detailed 3D models. This paper investigates creating 3D model for Ras Gharib oil plant in Egypt and determining the geometric properties of oil plant equipment (tank, vessels, pipes . . . etc.) using TLS observations and modeling by CADWORX program. The modeling involves an analysis of several scans of the oil plant. All the processes to convert the observed points cloud into a 3D model are described. The geometric properties for tanks, vessels and pipes (radius, center coordinates, height and consequently oil volume) are also calculated and presented. The results provide a significant improvement in observing and modeling of an oil plant and prove that the TLS is the most effective choice for generating a representative 3D model required for oil plant revamping.

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Monitoring zawilgocenia obiektu budowlanego z wykorzystaniem techniki naziemnego skaningu laserowego

Suchocki C., Katzer J., Damięcka-Suchocka M., Kuźmińska E., Rapiński J.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2017

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Vol. 66, nr 4

155--166

PL

W technice naziemnego skaningu laserowego (TLS) jednym z czynników, który ma wpływ na moc odbitej wiązki lasera, jest rodzaj skanowanej powierzchni, który jest ściśle związany z jej własnościami fizykochemicznymi. W wielu pracach wykazano, że na absorpcję i rozproszenie wiązki lasera ma wpływ przede wszystkim kolor i chropowatość skanowanej powierzchni. Biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że woda posiada duży współczynnik absorpcji wiązki lasera, autorzy pracy podjęli badania nad wpływem poziomu zawilgocenia obiektów budowlanych na absorpcję i rozproszenie wiązki lasera. Badania przeprowadzono w warunkach laboratoryjnych przy wykorzystaniu impulsowego naziemnego skanera laserowego Leica C-10. Pomiary zostały wykonane do specjalnie wymurowanych ścian z bloczków gazobetonowych i ceramicznych. Testowe obiekty zostały umieszczone w specjalnym naczyniu hydraulicznie uzupełnianym wodą, w celu ich stopniowego zawilgacania. Szczegółowej anlizie poddano wartość intensity chmury punktów uzyskanej z tych pomiarów. Uzupełnieniem badań laboratoryjnych było dodatkowo przeprowadzenie obserwacji w warunkach terenowych. Wyniki badań wykazały, że intensywność wiązki lasera odbitej od zawilgoconych materiałów budowlanych jest znacznie niższa niż od materiałów suchych. Zależność tę można wykorzystać podczas pomiarów TLS w monitoringu geodezyjnym. Poza określaniem geometrii danego obiektu budowlanego, dodatkowo istnieje możliwość śledzenia zmian poziomu jego zawilgocenia.

EN

A type of a scanned surface (its physico-chemical properties) significantly influences the power of the returning laser signal in terrestrial laser scanner technique. The influence of different colour and roughness of a scanned surface on absorption and scattering was proven by multiple researchers. Water is characterized by high absorption coefficient of a laser signal. Keeping this fact in mind, the authors prepared a research programme focused on the influence of moisture movement in a building wall on the value of the intensity in TLS. An impulse TLS scanner ScanStation C10 produced by Leica was used during the research programme in an indoor environment. The measurements were conducted targeting specially formed walls made of cellular concrete and ceramic hollow blocks. Test objects were placed in a special plastic container with water. The level of the water in the container was kept constant using an autonomous hydraulic pressure system. The porous dry wall was sucking water and the level of saturation was rising. The differences in values of intensity point cloud from scan were of special interest. In addition, tests have been carried out to the building object in an outdoors environment. The achieved results have shown that the intensity of the reflected laser beam from the wet building materials is much lower than that of dry materials. This dependency can be used 166 for the measurement of TLS in the geodetic monitoring. Apart from determining the geometry of a building wall, it is possible to determine changes of its humidity.

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Ocena dynamiki zmian brzegu klifowego położonego w pobliżu miejscowości Pleśna w latach 2006-2015

Suchocki C., Damięcka-Suchocka M., Jerzakowska A., Gawron W.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2016

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Vol. 65, nr 2

155--165

PL

W wyniku widocznych na naszym globie zmian klimatycznych, które przyczyniają się do podnoszenia średniego poziomu mórz i oceanów oraz do zwiększonej liczby sztormów, zauważalny jest nasilający się proces abrazji morskiej występującej na klifach. W artykule zaprezentowano badania zmierzające do określenia tempa cofania się fragmentu odcinka brzegu klifowego zlokalizowanego w pobliżu miejscowości Pleśna. Przeanalizowano przemieszczenia klifu zachodzące wskutek czynników erozyjnych na podstawie obserwacji z lat 2006-2015. Okresowe pomiary klifu były wykonywane techniką naziemnego skaningu laserowego. W analizach zastosowano opracowaną metodykę monitorowania brzegów klifowych, która była wynikiem pięcioletnich badań prowadzonych przez pracowników Katedry Geodezji Politechniki Koszalińskiej.

EN

Climate changes on our planet contribute to the rise in the average level of the seas, oceans, and a greater number of storms. It causes an increasing process of the sea abrasion on the cliffs. The paper presents the research, which determines the rate of retreat of the cliff shore fragment located in the vicinity of Pleśna village. The cliff displacements, which are the effect of erosive factors, were analysed on the basis of observations made in the years 2006-2015. Terrestrial laser scanning technology was applied to periodic measurements of the cliff. In the studies, the methodology of cliff shores monitoring was used, which was the result of five-year research performed by the staff of the Department of Geodesy Technical University of Koszalin.

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Stumpage Forestry Data Mining based on 3D Laser Point Cloud

Yun T., Xu H., Gao M., Tang C.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 1b

155--158

EN

Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) was used to obtain stumpage point cloud data. Firstly, we used the ball neighbourhood combining with a uniform grid method to represent the spatial topology construction of the point cloud, thereby reduced the amount of calculation. Secondly, we used Hough transform to calculate timber volume and abandoned branches and leaves interference according to different depth circular centers continuity. Thirdly through calculating the point cloud features, such as normal vector, curvature, bending, etc, then automatically located the secondary branches position; Finally, comparing with the really measurement trees parameters; the effectiveness of our proposed method is proved.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki prac dotyczących wykorzystania laserowego skanera przestrzeni (ang. Terrestrial Laser Scanner – TLS) do uzyskania danych dotyczących ilości drewna na danym terenie, w celu ustalenia opłaty wycinkowej. W tworzeniu struktury przestrzennej chmury danych, wykorzystano metodę siatki jednolitej w połączeniu z kulistą formą otoczenia, co dało ograniczenie liczby obliczeń. W drugim etapie zastosowano transformację Hougha, do obliczenia ilości drewna, wolnych gałęzi i zakłóceń wywołanych liśćmi, a na koniec wyznaczono parametry chmury danych, jak wektor normalny, krzywizna, zagięcia itp. Porównanie z danymi rzeczywistymi potwierdza skuteczność metody.

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Badanie przemieszczeń tymczasowej przeprawy mostowej typu BLG-67 z wykorzystaniem techniki naziemnego skaningu laserowego

Wilińska M.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2012

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R. 19, nr 9

1509--1517, CD

PL

Wielomilionowe chmury punktów są coraz częściej wykorzystywane do badań obiektów w celu monitorowania ich przemieszczeń. Przedmiotem badań poruszonych w niniejszym artykule jest tymczasowa przeprawa mostowa typu BLG-67, która podlegała cyklicznym próbom obciążeniowym masą 30 ton. Została ona pomierzona w dwóch położeniach (p0 i p1) z wykorzystaniem impulsowego naziemnego skanera laserowego Leica ScanStation 2. Fragmenty pozyskanych chmur punktów zostały zamodelowane, a następnie poprzez pomiar odległości pomiędzy odpowiadającymi sobie płaszczyznami wyznaczono przemieszczenia poszczególnych elementów konstrukcji. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest udowodnienie, iż dane z naziemnego skaningu laserowego mogą być wykorzystane do wyznaczenia przemieszczeń obiektów tego typu z milimetrową dokładnością.

EN

Multimillion point clouds are increasingly being used to study objects in order to monitor their movements. The subject of the research addressed in this article is a type BLG-67 temporary bridge crossing, which was subjected to repeated load tests with a weight of 30 tons. The temporary bridge crossing had been measured at two positions (p0 and p1) using a Leica ScanStation 2 pulsed terrestrial laser scanner. Fragments of obtained point clouds were modeled, and then by measuring the distance between the corresponding planes, displacements of individual structural elements were determined. The purpose of this study is to prove, that the data from terrestrial laser scanning can be used to determine the displacements of the objects of this type with an accuracy of up to a single millimeter.

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Evaluation of Possible Application of Terrestrial Laser Scanner - ScanStation in Vertical Displacement Measurements

Dumalski A.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2011

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nr 14(1)

33-43

EN

Author of the article conducted empirical studies to show the usefulness of the laser scanner in displacement measurements. Vertical displacements were measured on a tester that was specially contracted for that purpose. The test measurements were carried out by applying different methods and different instruments, i.e., the precise leveler, the total station applied with the reflector of without it and ScanStation laser scanner. The test results show great potential for laser scanning in determining the vertical displacements even of millimeter values. The paper also presents briefly how to use laser scanning in surveying measurements and a special attention was paid to some of the parameters characterizing accuracy of the laser scanning.

PL

Autor artykułu przeprowadził badania empiryczne mające na celu pokazanie przydatności skanera laserowego w pomiarach przemieszczeń obiektów inżynierskich. Na specjalnie do tego celu skonstruowanym przyrządzie pomiarowym dokonano pomiaru przemieszczenia pionowego. Wykorzystano różne instrumenty i techniki pomiarowe. Do wyznaczenia przemieszczenia pionowego zastosowano niwelator precyzyjny, tachimetr elektroniczny z funkcją pomiaru z reflektorem i bez oraz skaner laserowy ScanStation. Wyniki testu wskazują na duże możliwości skanowania laserowego w wyznaczaniu przemieszczeń pionowych i pozwalają na wychwycenie ich milimetrowych wartości. W pracy przedstawiono sposoby zastosowań skanowania laserowego w pomiarach oraz zwrócono uwagę na niektóre parametry dokładnościowe charakteryzujące skaner laserowy.

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Investigating the accuracy of spatial coordinates of modeled HDS target center depending on the range from terrestrial laser scanner measurements

Hejbudzka K., Dumalski A.

Reports on Geodesy

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2011

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z. 1/90

157-164

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the accuracy of the position of High Definition Survey (further HDS) target center in three dimensional space. Precise position of the target center has a significant impact on georeference, the registration accuracy of several point clouds into a complete 3D point cloud and, what is more, on the accuracy of the final results. The measurements were made with the use of Leica Scanstation. During the experiment 15 scans of the fixed target, for each of three distances, were carried out. The results were conducted in two ways: using scanner's software - the Cyclone, and the author's program written in Python. The obtained results were the basis for statistical analysis, namely a confidence ellipsoid in 3D space.

12

Determination of bridge structure deformation using TLS

Erdelyi J.

Reports on Geodesy

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2011

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z. 1/90

115-121

EN

This paper deals with determination of deformation of the No. M 137 bridge at Bojnická Street in Bratislava (Slovak Republic). The structure of the bridge consists of eleven concrete beams positioned in longitudinal direction. The atmospheric conditions and the traffic are causing deformation of the bridge structure. In this paper is described the procedure of initial measurement of displacements using Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). Heights of 196 measured points were determined in local coordinate system. The points were situated in profiles (11 in each profile) on the beginning, the centre and the end of each bridge section.

13

Utilization of terrestrial laser scanner Leica scanstation for stocktaking measurements on an example of a spherical dome

Hejbudzka K., Kamiński W.

Reports on Geodesy

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2009

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z. 2/87

145-152

EN

The work presents results of using the technology of terrestrial laser scanning in stocktaking measurements of spherical domes. The parameter subject to special evaluation is the value of the dome's diameter set on primary Ievel, which is compared with the theoretical value obtained from the technical project of the object. The measurements in several variants were made with the use of Leica ScanStation laser scanner bought by the Geodesy Institute. In office works the original manufacturer's programme (Cyclone v. 5.6) was used. The programme enables modeling the obtained observation results and making basic measurements, such as, among other, measuring the value of the diameter on the cross-section subject to the analysis. The results obtained with the use of laser scanning encourage to further detailed theoretically-empirical analysis.

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Wykorzystanie technologii naziemnego skaningu laserowego w inwentaryzacji lasu

Chirrek M., Strzeliński P., Wencel A., Zasada M., Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2007

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T. 5, z. 5

19-24

EN

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is the technology of the last few years. Within wide areas of its application, a big potential has been found for scientific and operational use of this technique to register and measure various characteristic features of forest environment. In Poland, the technology has been applied, among others, within the framework of the research project entitled .Forest inventory based on integration of various different geomatics techniques., commissioned by the General Directorate of State Forests to be implemented in the years 2006.2008. The goal of the project is to select methods of remote data collection suitable for forestry uses and to elaborate a forest inventory method based on selected geomatic techniques, including TLS technology. FARO LS 880 scanner was selected for the project. The main research area consists of sample plots located in the Milicz forest district. Consecutive tests were performed in Sławno, Chojna, Zielonka and Grodzisk forest districts. Tests of various variants of data collection and processing were performed. The obtained results concerning measurement accuracy and the scope of collected data were compared with traditional forest inventory methods.