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The role of EU public diplomacy in affecting international security in the context of the development of the outer space traffic management

Borek Rafał, Woźnica Justyna, Malawski Marek

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2022

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R. 7, Nr 13

75--92

EN

Objectives: The purpose of this article is to identify the role of international diplomacy in shaping the outer Space Traffic Management. Methods: The theoretical research methods were used in this paper - analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization. Results: The article presents the potential possibility of not only gaining the public awareness in the area of space traffic management problems thanks to the international mandate of institutions such as the European Union (EU) or NATO, but also its attempt to indicate the role of European institutions in shaping international security in the context of the development of space traffic management at the global level. Conclusions: Taking into consideration all potential space threats and military and non-military issues of building international security we can find straight links of complexity with the outer space environment and multilateral diplomacy. It sems to be the most efficient tool to build resilience in the environment of international institutions of strategic status to establish space situational awareness of key importance for future global defence and deterrence. Taking a huge intensity of space traffic management, especially with the example of the tensed conflict in Ukraine since 24th February 2022 we are witnessing the new era of space technological resolutions. The awareness should also concern the possibility of technical achievement, as the example done by Chinese or Russians that can destroy satellites in orbit in case of the possible conflict scenario in the space.

2

The Nomenclature of War and Genocide : the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Keefe Thomas E.

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2022

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R. 7, Nr 13

75--82

EN

Objectives: An analysis of the nomenclature of war regarding the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Methods: The research methods include a historical analysis of the naming of wars, specifically the term “World War III,” and documentation of the current political and military situation. Results: The article answers three research questions: 1) How and why are wars named? 2) What is meant by the phrase “World War III”? 3) Is the Russo-Ukrainian War of 2022 a global conflict? 4) What are the ramifications of the conflict in terms of human rights (genocide) and the international system (political and economic)? Conclusions: The Russo-Ukrainian War of 2022 is not a regional act of aggression by a Russian belligerent state, but the escalation of imperialist aspirations into a global and genocidal conflict. This is a renewed Cold War that ought to be framed as World War III both in regards to collective numeration as well as a recognition of the global nature and potential regarding the use of tactical nuclear weapons.

3

Space Security Policy in Japan and Poland

Polkowska Małgorzata

Cybersecurity and Law

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2019

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Vol. 2 (2)

75--100

EN

This article refers to the Space security legislation in Japan and Poland. Both states have already prepared some legislation on Security in Space- the question is the following- if there is still a need of progress and if those presented legislation are sufficient for the practical purposes of the peaceful uses of Outer Space. Japan is a much more experienced state in using space than Poland; the same seems with the legislation. Poland as less experienced state in this matter has lots of ambitions to create the efficient legislation on Space security, so it must follow the good examples of states and institution in this matter. One of them is Japan. On the other state, Poland as a Member of EU must implement the European law in space security (in particular SSA), which seems to be priceless and efficient for the international cooperation in Space.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł odnosi się do przepisów dotyczących bezpieczeństwa kosmicznego w Japonii i w Polsce. Oba państwa przygotowały już pewne akty prawne dotyczące bezpieczeństwa w przestrzeni kosmicznej – pytanie jest następujące – czy nadal istnieje potrzeba zmian i czy te przedstawione akty prawne są wystarczające do realizacji praktycznych celów pokojowego użytkowania przestrzeni kosmicznej. Japonia jest znacznie bardziej doświadczonym państwem w korzystaniu z przestrzeni kosmicznej niż Polska; to samo wydaje się w przypadku ustawodawstwa. Polska jako mniej doświadczone państwo w tej dziedzinie ma wiele ambicji co do stworzenia skutecznego ustawodawstwa dotyczącego bezpieczeństwa kosmicznego, dlatego musi podążać za dobrymi przykładami państw i instytucji. Jednym z nich jest Japonia. Z drugiej strony Polska jako członek UE musi wdrożyć europejskie prawo w zakresie bezpieczeństwa kosmicznego (w szczególności SSA), które wydaje się bezcenne i skuteczne dla międzynarodowej współpracy państw w Kosmosie.

4

Ionospheric correction of space radar data

Hapgood M.

Acta Geophysica

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2010

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Vol. 58, no. 3

453-467

EN

Radar is a critical tool for maintaining knowledge of the many objects in low Earth orbit and thus for maintaining confidence that societies around the world are secure against a variety of space-based threats. It is therefore important to raise awareness that LEO objects are embedded in the envelope of relatively dense plasma that co-rotates with the Earth (ionosphere-plasmasphere system) and thus accurate tracking must correct for the group delay and refraction caused by that system. This paper seeks to promote that awareness by reviewing those effects and highlighting key issues: the need to customise correction to the altitude of the tracked object and prevailing space weather conditions, that ionospheric correction may be particularly important as an object approaches reentry. The paper outlines research approaches that should lead to better techniques for ionospheric correction and shows how these might be pursued in the context of the EURIPOS initiative.