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1

Evaluating the suitability of a new telemetric capacitance-based measurement system for real-time application in irrigation and fertilization management

Treder Waldemar, Klamkowski Krzysztof, Tryngiel-Gać Anna, Wójcik Katarzyna

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

67--73

EN

The suitability of a new wireless smart farming system for controlling irrigation and fertilization of horticultural plants was assessed in the study. The system (name: AGREUS® ) includes sensors (soil moisture, salinity, weather data), executive modules (valve modules), and an application available on the web portal (accessed through computers and mobile devices). The studies were performed under laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory tests included appraisal of the precision of soil moisture and salinity measurements carried out with the soil probe (comparison with the results obtained by laboratory methods). Operational tests were conducted in field trials. In these trials, assessment of the possibility of practical control of irrigation and monitoring soil salinity was performed in an apple orchard. The conducted analyses have shown the usefulness of the system, not only for automatic control of irrigation but also for making decisions about the necessity to fertilize plants. The system enables continuous monitoring of changes in soil moisture and salinity, including the migration of minerals across the soil profile (using a probe with several measuring elements) as a result of the applied irrigation or rainfall. The system allows for automatic application of irrigation or fertigation depending on the adopted soil moisture and salinity thresholds. However, the tests showed that a salinity index calculated by the system does not directly correspond to the salinity values determined by laboratory methods. For this reason individual interpretation and determination of optimal ranges for plants is required.

2

Szabó Viktor, Osińska-Skotak Katarzyna

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2023

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Vol. 58, No. 2

63--87

EN

The study presents a compatibility analysis of gravimetric observations with passive microwave observations. Monitoring the variability of soil water content is one of the essential issues in climate-related research. Total water storage changes (∆TWS) observed by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), enables the creation of many applications in hydrological monitoring. Soil moisture (SM) is a critical variable in hydrological studies. Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) satellite products provided unique observations on this variable in near-daily time resolutions. The study used maximum covariance analysis (MCA) to extract principal components for ∆TWS and SM signals. The analysis was carried out for the global area, dividing the discussion into individual continents. The amplitudes of gravimetric and microwave signals were computed via the complex empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and the complex conjugate EOF* to determine the regions for detailed comparison. Similarities and differences in signal convergence results were compared with land cover data describing soil conditions, vegetation cover, urbanization status, and cultivated land. Convergence was determined using Pearson correlation coefficients and cross-correlation. In order to compare ∆TWS and SM in individual seasons, ∆TWS observations were normalized. Results show that naturally forested areas and large open spaces used for agriculture support the compatibility between GRACE and AMSRE observations and are characterized by a good Pearson correlation coefficient >0.8. Subpolar regions with permafrost present constraints for AMSR-E observations and have little convergence with GRACE observations.

3

The effect of mulching films on the temporal and spatial distribution of soil water in semiarid hilly area

He Tingting, Wang Youke, Shi Zhipeng

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 3

1439--1447

EN

To explore the patterns of the movement of soil moisture under film mulch throughout the year, white and black film covers were used in the hills and bare land was used as a control. The EM50 data collector is used to monitor the soil moisture in the 2 m soil layer in real time, and the CNC100 neutron moisture metre is used to observe the soil moisture in the 10 m soil layer for two years. The changes in soil moisture under different plastic films and the impacts of different types of plastic films on local water retention were studied in this article. The results showed that the soil moisture content was minimal in the 5-cm soil layer on any given day and that the white film led to greater soil moisture content than the other treatments within a depth of 1 m with a higher outcome. The soil water content at a depth of 10 m in the white film treatment was significantly higher than that in the other two treatments from October 2017 to May 2019. Film mulching not only increased the soil water content but also increased the water storage and moisture conservation in areas planted with jujube. Compared with bare land, film mulching can increase the depth of soil infiltration and help the recovery of the dry soil layer. White film mulching leads to the best recovery effect, and the rain storage efficiency and degree of soil moisture restoration are both the highest under the white film treatment.

4

The effect of various irrigation technologies and strategies on water resources management

Dwijendra Ngakan Ketut Acwin, Abbas Zaheer, Salih Salih Mahmood, Opulencia Maria Jade Catalan, Morozova Larisa, Sergushina Elena S., Asnan Muhammad Noor, Kadhim Mustafa Mohammed, Kavitha Manoharan

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

143--147

EN

Today, the uncontrolled abstraction of surface water and groundwater resources has created adverse consequences, which include: extinction of living organisms, land subsidence, salinity of coastal aquifers, increased pumping energy. Therefore, the need to manage available water resources is felt more than ever. Among the various water uses (agriculture, drinking, and industry), agriculture accounts for the bulk of water consumption. Due to the climate change and the growing population, determining the appropriate strategy and technology for irrigation is necessary. In the current study, a simulation model is used to numerically simulate the dynamics of daily soil moisture during the potato crop growing season and to estimate crop production and economic benefits. For climatic data, daily observations of a meteorological station have been used. Results and analyses have been presented for all cases of micro and traditional irrigation methods and agricultural management strategies of non-stress irrigation, low irrigation, and rainfed cultivation. The results showed that in the non-stress irrigation method, crop production and net profit are almost equal in both traditional and micro methods. In the low irrigation method, microtechnology has made crop production and net profit 1.75 times more than traditional technology, which indicates the impact of irrigation technology on crop production.

5

Assessment of rainfall efficiency in an apple orchard

Treder Waldemar, Klamkowski Krzysztof, Tryngiel-Gać Anna, Wójcik Katarzyna

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

51--57

EN

Atmospheric precipitation is the major input to the soil water balance. Its amount, intensity, and temporal distribution have an indubitable influence on soil moisture. The aim of the study (conducted in the years 2010-2013) was to evaluate soil water balance in an apple orchard as determined by daily rainfall. The amount and intensity of rainfall and daily evapotranspiration were measured using an automatic weather station. Changes in soil water content was carried out using capacitance probes placed at a depth of 20, 40 and 60 cm. The most common were single events of rainfall of up to 0.2 mm, while 1.3-3.6 mm rains delivered the greatest amount of water. A significant correlation was found between the amount of daily rainfall and changes in water content of individual soil layers. The 15-45 cm and 15-65 cm layers accumulated the greatest amount of high rainfall. The study showed a significant influence of the initial soil moisture on changes in the water content of the analysed layers of the soil profile. The lower its initial moisture content was, the more rainwater it was able to accumulate.

6

The influence of scheme and tillage tool parameters on the material consumption and performance of chain tooth harrow

Astafyev Vladimir L., Kurach Alexandr A., Amantayev Maxat A.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 50

69--73

EN

The accumulation of moisture from autumn and winter precipitation in poorly draining soil for plants in arid conditions during the initial stage of the vegetation period in the northern region of Kazakhstan was a severe production problem. Research methods included theoretical and experimental studies. In theoretical studies, the area of the treated surface by a chain harrow is determined. Then, the design of an improved harrow is proposed, including how the tooth chain tillage tools are positioned. Either as a “single action disc harrow” type with mounting four teeth on each chain link, or as a serial harrow with the tooth chain tillage tools located in a “diamond-shaped” double-action scheme with two teeth on each chain link. Experimental studies show that an improved harrow steadily performs the early spring harrowing process with a quality that meets normative requirements. In doing, so the working capacity is 4–5% higher than a serial harrow with a 4–5% lower fuel consumption. Furthermore, it is revealed that the early spring soil harrowing performed by tooth chain harrows allows the loss of productive moisture in the spring pre-sowing period by 1.8–1.9 times to be reduced compared to the untreated background.

7

Field and modelling study for deficit irrigation strategy on roots volume and water productivity of wheat

Abdelraouf Ramadan E., El-Shawadfy Mohamed A., Dewedar Osama M., Hozayn Mahmoud

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 49

129--138

EN

In many regions of the world, including Egypt, water shortages threaten food production. An irrigation deficient strategy in dry areas has been widely investigated as a valuable and sustainable approach to production. In this study, the dry matter and grain yield of wheat was decreased by reducing the amount of irrigation water as well as the volume of the root system. As a result of this, there was an increase the soil moisture stress. This negatively affected the absorption of water and nutrients in the root zone of wheat plants, which ultimately had an effect on the dry matter and grain yield of wheat. The values of dry matter and grain yield of wheat increased with the ʻSakha 94ʼ variety compared to the ʻSakha 93ʼ class. It is possible that this was due to the increase in the genetic characteristic of the root size with the ʻSakha 94ʼ variety compared to the ʻSakha 93ʼ class, as this increase led to the absorption of water and nutrients from a larger volume of root spread. Despite being able to increase the water productivity of wheat by decreasing the amount of added irrigation water, the two highest grain yield values were achieved when adding 100% and 80% of irrigation requirements (IR) needed to irrigate the wheat and no significant differences between the yield values at 100% and 80% of IR were found. Therefore, in accordance with this study, the recommended irrigation for wheat is at 80% IR which will provide 20% IR. When comparing the water productivity of two wheat varieties in study, it becomes clear that ʻSakha 94ʼ was superior to ʻSakha 93ʼ when adding the same amount of irrigation water, and this resulted in increased wheat productivity for ʻSakha 94ʼ. The SALTMED results confirmed good accuracy (R2: 0.92 to 0.98) in simulating soil moisture, roots volume, water application efficiency, dry matter, and grain yield for two varieties of wheat under deficit irrigation conditions. Whilst using sprinkler irrigation system under sandy soils in Egypt.

8

Wykonywanie badań bezpośredniego ścinania na pobranych próbkach gruntów w celu wyznaczenia parametrów wytrzymałościowych takich jak kąt tarcia wewnętrznego i spójność gruntu przy różnych stanach wilgotności

Drynda Radosław, Bajcar Adam

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

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2021

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R. 62, nr 1

39--44

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań gruntów o naruszonej strukturze przeprowadzonych w aparacie bezpośredniego ścinania w różnych stanach wilgotności. Badania te zostały przeprowadzone dla gruntów nadwęglowych pobranych w odkrywce Szczerców.

EN

The article presents the results of tests of soils with disturbed structure carried out in a direct shear apparatus in various humidity conditions. These studies were carried out for above lignite soils collected in the Szczerców open pit.

9

Recognition of district wise groundwater stress zones using the GLDAS-2 catchment land surface model during lean season in the Indian state of West Bengal

Sahoo Satiprasad, Chakraborty Subha, Pham Quoc Bao, Sharif Ehsan, Sammen Saad Sh., Vojtek Matej, Vojteková Jana, Elkhrachy Ismail, Costache Romulus, Linh Nguyen Thi Thuy

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 1

175--198

EN

Water is essential for irrigation, drinking and industrial purposes from global to the regional scale. The groundwater considered a signifcant water resource specifcally in regions where the surface water is not sufcient. Therefore, the research problem is focused on district-wise sustainable groundwater management due to urbanization. The number of impervious surface areas like roofng on built-up areas, concrete and asphalt road surface were increased due to the level of urban development. Thus, these surface areas can inhibit infltration and surface retention by the impact of urbanization because vegeta tion/forest areas are decreased. The present research examines the district-wise spatiotemporal groundwater storage (GWS) changes under terrestrial water storage using the global land data assimilation system-2 (GLDAS-2) catchment land surface model (CLSM) from 2000 to 2014 in West Bengal, India. The objective of the research is mainly focused on the delineation of groundwater stress zones (GWSZs) based on ten biophysical and hydrological factors according to the defciency of groundwater storage using the analytic hierarchy process by the GIS platform. Additionally, the spatiotemporal soil moisture (surface soil moisture, root zone soil moisture, and profle soil moisture) changes for the identifcation of water stress areas using CLSM were studied. Finally, generated results were validated by the observed groundwater level and groundwater recharge data. The sensitivity analysis has been performed for GWSZs mapping due to the defcit of groundwater storage. Three correlation coefcient methods (Kendall, Pearson and Spearman) are applied for the interrelationship between the most signifcant parameters for the generation of GWSZ from sensitivity analysis. The results show that the northeastern (max: 1097.35 mm) and the southern (max: 993.22 mm) parts have high groundwater storage due to higher amount of soil moisture and forest cover compared to other parts of the state. The results also show that the maximum and minimum total annual groundwater recharge shown in Paschim Medinipore [(361,148.51 hectare-meter (ham)] and Howrah (31,510.46 ham) from 2012 to 2013. The generated outcome can create the best sustainable groundwater management practices based upon the human attitude toward risk.

10

Modułowy system pomiarowy do monitoringu wilgotności spągu w kopalni soli

Jamróz Paweł, Socha Katarzyna

Prace Instytutu Mechaniki Górotworu PAN

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2020

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T. 22, nr 1-4

45--53

PL

W artykule przedstawiono proces integracji i badania prototypowego systemu pomiarowego, dedykowanego do pomiaru wilgotności spągu w środowisku podziemnego rezerwatu przyrody „Groty Kryształowe”, zlokalizowanego w Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka”. Powstanie systemu typu „low cost” uwarunkowane było możliwością zastosowania w nim pojemnościowych czujników wilgotności gleby, wykorzystywanych w rolnictwie. Badania takie przeprowadzono z uwagi na złożoną budowę geologiczną Grot cechującą się silną anizotropowością ośrodka związaną z obecnością różnego typu skał, osadów i halitu. Wykazano w nich efekt zmiany zakresu pomiarowego czujnika pojemnościowego w zależności od stopnia zasolenia ośrodka.

EN

The article presents integration and testing process of a prototype system dedicated to measuring floor moisture in the Crystal Caves – underground nature reserve, located in the „Wieliczka” Salt Mine. This „low cost” system was conditioned by the possibility of using capacitive soil moisture sensors routinely used in agriculture and environmental tests. Research was carried out due to the geological structure of destined measurement area, which is characterized by a strong anisotropy of the soil related to the presence of various types of rocks, sediments and halite crystals. Experiments showed the effect of changing the measuring range of the capacitive sensor depending on the salt content in the floor.

11

Monitoring of the Dendrometric Changes Influenced by Soil Water Content

Kišš Vladimír, Bárek Viliam, Novotná Beáta, Tátošová Lucia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 1

34--38

EN

Drought is generally associated with the persistence of low precipitation amount, decreased soil moisture and water availability relative to the normal levels in a designated area. The effects of drought, range from the morphological to molecular levels, and are evident at all phenological stages of the plant growth, at whatever stage the water deficit occurs. Determination of the surface water demands for irrigation purposes comes out from the assumption of hydrologic processes stationarity. This paper shows our research prerequisite that water stress participates in an important part on the volume changes of over ground parts, which is predictive for the irrigation demand. Malus domestica var. Yellow Transparent was chosen for the measurement of volume changes of the surface plant parts. Our measurements were realised by the Diameter dendrometer small (DD-S) from 24.08. to 13.09.2017. One tree was irrigated by the dose of 50 mm. We compared the dendrometric changes to soil moisture and rainfall on both irrigated and non-irrigated trees. The experiment showed the differences between the irrigated apple tree (the diameters of the branches fluctuated between 11.9 and 12.1 mm) and the non-irrigated apple tree (the diameter of the branches increased after three-day rain from 8.35 to 8.61 mm), in order to determine the water stress of plants based on dendrometric changes and optimize irrigation during the drought period.

12

Impact of the Technological Path on Some Soil Properties on Loess Slope

Kruk Edyta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

169--176

EN

Investigations of horizontal and vertical changes of soil moisture and soil compaction on eroded loess slope, were the aim of the work. The study was performed on a farm in the municipality of Brzeźnica [N50°8’33,03, E18°13’16,31] (Province of Silesia, Poland). The research and collection of soil samples were carried out on 20.07.2017. On the day of the measurement, the slope was covered with winter wheat. The soil moisture and compaction degree were monitored at 36 points in the experimental area. The distance between the points along the slope were: 25 m (points: 1, 1a, 1b – 6, 6a, 6b), 50 m (points: 6, 6a, 6b – 11, 11a, 11b) and 200 m (points: 11, 11a, 11b – 12, 12a, 12b), while across the slope, the distances were 2 m apart. The vertical changes were determined based on the measurements at depths: 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm. Soil moisture were carried out using device of the TDR HH2 type. The soil moisture was ranged between 2.8% and 28.0%. The degree of compaction was determining using the Eijkelkamp manual penetrometer up to a maximum depth of 80 cm. The statistical analysis includes depths up to 30 cm. The soil compaction values ranged between 0.24 and 2.66 MPa. There were large differences between the values of examined parameters both horizontally and vertically in relation to the location on the slope. The horizontal and vertical distributions of the investigated parameters were elaborated using the analysis of variance, three-way, where the independent factors were: road and location 2 and 4 m from it (factor A), depth (factor B), and position along the slope (factor C). The analysis of variance showed that in the case of compaction, there is a statistically significant effect of the technical path and distance from it, and depth, on the formation of this property. In the case of soil moisture, the analysis of variance showed a statistically significant effect of the technical road and distance from it, as well as the depth, on the shaping of this property.

13

Biochar and Biochar with N Fertilizer Impact on Soil Physical Properties in a Silty Loam Haplic Luvisol

Horák Ján, Šimanský Vladimír, Igaz Dušan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 7

31--38

EN

Recently, a lot of studies focused on the effects of biochar application to agricultural soils and its influence on the soil properties. However, only limited information is available on the simultaneous impact of N-fertilizer combined with biochar to soil physical propersies such as: soil moisture, soil temperature, bulk density and waterfilled pore space. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the soil physical properties of a silty loam Haplic Luvisol affected by the biochar application and its combination with N fertilizer during the years 2014–2016 (Experimental site of SUA-Nitra, Dolná Malanta, Slovakia). The field experiment was carried out in 2014 with different biochar application doses (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1) and different rate of N fertilization (0, 1st and 2nd level of N fertilization). The results showed that the both biochar amendment and biochar with N fertilizer increased the soil moisture in the range of 1 to 15%, on average. The higher rate of biochar resulted in higher soil moisture in all treatments with biochar in the following order B0 (14.9) < B10 (15.1) < B20 (16.2) as well as in biochar in combination with N fertilization: B0N1 (14.6) < B10N1 (15.7) < B20N1 (16.2) as well as B0N2 (14.8) < B10N2 (15.8) < B20N2 (16.0) during the years of 2014–2016. A positive trend of water-filled pore space increase by the time in all studied treatments was observed. No significant changes in the average soil temperature were observed between the biochar and biochar with N fertilization treatments during the growing seasons of individual years. The higher rate of biochar resulted in lower soil bulk density in all treatments with biochar in combination with N fertilization in the following order: B0N1 (1.49) > B10N1 (1.47) > B20N1 (1.44) as well as B0N2 (1.51) > B10N2 (1.47) > B20N2 (1.39) during years the studied period (2014–2016).

14

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Moisture Condition in Soil-Plant Environment using Spectral Data and Gis Tools

Grzywna H., Dąbek P. B., Olszewska B.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 6

56--64

EN

The studies on agricultural droughts require long-term atmospheric, hydrological and meteorological data. On the other hand, today, the possibilities of using spectral data in environmental studies are indicated. The development of remote sensing techniques, increasing the spectral and spatial resolution of data allows using remote sensing data in the study of water content in the environment. The paper presents the results of the analysis of moisture content of soil-plant environment in the lowland areas of river valley using the spectral data from Sentinel-2. The analyses were conducted between February and November 2016. The spectral data were used to calculate the Normalize Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) which provided the information about the moisture content of the soil-plant environment. The analyses were performed only on grasslands, on 22 objects located in the research area in the Oder river valley between Malczyce and Brzeg Dolny, Poland. The NDVI values were correlated with the hydrological and meteorological parameters. The analyses showed spatial and temporal variability of the moisture conditions in the soil-plant environment showed by the NDVI variability and existence some relationships between the climatic and spectral indices characterizing the moisture content in the environment.

15

Independent diagnostic computer systems with the ability to restore operational characteristics of construction facilities

Plugin A., Trykoz L., Herasymenko O., Pluhin A., Konev V.

Diagnostyka

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2018

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Vol. 19, No. 2

11--21

EN

Progress in modern engineering devices favours the development of independent computer systems of intelligent change management of operational characteristics of construction facilities. The article deals with the continuous control system (monitoring) of the soil moisture. The capillary sensor applied provides a far higher accuracy in determining the moisture than it is achieved by discrete determination of soil electrical characteristics which depend on the concentration and proportion of salts dissolved in the soil as well as the particle-size distribution. A flowchart of the diagnostic system was developed; it does not only transfer the data from the sensors, processes them and informs the operator, but also gives the possibility of autonomous inclusion of mechanisms to eliminate the emerged damages. Thus, while monitoring the soil moisture of hillsides, embankments and cuts slopes it prevents their shifts and other damages.

16

Modelowanie wymiany netto ekosystemu (NEE) na obszarach bagiennych z zastosowaniem danych satelitarnych

Dąbrowska-Zielińska K., Budzyńska M., Tomaszewska M., Malińska A., Bartold M., Gatkowska M., Turlej K., Małek I., Turbiak J., Jaszczyński J.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2017

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T. 17, z. 1

31--51

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad modelowaniem wymiany netto ekosystemu (NEE – ang. Net Ecosystem Exchange) bagiennego na przykładzie doliny Biebrzy z wykorzystaniem zdjęć satelitarnych i danych z pomiarów naziemnych z lat 2011–2015. Przeprowadzono szczegółową analizę zastosowania zdjęć optycznych i radarowych do uzyskania charakterystyk roślinno-wilgotnościowych wpływających na wymianę węgla. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz opracowano modele szacowania NEE, w których zastosowano opracowane na podstawie danych satelitarnych następujące parametry: wilgotność gleby (WG), zawartość wody w roślinach (WR). Do analizy WG i WR został zastosowany współczynnik wstecznego rozpraszania (σº) obliczony z sygnału zarejestrowanego w zakresie mikrofalowym przez urządzenia SAR (ang. Synthetic Aperture Radar) dla różnych polaryzacji fal. Prace badawcze zmierzające do określenia wielkości wymiany węgla oraz jego zróżnicowania przestrzennego i czasowego, przeprowadzone z uwzględnieniem informacji o pokrywie roślinnej i wilgotności gleby uzyskanych z danych satelitarnych, są ważne dla monitorowania ekosystemów bagiennych.

EN

The article presents results of the study on modeling Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) in the wetland ecosystem using remote sensing and in-situ data. The study has been conducted in Biebrza Valley for the years 2011–2015. The analysis of application of optical and microwave images for the assessment of vegetation-moisture conditions influenced carbon exchange has been performed. The impact of soil moisture and type of vegetation habitat on CO2 flux in wetland ecosystems has been analyzed to develop NEE models. Soil moisture (WG) and vegetation water content (WR) have been correlated with backscattering coefficient (σº) calculated from the signal registered by microwave satellites in different wave polarization. The research was focused on the assessment of carbon balance in time and space taking into account vegetation cover and soil moisture derived from satellite data. The research is important for monitoring wetland ecosystem.

17

Selection of a semivariogram model in the study of spatial distribution of soil moisture

Obroślak R., Dorozhynskyy O.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 35

161--166

EN

The paper presents a selection of a semivariogram model in the study of spatial variability of soil moisture in a loess agricultural catchment. Soil moisture tests were carried out in the Moszenki village, 15 km northwest of Lublin. Soil moisture measurements were performed at two dates at 104 points, located on a rectangular surface measuring 700 × 1200 m. These points were laid out in the corners of a grid of squares with sides 100 m. In addition, 6 measurements were made at a distance of less than 100 m from the nearest points. Soil moisture was measured in the soil surface (0–5 cm). ArcGis software with Geostatistical Analyst extension was used for modelling semivariograms. In both terms, five models of semivariograms were used: stable, circular, spherical, exponential and Gaussian. Kriging was used for the estimation of soil moisture values. Among the semivariogram models analyzed in this study, the largest errors in the determined values of soil moisture relative to the empirical data were observed for the exponential model, and the smallest for the Gaussian model. However, it should be emphasized that the values of the analysed errors for the individual semivariogram models were similar. Application of the ordinary kriging method for interpolation of spatial distribution of soil moisture yields good results, but it has to be kept in mind that the final shape of the spatial distribution is influenced by the choice of the semivariance function model.

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano dobór modelu semiwariogramu w badaniach przestrzennej zmienności wilgotności gleby w lessowej zlewni rolniczej. Badania wilgotności gleb przeprowadzono na terenie wsi Moszenki, 15 km na północny zachód od Lublina. Pomiary wilgotności gleby przeprowadzono w dwóch terminach w 104 punktach, rozmieszczonych na powierzchni w kształcie prostokąta o wymiarach 700 × 1200 m. Punkty te wytyczono w narożnikach siatki kwadratów o bokach 100 m. Dodatkowo wykonano 6 pomiarów zlokalizowanych w odległości mniejszej niż 100 m od najbliższych punktów. Wilgotność mierzono w powierzchniowej warstwie gleby (0–5 cm). Do modelowania semiwariogramów wykorzystano program ArcGis z rozszerzeniem Geostatistical Analyst. W obu terminach do analiz wykorzystano pięć modeli semiwariogramów: stały, kołowy, sferyczny, wykładniczy, Gaussa. Do estymowania wartości wilgotności na analizowanym obszarze wykorzystano kryging zwyczajny. Spośród analizowanych modeli semiwariogramów największe błędy wyznaczonych wartości wilgotności gleby w stosunku do danych empirycznych zanotowano dla modelu wykładniczego, natomiast najmniejsze dla modelu Gaussa. Wykorzystanie krygingu zwykłego do interpolacji rozkładu przestrzennego wilgotności gleb daje dobre rezultaty, jednak na efekt końcowy rozkładu przestrzennego wpływ miał dobór modelu funkcji semiwariancji.

18

Effect of straw and soil tillage with the application of effective microorganisms on soil moisture and compaction for winter wheat monoculture

Kotwica K., Gałęzewski L., Skierucha W., Jaskulska I., Jaskulski D., Wilczek A., Szypłowska A., Kulpa D., Piekarczyk M., Wasilewski P.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 62, nr 1

104--111

EN

The effect of using straw and the application of effective microorganisms on soil moisture and compaction in plowing tillage and direct sowing is presented. Data were collected during the spring growing season during the three-year monoculture of winter wheat. Soil moisture and compaction at four levels to a depth of 40 cm were measured. Plowing tillage in comparison to direct sowing resulted in a reduction of average soil moisture at all depths, and soil compaction at the 10-40 cm levels. The application of effective microorganisms in plowing tillage caused an increase in soil compaction at all depths and moisture content of the deepest layer. The effective microorganisms used in direct sowing resulted in higher moisture content primarily in the surface layer. The use of straw did not affect significantly soil moisture but resulted in a reduction in compaction under direct sowing conditions. Straw, soil tillage method, application of the effective microorganisms and the interaction among those factors significantly affected soil moisture and compaction. The influence of the effective microorganisms on soil moisture is the most significant in plowing tillage, while the effect of straw on soil compaction is the most evident for direct sowing.

PL

Właściwości fizyczne gleby są ważnym czynnikiem produkcyjności roślin. W trzyletniej monokulturze pszenicy ozimej określono wpływ stosowania słomy oraz zróżnicowanej uprawy roli (uprawa płużna, siew bezpośredni) wraz z aplikacją efektywnych mikroorganizmów na wilgotność i zwięzłość gleby do głębokości 40 cm w okresie wiosennej wegetacji. Wilgotność i zwięzłość wierzchnich warstw gleby do głębokości 20 cm były bardzo zmienne w czasie i silnie ujemnie ze sobą skorelowane. Stosowanie słomy nie wpłynęło istotnie na wilgotność gleby, spowodowało natomiast zmniejszenie jej zwięzłości w warunkach wykonywania siewu bezpośredniego. Płużna uprawa roli w porównaniu z siewem bezpośrednim spowodowała zmniejszenie średniej wilgotności gleby do głębokości 40 cm, a zwięzłości gleby na głębokości 10-40 cm. Wnoszenie efektywnych mikroorganizmów do gleby uprawianej płużnie wywołało tendencję wzrostu zwięzłości wszystkich jej warstw do głębokości 40 cm, a wilgotności zwłaszcza warstwy najgłębszej - 30-40 cm. W przypadku siewu bezpośredniego efektywne mikroorganizmy nie spowodowały wzrostu zwięzłości gleby, a większa wilgotność wystąpiła głównie w warstwie powierzchniowej.

19

Ocena retencji glebowej miejskich terenów zieleni w warunkach niedoboru opadów na przykładzie Parku Szczytnickiego we Wrocławiu

Orzepowski W., Kowalczyk T., Pokładek R., Pęczkowski G.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 5

103--109

PL

W pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę stosunków wodnych i ocenę zmienności zasobów retencji glebowej na terenie fragmentu Parku Szczytnickiego we Wrocławiu. Oceny tej dokonano na podstawie pomiarów uwilgotnienia gleby wykonanych w roku 2015 i 2016 oraz wyników monitoringu i prac badawczych prowadzonych w latach wcześniejszych. Szczegółowymi badaniami objęto fragment parku o powierzchni około 8,6 ha, zlokalizowany na północ od Ogrodu Japońskiego, pomiędzy ulicami Mickiewicza i Kopernika. Pomiary uwilgotnienia przeprowadzono metodą TDR w 27 punktach, w środku powierzchniowych warstw gleby 0–25 cm oraz 25–50 cm. Na podstawie analizy przestrzennego rozkładu uwilgotnienia stwierdzono, że w rozpatrywanym okresie występowały znaczne, długotrwałe niedobory wilgoci czynnej warstwy gleby. Nawet na około 36% badanego obszaru w warstwie 25–50 stwierdzono wilgotność gleby poniżej punktu trwałego więdnięcia (PTW, pF = 4,2). Zbiornik wodny o powierzchni 1,1 ha, położony centralnie na badanym terenie, nie wpływał w okresie objętym badaniami na poprawę retencji gruntowo-glebowej. Było to spowodowane okresowym brakiem zasilania systemu wodnego parku z ujęcia na Odrze, której poziom obniżył się z powodu suszy.

EN

The paper presents a characterisation of water relations and an estimation of the variability pertaining to soil water retention resources in the selected area of the Szczytnicki Park in Wrocław. The estimation was performed on the basis of the measurements of soil moisture performed in the years 2015 and 2016, and the results of monitoring and research conducted in an earlier period. The detailed study was conducted on a fragment of the park with the surface area of about 8.6 ha, situated north of the Japanese Garden, between the Mickiewicza and Kopernika streets. Soil moisture measurements were conducted with the TDR method, at 27 points, within the soil layers of 0–25 cm and 25–50 cm. On the basis of the analysis of spatial distribution of soil moisture it was observed that considerable and long-lasting moisture deficits of the active layer of the soil have occurred during the period under study. Moisture levels below the permanent wilting point (PWP, pF = 4.2) were noted on approximately 36% of the study area, in the layer of 25–50 cm. The reservoir with an area of 1.1 ha, situated centrally in the study area, did not cause any improvement of soil-ground water retention during the period of the study. That was due to the periodic lack of supply of the water system of the park from the intake of Oder river in which the water level decreased as a result of a drought.

20

Influence of temperature and time of sewage sludge incineration on the mobility of heavy metals

Latosińska J.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 43, nr 4

105--122

EN

Sewage sludge ashes in comparison to sewage sludge are characterized by higher concentrations of heavy metals. The mobility of heavy metals in sewage sludge ashes determines their impact on the soil-water environment in the aspect of toxicology. This research statistically evaluates the influence of temperature and duration of SS incineration on the mobility of HM from SSA. For the incineration temperatures 600–980 °C and 2–20 min of incineration, the experiment domain was defined in accordance with the Box’s two-factor experimental design. It was proved that it was not the time but the temperature of SS incineration that had the statistically relevant influence on the mobility of nickel and copper.