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1

Wstępna ocena zawartości metali ciężkich na zwałowisku odpadów pogórniczych w Czerwionce-Leszczynach

Chrzan A., Mojza K.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2018

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Vol. 12, No. 2

455--463

PL

Działalność antropogeniczna powoduje istotne zmiany w obiegu pierwiastków w środowisku, co prowadzi do zanieczyszczenia tymi elementami poszczególnych składników środowiska. Szczególnie niebezpieczny jest proces akumulacji metali ciężkich. Metale ciężkie w nadmiernych ilościach stwarzają poważne zagrożenie dla roślin i człowieka, ale również dla fauny glebowej. Celem podjętych badań było określenie zawartości metali ciężkich Pb, Cd i Ni, Zn i Cu w materiale pobranym w różnej odległości od szczytu hałdy pogórniczej w Czerwionce-Leszczynach oraz określenie ich wpływu na liczebność i różnorodność fauny glebowej na tych stanowiskach. Zawartość badanych metali nie przekraczała norm ustalonych dla gleb Polski (wg rozporządzenia ministra środowiska z 2002 r.). Stwierdzono stężenie metali ciężkich w granicach od 1,18 mg/kg suchej masy dla Cd do 222 mg/kg s.m. dla Zn. Nie zaobserwowano wyraźnego wpływu zawartości badanych metali na pedofaunę. Odnotowano wzrost liczebności fauny w miarę oddalania się od szczytu zwałowiska (z wyjątkiem stanowiska odległego o 11 metrów od szczytu hałdy).

EN

Anthropogenic activity causes essential changes in the circulation of elements in the environment, which leads to the pollution of individual environmental components. The process of accumulation of heavy metal elements is particularly hazardous. Excessive amounts of heavy metals pose serious risk to plants, animals and human beings. In presented study heavy metal content (Pb, Cd and Ni, Zn and Cu) in the soil samples collected from a different distance from the top of post-mining dumps in Czerwionka-Leszczyny was determined. Moreover, the impact of these contents on the density and diversity of soil fauna at these sites was defined. The heavy metal content did not exceed the standards set out for the soils of Poland. The concentration of heavy metals was found to be from 1.18 for Cd to 222 mg/kg d.m. for Zn. No clear impact of the studied metal content on pedofauna was found. The increase in the number of fauna with the distance from the top of the dump was noticed (except for a distance of 11 meters from the top of the dump).

2

Soil Fauna Significantly Contributes to Litter Decomposition at Low Temperatures in the Alpine/Subalpine Forests

Tan B., Wu F., Yang W., Xu Z., Zhang L., Liu Y.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 3

377--386

EN

Decomposition of litter is a crucial process in terrestrial ecosystems, determining global carbon budget and nutrient turnover. Soil faunas have been shown to accelerate the rates of litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Litter decomposition has recently been observed in winter in alpine/subalpine ecosystems, but the contribution of soil fauna to the decomposition process is not clear. Field experiment using litterbags was conducted in order to quantify the contributions of soil fauna to mass losses of fir (Abies faxoniana) and birch (Betula albosinensis) litters during a freeze-thaw season in three representative alpine/subalpine forests. The litterbags of mesh sizes 0.02 mm, 0.125 mm, 1.0 mm and 3.0 mm were placed on the forest floor in October 2010, and collected after each of the three stages of the freeze-thaw season: OF, the onset of freezing stage (26 October to December 31); DF, the deeply frozen stage (1 January to 4 March 2011); and TS, the thawing stage (5 March to 30 April 2011) over the entire 2010/2011 winter. Over the whole freeze-thaw period, the mass losses of fir litter were 11–12% (0.02 mm), 12–13% (0.125 mm), 14–15% (1.0 mm) and 17–19% (3.0 mm), and that of birch litter were 10–13% (0.02 mm), 12–15% (0.125 mm), 13–18% (1.0 mm) and 17–22% (3.0 mm), respectively, depending on the altitude. The mass losses caused by microfauna, mesofauna and macrofauna for the fir litter accounted for 6–9, 12–13 and 22–25%, respectively and that for the birch litter accounted for 8–11, 13–15 and 25–27%, respectively. Furthermore, the contributions of soil fauna to mass loss showed an increasing trend with increasing body size regardless of species at three stages of the freeze-thaw period. These results suggest that soil fauna contributes strongly to litter decomposition during the freeze-thaw period in alpine/subalpine regions.

3

Zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich w glebie i faunie glebowej

Chrzan A.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2013

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Vol. 7, No. 1

295--302

PL

Badano zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich - kadmu Cd, ołowiu Pb, cynku Zn, miedzi Cu i niklu Ni w glebach łąkowych i leśnych oraz w wyekstrahowanych z próbek glebowych zwierząt. Stanowiska usytuowane były w różnej odległości od drogi i od źródeł emisji przemysłowych. Faunę glebową rozdzielono na grupy troficzne - saprofagi, drapieżne i fitosaprofagi, w których oznaczano metale ciężkie. Gleby na badanych stanowiskach wykazywały odczyn od słabo kwaśnego do słabo zasadowego i wilgotność w granicach 20-32%. Zawartość metali w glebie wynosiła odpowiednio: 0,63 0,94 ppm Cd; 8,8 12,53 ppm Pb; 77,75 148,78 ppm Zn; 12,17 ± 23,91 ppm Ni i 1,58 8,95 mg Cu kg–1 s.m. Wyniki badań wskazują, że stężenia metali ciężkich nie przekraczają norm określonych dla gleb Polski. Kumulacja metali ciężkich w organizmach zwierząt glebowych była znacznie wyższa niż w glebie. W największym stężeniu w organizmach badanej fauny glebowej występował Zn i Pb. Najwyższą zawartość Zn (ponad 19904 ppm) stwierdzono w organizmach drapieżców na stanowiskach leśnych. Natomiast wysokie stężenia ołowiu wykazano u fitosaprofagów w glebach łąkowych (128-421 ppm) i drapieżców na stanowiskach leśnych (200 i 500 ppm). Stwierdzono, że drapieżne zwierzęta glebowe lepiej akumulowały badane metale ciężkie w glebach leśnych niż inne grupy troficzne.

EN

Content was studied of selected heavy metals - cadmium Cd, lead Pb, zinc Zn, copper Cu and nickel Ni in meadow soils and in forest soils and in soil animals samples extracted from soil. Positions were located at different distances from the road and from sources of industrial emissions. Soil fauna were separated into trophic groups of saprophags, predators and phitosaprophags, in which heavy metals were determined. Soils on the test sites showed little reaction from acidic to slightly alkaline and humidity within 20-32%. The range of metals content in soils amounted to properly: 0.630.94 ppm Cd; 8.812.53 ppm Pb; 77.75148.78 ppm Zn; 12.17±23.91 ppm Ni and 1.588.95 mg Cu • kg–1 s.m. The results from the studies show that the heavy metal concentrations did not exceed the standards set out for the soils of Poland. Heavy metals accumulation in soil animal organisms was significantly higher than in the soil. In the examined organisms of soil fauna, the metals in the highest concentration were zinc and lead. The highest content of Zn (> 19904 ppm) was found in the bodies of the predators in forest stands. High concentrations of lead have been demonstrated in phitosaprophags in meadow soils (128-421 ppm) and in predators in forest sites (200-500 ppm). It was found that predators of soil animals are better at bioaccumulations of tested heavy metals in forest soils (BCF > 60) than other trophic groups.

4

Soil fauna community dynamics during soil thawing period in the subalpine and alpine forests of Western China

Wu F., Yang W., Yang Y., Wang A., Tan B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 4

755--766

EN

The frequently changed temperature could have great effects on soil fauna community during soil thawing period in cold areas. Therefore, soil faunas were investigated in both the soil organic layer (OL) and mineral soil layer (ML) in the primary fir (Abies faxoniana) forest (PF), fir and birch (Betula albosinensis) mixed forest (MF) and secondary fir forest (SF) in the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau every ten days between March 5 and April 25, 2009. Soil macrofauna was picked up by hand in the fields. Mesofauna was collected and separated from the soil samples by Baermann and Tullgren methods, respectively. The dominated species of macrofauna belonged to Coleoptera and Diptera at the early stage of soil thawing, and to Coleoptera, Diptera, Araneae and Hymenoptera at the later stage. However, the dominated species of mesofauna belonged to Nematode, Collembola, and Acari in the whole soil thawing. The density, number of taxa, and diversity index of soil fauna showed significant change with temperature fluctuations and reached an obvious peak when soil temperatures rising above 0[degrees]C. The density and number of taxa of macrofauna in both the OL and ML were the lowest on March 5 in the three forests, but the density of mesofauna in both the OL and ML was the highest on March 25, except for the ML in the PF. These results implied that soil fauna community was sensitive to temperature fluctuations, which is important in understanding the ecological processes in the winter–spring transitional period.

5

Influence of the Heavy Metals Polluting the Soil on the Density and Diversity of the Soil Fauna

Chrzan A., Marko-Worłowska M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 4

345-348

EN

Three, following areas were chosen to the research: the lawn near noisy street at the Vistula river, the lawn in the park situated 300 m from the noisy road and the lawn in the Mogilski Grove. The researches were conducted in 2007 and 2008 in the spring. The density and the diversity of the soil fauna as well as the content of metals in the soil and the humidity, temperature and pH reaction in the soil were analyzed. The relation between the content of Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni and the density and diversity of pedofauna was detected. In the area with the highest content of the metals cited above the density and the diversity of pedofauna were the lowest, whereas in the soil with the lowest concentration of these metals the parameters determined were the highest.

PL

Do badań wybrano trzy stanowiska: 1) trawnik nad Wisłą w pobliżu ruchliwej ulicy, 2) trawnik w parku miejskim usytuowany w odległości ok. 300 m od ruchliwego traktu komunikacyjnego oraz 3) trawnik w Lasku Mogilskim. Badania prowadzono w latach 2007-2008 w okresie wiosennym. Określono zagęszczenie i różnorodność fauny glebowej, zawartość metali w glebie, jej wilgotność, temperaturę i odczyn pH. Stwierdzono związek między zawartością Cd, Pb, Zn i Ni a zagęszczeniem i różnorodnością pedofauny. Na stanowisku o największej zawartości wyżej wymienionych metali zagęszczenie i różnorodność fauny glebowej było najmniejsze, natomiast w glebie o najmniejszej koncentracji tych metali badane parametry osiągnęły największą wartość.

6

Effect of pesticides on soil organisms and their residue in plants

Boligłowa E., Gleń K.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2008

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Vol. 15, nr 9

889-894

EN

The paper focuses on the effect of pesticides on soil microorganisms and their cumulation in plants. Residual pesticides modify species composition, biomass of microorganisms and as a result their activity. In such environment the number of phytophages grows and they become resistant to pesticides. Excessive use of plant protection chemicals or their inexpert application leads to the accumulation of active substances in plant. In Poland the largest amounts of pesticides are detected in intensively protected crops (garden and vegetable crops). Residues of pesticide compounds are detected mainly in fruit (apples, currants, gooseberries, raspberries and sour cherries) and in vegetables (tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuce).

PL

Badano oddziaływania pestycydów na mikroorganizmy glebowe oraz ich kumulację w roślinach. Zalegające pestycydy modyfikują skład gatunkowy, biomasę drobnoustrojów, a w efekcie ich aktywność. W takim środowisku wzrasta ilość fitofagów, które stają się odporne na pestycydy. Nadmierne stosowanie środków chemicznej ochrony roślin lub nieumiejętna ich aplikacja prowadzi do kumulacji substancji aktywnych w roślinie. W Polsce najwięcej pestycydów wykrywa się w roślinach intensywnie chronionych (uprawach sadowniczych i warzywniczych). Pozostałości związków pestycydowych są wykrywane głównie w owocach (jabłkach, porzeczkach, agreście, malinach, wiśniach) i warzywach (pomidorach, ogórkach, sałacie).

7

Organic matter content and soil fauna in agricultural landscape : effects of distance to forested strips and soil strip age

Kajak A., Karg J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

633-635

EN

The autors dedicate this set of papers to the memory of Professor dr Lech Ryszkowski (1932-2007) Head of the Research Center for Agricultural and Forest Environment PAS who was devoted to the idea of linking agricultural management and ecology and who initiated our investigations an agricultural landscape.

8

Mites (Acari) as indicators of soil biodiversity and land use monitoring : a review

Gulvik M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 3

415-440

EN

Soil is an important component for monitoring of sustainability of land use in relation to both the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity of ecosystems. Recently research has focused on the role of mites (Acari) in biomonitoring and their importance as soil bioindicators. Mite communities are extremely sensitive to all types of soil disturbance. This article presents a review of some studies on mite communities in order to discuss whether the diversity and numbers of mites present in the soil can reflect human impact on ecosystems and landscape, and whether mites can be used in monitoring systems. Limited data available about mite communities in agricultural ecosystems (in use and abandoned) in SW Norway from author.s own studies (published and in prep.) are compared with data from ca. 55 papers (mostly concerning Europe). IT was concluded that: (1) Most oribatid mites with their long life span, low fecundity, slow development and low dispersion ability can be a robust indicator of the environment. Changes in the dominance structure of mite communities (Oribatida to Actinedida ratio) are suggested to be an 'early warning' criterion for stressed mite communities. (2) Both the number of species and the percentage abundance of Nothroidea and Ptyctimina decrease following human impact on the landscape. Even if individuals cannot be determined to species levels (e.g. Ptyctimina), the percent contribution and frequency of these taxa in relation to stress gradient (input levels) within the landscape provide valuable data. (3) Tectocepheus velatus (Michael 1880) and other oribatid taxa with a similar lifehistorystrategy should be evaluated as potential bioindicators for impoverished ecosystems. (4) National and local reference data sets on the biodiversity of mite communities in diverse habitats and along stress gradients need to be collected. (5) Residual natural and semi-natural habitats (such as old woodlands, riparian ecosystems, old hedges and grasslands) with species-rich mite communities found in rural and urban landscapes should be preserved as refuges for dispersion of soil fauna. (6) Comparison of mite communities in traditional, low-input farmland in Norway with those from humandominated landscape in other European countries can contribute to a better understanding of how human activity alters biodiversity along land-use gradients. This will aid the development of a soil bioindicator system. (7) There is a need to develop standardised procedures for the collection of samples and analyses of data sets adapted to ecological soil acarology.

9

Changes in population of pests and beneficial insects caused by soil contamination with heavy metals

Jaworska M., Gospodarek J.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2000

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Vol. 7, nr 11

1143-1151

EN

The effect of soil contamination with heavy metals on the number of Aphis fabae population and its natural enemies (predatory Diptera Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Coccinelidae, Neuroptera, Chrysophidae) was investigated in field conditions. Occurrence and numbers of soil fauna: Col. Carabidae, Col. Staphelinidae and Col. Silphidae, as well as Arachnida were also analysed. Observations were carried out in 1998 and 1999 on White Windsor broad beans. The plants were cultivated in soil contaminated with heavy metals (2 mg Cd, 15 mg Ni, 30 mg Cu, 70 mg Zn and 80 mg Pb/kg d.w.) and in soil with natural contents of these elements. In both experimental years aphids preyed more numerously on plants cultivated in the contaminated soil. Predatory Syrphidae larvae were more frequently observed in aphid colonies on the control. In aphid colonies on contaminated plants predatory Coccinelidae larvae were more numerous. In the second year of observations no significant differences were noted in the numbers of predatory Col. Carabidae.

PL

W warunkach polowych prześledzono wpływ zanieczyszczenia gleby metalami ciężkimi na liczebność populacji mszycy trzmielinowo-burakowej Aphis fabae Scop. oraz jej wrogów naturalnych: drapieżnych muchówek z rodziny bzygowte - Diptera, Syrphidae, chrząszczy z rodziny biedronkowate - Coleoptera, Coccinelidae, sieciarek z rodziny złotookowate - Neuroptera, Chrysopidae. Analizowano również występowanie i liczebność fauny glebowej: chrząszczy z rodziny biegaczowate (Col. Carabidae), kusakowate (Col. Staphylinidae) i omarlicowate (Col. Silphidae) oraz pajęczaków (Arachnida). Obserwacje prowadzono w 1998 i 1999 roku w uprawie bobu odm. Windsor Biały. Rośliny były uprawiane w glebie skażonej metalami ciężkimi (2 mg Cd, 15 mg Ni, 30 mg Cu, 70 mg Zn i 80 mg Pb/kg s.m. gleby) i w glebie z naturalną ich zawartością. Mszyce w obydwu latach badań liczniej żerowały na roślinach uprawianych w glebie zanieczyszczonej. Drapieżne larwy muchówek z rodziny bzygowate Syrphidae częściej były obserwowane w koloniach mszyc w kontroli. W koloniach mszyc na roślinach skażonych liczniej niż w kontroli wystąpiły drapieżne larwy biedronek Coccinelidae. W drugim roku obserwacji nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic w liczebności drapieżnych biegaczowatych. We wcześniejszych badaniach więcej ich odławiano w glebie skażonej. Kusakowate w drugim roku badań liczniej odławiano w glebie naturalnej.