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The effect of adding effective microorganism and silver compounds to flash point of engine oil

Krakowski Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 1

97--104

EN

The article presents the effect of the effective microorganisms and silver compounds addition on the flash point of new and used oil. The work describes environmentally friendly additives to engine oil. Next the ignition point of the engine oil were described. In the further part, the research stand and methodology were presented. In the main part of the article the flash point values for new and used oil compared to oils with the effective microorganisms and silver compounds addition were shown. New and used oil samples were mixed with effective microorganisms in the form of a liquid (2.5 ml and 5 ml) and ceramic tubes (3 pcs and 6 pcs). In addition, silver solution and silver compounds were mixed in the same amounts as the liquid effective microorganisms. In summary it was stated, that adding of the effective microorganisms to the fresh oil in liquid form causes the flash point to drop significantly. It follows that effective microorganisms in liquid form have a very negative effect on the properties of the oil. In the case of microorganisms in the form of ceramic tubes, which in this larger amount slightly increase this point compared to oil without additives. Regardless of the type of silver and its quantity, very low flash point values were obtained. For used oil the best results are obtained with the addition of microorganisms in liquid form. For the used oil the addition of silver compounds does not have the beneficial effect of restoring the original properties.

2

Model examination of the crossover effect in two-layer light-sensitive system

Latacz L., Nowak P.

Optica Applicata

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2001

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Vol. 31, nr 1

177-184

EN

The results of computer simulation of the effect of light scattering in a system composed of two heterogenic light-sensitive layers coated on two sides of a transparent base are presented. It has been assumed that the modelled system is irradiated with a directed X-ray beam, while the photographic effect is caused only by the light emitted by the fluorescent screens adjacent to the light-sensitive layers and containing phosphors fluorescing due to X-ray irradiation. The scattered light transpassing the base reaches the opposite light sensitive layer, thus damaging the sharpness of the details. This effect called crossover is disadvantageous in roentgenography. The qualitative dependence of the modulation transfer function of the system on both its geometric and optical parameters was examined. It has been shown that worsening of the image is the stronger the thinner the light-sensitive layers and the weaker the light scattering by single silver halide crystals. This result is surprising since in the case of single-layer light-sensitive systems not suffering from the crossover effect opposite effects are observed.

3

Model examination of application of fluorescent substance to silver halide light-sensitive layers

Latacz L., Nowak P.

Optica Applicata

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2001

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Vol. 31, nr 1

165-175

EN

The results of computer simulation of the outcomes of scattering, fluorescence and absorption of actinic light inside the hypothetical light-sensitive layer containing the silver halide crystals and fluorescent substance are presented. It has been assumed that the modelled layer is exposed exclusively to the radiation of the wavelength belonging to the intrinsic sensitivity range of silver halide. The quantitative dependence of the effective light absorption by the silver halide on the fluorescent substance concentration, the layer thickness, quantum efficiency of fluorescence and the ratio of the absorption probability of a photon of wavelength belonging to the sensitized sensitivity range and the absorption probability of a photon of the wavelength from the intrinsic sensitivity range has been examined. Also, the dependence of the modulation transfer function curve on the above parameters has been studied. The results obtained indicate that under some circumstances an addition of fluorescent substance can enhance the photosensitivity of the layer and improve simultaneously the sharpness of the recorded image.