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1

Niezawodność uszczelek PTFE w instalacjach biopaliwowych - badania i prognozy

Romanik Grzegorz, Struś Mieczysław, Jaszak Przemysław, Sierpowski Korneliusz

Instal

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2023

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nr 12

26--31

PL

Biopaliwa zaliczane są do grona odnawialnych źródeł energii. Produkcja biopaliw do celów wykorzystania w silnikach spalinowych może zapewnić ich rozwój technologiczny oraz mieć wpływ ekonomiczny na sektor OZE i przemysł rolniczy, jednak ich wykorzystanie nadal stanowi istotny problem w eksploatacji tych silników. W artykule zbadano interakcję wybranych biopaliw z uszczelkami. Badane biopaliwa wyprodukowano z surowców odpadowych przemysłu spożywczego - tłuszczów i olejów. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ biopaliw na uszczelki złączy kołnierzowych, podczas badań trwałościowych. Materiał uszczelek (PTFE) został przetestowany zgodnie z normami DIN 28090-3:2014-11 i DIN28091-2. W czasie 1000 godzin badań w temperaturze 353 K mierzono ubytek masy biopaliwa oraz zmianę wydłużenia (naprężenia rozciągającego) śrub kołnierzowych. Określono stopień wycieku paliwa. Po badaniach sprawdzono uszczelkę i nie stwierdzono rozwarstwień. Wartość emisji lotnych biopaliw oraz stopień wycieku paliwa po 1000 godzinach odpowiadały normom DIN. Stwierdzono, że badane materiały uszczelniające mogą mieć kontakt z mieszaniną benzyna - etanol oraz mieszaniną oleju napędowego i estrów metylowych i etylowych.

EN

The biofuels are concerned as one of the Renewable Sources of Energy. Production of biofuels for transportation purposes may provide additional technological development and economical impact on agricultural industry, but their usage is still a vital problem for vehicle exploitation. In this paper an interaction between chosen biofuels and gaskets was researched. Tested biofuels were produced using waste materials from food industry - fats and oils. Biofuels influence on pipes and especially gaskets and its materials during durability tests are shown in this paper. PTFE gasket materials were tested in accordance with DIN 28090-3: 2014-11 and DIN28091-2. During 1000 hours of tests at 353 K, the weight loss of the biofuel and the change in elongation (tensile stress) of the flange bolts were measured. Fuel leakage rate was determined. After tests the gasket was checked and no delamination was observed. The value of volatile biofuels emission and fuel leakage rate after 1000 hours met the DIN standards. It was concluded that researched gasket materials may be allowed for contact with gasoline - ethanol mixture and mixture of diesel and methyl and ethyl esters.

2

The material and economic assessment of the life cycle of city buses in the operational phase

Regulski Paweł

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 1

50--54

EN

The aim of the article is the material and economic assessment of the life cycle of city buses with combustion engines. As part of the analysis, the analyzed parameters were optimized using neural networks with the use of a regression model. As part of the life cycle assessment criteria, three types of Solaris Urbino buses were analyzed. As a result of the research carried out for buses, the results were obtained regarding the optimal duration of operation, the number and cost of oil, air and fuel filter changes, and the replacement period of buses. The presented research and analyzes have a significant impact on the processes of purchasing and operating city buses.

3

Synthetic automotive fuels

Stępień Zbigniew

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 1

78--90

EN

The article explains the differences between synthetic fuels of first and second generation. The potential of e-fuels to reduce GHG emissions was indicated. The application requirements that synthetic fuels need to meet in order to be used for powering internal combustion engines have been described. The possibility of using synthetic fuels as "drop-in" fuels, in blends with conventional petroleum-derived fuels as well as by themselves was discussed. E-fuels developed and optimized to power compression ignition and spark ignition engines were characterized. The possibilities of synthetic fuels to reduce emissions of regulated and unregulated exhaust components and to improve the work and operational parameters of the engine were also analyzed using the research carried out so far as basis. At the end of the article, forecasts for synthetic fuels development and applications were presented in the form of a SWOT analysis.

4

Research on the wear of novel sets of piston rings in a diesel locomotive engine

Kaźmierczak Andrzej R.

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

56--62

EN

The paper describes the results of the wear test of innovative sets of piston rings intended, among others, to drive diesel locomotives operated in North America, including the USA. The main subject of research is an innovative set of piston rings, the first sealing ring containing a synthetic diamond embedded in a porous chrome coating. The developed multilayer coating is designed to reduce the wear of the piston rings and the combustion engine cylinder. This technology has been implemented at Piston Rings Manufactory "Prima" S.A. in Łódź. The tests were carried out using a two-stroke diesel engine of the EMD 645 type. This engine is manufactured by General Motors Corporation in the United States. The described research was carried out in the United States in San Antonio, Texas, at the Southwest Research Institute. The EMD 645 engine is widely used in power units of heavy diesel locomotives and inland waterway barges in the United States of America, India, and South Africa.

5

Research of pollutant emissions from automotive internal combustion engines in conditions corresponding to the actual use of vehicles

Andrych-Zalewska Monika

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 2

64--70

EN

The subject of the article is the study of pollutant emissions from automotive combustion engines that operate in conditions corresponding to the actual use of vehicles. Includes information on the properties of exhaust gas parameters characterizing the following features: energy, economic, environmental impact and serviceability, additional and constant. Reference was also made to the possibility of determining driving tests on the basis of the similarity of the frequency characteristics of the speed processes in both driving tests and in the real use of vehicles. The article presents the results of research on pollutant emissions from a passenger car during the RDE test. The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and carbon dioxide, as well as the number of particulate matter, were examined. The process of pollutant emission intensity and particle number intensity was presented. Tests were carried out on the statistical properties of the car speed, the intensity of pollutant emissions, and the intensity of the number of particulate matter. Correlation studies were carried out on the speed of the vehicle, the intensity of pollutant emissions, and the intensity of the number of particulate matter.

6

Outline of history and comparative analysis of internal combustion engines for flying models

Pełczyński Jakub

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 2

36--44

EN

The article discusses the most important facts from the history of the development of miniature aircraft engines and carries out their comparative analysis. Already in the 1930s, the structural system characteristic of model engines was established, which has hardly changed to this day. The following sections compare the various types of engines: two-stroke and four-stroke engines, spark-ignition engines, glow plug engines, engines with a push-pull cylinder arrangement, radial and in-line engines. The comparisons of the parameters and operational indicators of such engines presented in the tables allowed for the assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of individual engines, making several observations and drawing some more general conclusions.

7

Impact of water content in fuel for smoke opacity

Haller Piotr, Haller Agata, Kaźmierczak Andrzej, Matla Jędrzej, Sroka Zbigniew, Wróbel Radosław

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

123--127

EN

The development of internal combustion engines is focused at solving problems like: fulfilment with increasingly stringent requirements regarding exhaust emissions and elimination of threats to the natural environment. The subject of this thesis is to assess the impact of supplying a compression-ignition engine with hydrocarbon mixtures and to examine the impact of water on external parameters of the engine, such as smoke opacity. The main tests were carried out on a 4-cylinder VW 1.9 TDI internal combustion engine at a constant engine crankshaft speed of 3000 rpm and a variable load of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 Nm. The tests were carried out using an innovative mixture of hydrated fusel oils, ethyl alcohol and ionic and/or non-ionic emulsifiers, from which was made of microemulsions with a water content in diesel oil of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. The tests carried out showed a beneficial effect of the water content in the diesel oil on the reduction of the average value of smoke opacity, which systematically decreases with the increase in the percentage of water in the diesel oil.

8

Evaluation of the antiwear properties of timely changed engine oils

Skonieczna Daria, Vrublevskyi Oleksandr, Szczyglak Piotr

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

116--122

EN

The article presents the results of tests, replaced according to the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations, of engine oils. The sample of engine oils in service came from spark-ignition and compression-ignition vehicles used in urban or mixed mode. During their collection, the type of drive unit, the mileage of the car and the number of kilometers the oil was used for were recorded for each sample (this was the main criterion for differentiating samples). In addition, a control group of samples consisting of fresh oils of the same viscosity grade and distributed by the same producer was set up to observe changes in the parameters of individual lubricants after the operating period. The first part of the empirical study consisted of determining the physico-chemical properties of the lubricants, i.e.: kinematic viscosity, density and water content. The second part involved anti-wear tests using a T-02U tribometer. The use of the tribometer made it possible to record the anti-wear parameter, i.e. moment of friction, and also the load imposed on the friction node, as a result of which it was possible to calculate the friction force and friction coefficient. The research was complemented by an analysis of worn surfaces of the friction node on a microscope. The tests carried out can be used for predictive purposes, in terms of assessing the condition of a lubricant subjected to an operating process in an internal combustion engine.

9

Diagnosing faults in the timing system of a passenger car spark ignition engine using the bayes classifier and entropy of vibration signals

Czech Piotr

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 116

83--98

EN

Today's systems for diagnosing the technical condition of machines, including vehicles, use very advanced methods of acquiring and processing input data. Presently, work is being conducted globally to solve related problems. At the moment, it is not yet possible to create a single procedure that would enable the construction of a properly functioning diagnostic system, regardless of the selected object to be diagnosed. Hence, there is a need to conduct further research into the possibility of using already developed methods, as well as their modification to other diagnostic cases. This article presents the results of research related to the use of the Bayes classifier for diagnosing the technical condition of passenger car engine components. Damage to the exhaust valve of a spark ignition engine was diagnosed. The source of information on the technical condition was vibration signals recorded at various measuring points and under different operating conditions of the car. To describe the nature of changes in the vibration signals, the entropy measures were determined for the decomposed signal using the discrete wavelet transform is proposed.

10

Silniki spalinowe w dobie elektromobilności

Mardeusz Ewa

Journal of TransLogistics

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2022

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Vol. 8, nr 1

129-138

PL

W artykule zostały omówione główne źródła napędu pojazdów osobowych stanowiących element transportu drogowego. Dokonano klasyfikacji silników spalinowych i elektrycznych ze względu na wybrane kryteria. Dokonano przeglądu regulacji prawnych skorelowanych z rozwojem elektromobilności. Na podstawie dostępnych danych w oparciu o model regresji liniowej oszacowano liczbę zarejestrowanych pojazdów elektrycznych i urządzeń wyposażonych w silniki spalinowe na okres listopad 2022 - styczeń 2023. Po przeprowadzonym przeglądzie literaturowym i analizie wyciągnięto wnioski.

EN

The article discusses the primary sources of propulsion of passenger vehicles that are part of road transport. The classification of internal combustion engines and electric motors due to selected criteria was made. Legal regulations correlated with the development of electromobility were reviewed. Based on available data and a linear regression model, the number of registered electric vehicles and devices equipped with internal combustion engines was estimated for November 2022-January 2023. After the literature review and analysis, conclusions were drawn.

11

A methodology for non-invasive diagnosis of diesel engines through characteristics of starter system performance

Ramírez Juan D., Romero Carlos A., Mejía Juan C., Quintero Héctor F.

Diagnostyka

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2022

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Vol. 23, No. 2

art. no. 2022202

EN

In this work, a methodology to diagnose ten diesel bus engines is carried out by means of some characteristics of the starting system performance. The signals of battery voltage, electric current supplied to the starter motor and crankshaft revolutions during cold and warm engine starting processes are analysed. Characteristics and patterns of the signals that are attributable to engine compression and combustion failures are pointed out, which are related to the kilometres travelled by each vehicle after the last engine repair and the shutdown time of the engine in warm condition. It is obtained that the rise of the current required by the starter motor during the second and third compression process, and the mean crankshaft angular acceleration after the second compression process are characteristics that are related to the engine condition.

12

Research on air pollutant emissions from transport sources in Pila

Gorzelańczyk Piotr, Wojtasik Maja

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2021

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z. 111

57--74

EN

This article aims to examine the emission of pollutants utilising transport in different points of the city in question at two different intervals, then show whether the means of transport negatively affects the city through pollution. The study of air pollutant emissions from transport sources is a key aspect towards solving problems related to environmental pollution. A study on the measurements of selected PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants to be able to determine the quality of air from transport sources in Pila at different times of the year and with appropriate assumptions regarding the appropriate distance by the road is included in this article. This study analysed data on air pollutants and compared it with the results of the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. This made it possible to propose solutions for the development of the air condition in Pila.

13

World-wide trends in powertrain system development in light of emissions legislation, fuels, lubricants, and test methods

Bielaczyc Piotr, Woodburn Joseph, Joshi Ameya

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 1

57--71

EN

Both the light- and heavy-duty sectors of the automotive industry are currently under unprecedented pressure from a wide range of factors, particularly in terms of environmental performance and fuel consumption. Test procedures have undergone massive changes and continue to evolve, meaning that standards are becoming much harder to meet, especially in Europe but also in other continents. Such developments force changes in testing methodology, the development of powertrains themselves and their aftertreatment systems and strategies and calibrations. This paper reports and summarises the topics of the PTNSS Congress and attempts a synthesis on the current status of the field of LD ad HD IC engines, hybrid powertrains and electric vehicles, engine fuel and oil and what the coming years may hold for the automotive and fuel industries and other allied fields.

14

Problems of selecting filter partition in passenger car engine intake air filters

Dziubak Tadeusz, Bąkała Leszek

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 2

44--58

EN

The aim of this study was to verify the criteria for selecting pleated filter partitions used in passenger car engine filters. The paper presents the problem of optimizing pleated air filters in the direction of minimizing pressure drop, which is the source of engine energy losses. Two criteria for selection of a paper filter partition for specific operating conditions of the filter and the engine are presented: criterion of permissible separation speed and criterion of permissible pressure drop. The actual filtration area of 44 paper pleated filter elements used in passenger cars and the air stream flowing through the filter were determined, which made it possible to calculate separation speed. In 62% of the analyzed filter inserts, the calculated separation speeds are within the speed range recommended by the constructors, ʋFmax = 0.06-0.12 m/s. Exceeding permissible separation speed ʋFmax = 0.12 m/s was found mainly in supercharged engines. Negative effects of engine operation with an air filter with too small separation area are presented, in the form of increased pressure drop and energy loss of the engine as well as shorter car mileage to reach permissible pressure drop.

15

Aging of engine oils and their influence on the wear of an internal combustion engine

Idzior Marek

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 2

15--20

EN

New designs of internal combustion engines require the use of engine oils that can cope with more demanding conditions, primarily with greater loads and higher temperatures. The requirements of recent years have led to a wider use of modern base oils and specially designed additive packages. This avoids the formation of impurities and changes in viscosity as a result of shearing of the viscosity additives under high loads. The article discusses the important problem of oil aging during operation and the impact of this phenomenon on the operation of internal combustion engines. The influence of oil service life and its replacement on the emission of toxic exhaust gas components was discussed, and the results of research on the effect of oil service life on changes in their viscosity were presented.

16

A rotating piston engine with electric generator in serial hybrid propulsion system for use in light aircraft

Kalwara Maciej, Kuźniar Michał, Orkisz Marek

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 4

42--45

EN

Analysis of the possibility of using a rotary engine based electric generator to propell a powered sailplane. The paper presents analysis of utilising Wankel type enine as a power input for an electric generator in the motor glider propulsion system. This generator would be a part of the propulsion system of a hybrid motor glider using the AOS 71 motor glider airframe. In the research, the rotational characteristics of the LCR 407ti wankel engine were determined experimentally. Driving torque run, power and fuel consumption were determined as a function of engine speed. The obtained results are presented in diagrams. The conceptual diagram of the hybrid drive is presented. The electric generator was selected and its effectiveness, as well as the effectiveness of entire propulsion system was assessed from the motor glider's performance point of view. Basing on the research conducted, conclusions were drawn and there were indicated the objectives and directions of further research on hybrid propulsion with specific aerodynamic and mass limitations of the aircraft.

17

Zanieczyszczenia powietrza wlotowego silników spalinowych pojazdów mechanicznych

Dziubak Sebastian Dominik

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2021

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Vol. 70, nr 2

35--72

PL

W pracy przedstawiono skład powietrza atmosferycznego jako mieszaninę gazów tworzących składniki stałe i zmienne oraz przywołano definicje zanieczyszczeń powietrza. zdefiniowano zanieczyszczenia gazowe i stałe (pyły) powietrza atmosferycznego. Dokonano podziału pyłów według różnych kryteriów oraz przedstawiono ich właściwości. Podano przykładowe przebiegi imisji frakcji cząstek stałych, wskazując na silną zależność imisji od pór roku, dni tygodnia oraz dnia i nocy. Przedstawiono źródła i charakterystykę zanieczyszczeń sztucznych i naturalnych powietrza atmosferycznego. Wykazano, że głównym źródłem zanieczyszczeń antropogenicznych oprócz przemysłu jest motoryzacja. Silniki spalinowe samochodów to źródło zanieczyszczeń gazowych oraz cząstek stałych. Samochody emitują zanieczyszczenia ze zużycia okładzin ciernych hamulców, sprzęgieł oraz ze zużycia opon i jezdni. Omówiono główne źródła naturalnych zanieczyszczeń powietrza, w tym wybuchy wulkanów, pożary składowisk odpadów, lasów, stepów oraz burze piaskowe, a także pył mineralny (pył drogowy) unoszony z podłoża przez pojazdy. Przedstawiono właściwości pyłu drogowego: skład chemiczny i frakcyjny, gęstość, stężenie pyłu w powietrzu. Wykazano, że dwa podstawowe składniki pyłu, krzemionka i korund, których udział w pyle dochodzi do 95%, mają jednocześnie największą twardość, która może mieć decydujący wpływ na zużycie elementów silnika. Przedstawiono różne wartości stężenia pyłu w powietrzu - w zależności od rodzaju i stanu podłoża oraz warunków użytkowania pojazdów.

EN

The paper presents the composition of atmospheric air as a mixture of gases that make up the solid and variable components, and the definitions of air pollutants are referenced. Gaseous and solid pollutants (dust) of the atmospheric air have been defined. Dusts were divided according to various criteria and their properties were given. exemplary courses of immission of the fraction of solid particles are given, indicating a strong dependence of the immission on the seasons, days of the week and day and night. The sources and characteristics of artificial and natural pollutants in the atmospheric air are presented. it has been shown that the main sources of anthropogenic pollution, in addition to industry, is the automotive industry. Cars are a source of gaseous and particulate pollutants Pm, and they also emit pollution from brake and clutch lining wear, as well as from tire and road wear. The main sources of natural air pollution were discussed, including volcanic eruptions, fires in landfills, forests, steppes and sand storms, as well as mineral dust (road dust) carried from the ground by vehicles. The properties of road dust are discussed: chemical and fractional composition, density, and dust concentration in the air. it has been shown that the two basic components of the dust, silica and corundum, whose share in dust reaches 95%, also have the highest hardness, which may have a decisive influence on the wear of engine components. Various values of dust concentration in the air were presented depending on the type and condition of the ground and the conditions of used vehicles.

18

Operating parameters and environmental indicators of diesel engines fed with crop-based fuels

Dzieniszewski Grzegorz, Kuboń Maciej, Pristavka Miroslav, Findura Pavol

Agricultural Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 25, No. 1

13--28

EN

A comparative analysis of performance of Diesel engines fuelled by diesel oil, methyl ester of rapeseed oil and raw rapeseed oil was performed. The analysis of external characteristics of engines powered by various fuel types was accepted for an assessment. Engine performance rates were analysed while attention was paid to power courses, moment, unit fuel consumption and hour fuel consumption, exhaust fumes temperature and exhaust smoke. Operation effectiveness of engines was assessed when they were fed with various fuel types and optimal proportions of fuel mixtures were indicated. Environmental aspects of powering the engines with traditional fuels and crop-based fuels were analysed. The total CO2 emission in the entire process of manufacturing and combustion of fuels was accepted as a criterion. A simplified economic analysis was performed in the aspect of the underlying purpose of using crop-based fuels for propulsion of piston engines. Conclusions and recommendations that indicate directions of development concerning the analysed issue were prepared.

PL

Dokonano porównawczej analizy pracy silników Diesla zasilanych olejem napędowym, estrem metylowym oleju rzepakowego oraz surowym olejem rzepakowym. Przyjęto do oceny analizę charakterystyk zewnętrznych silników zasilanych różnymi rodzajami paliw. Przeanalizowano wskaźniki pracy silników, skupiając się na przebiegach mocy, momentu, jednostkowego zużycia paliwa oraz godzinowego zużycia paliwa, temperaturze spalin oraz zadymieniu. Dokonano efektywności pracy silników przy zasilaniu różnymi rodzajami paliw i wskazano na optymalne proporcje mieszanin paliwowych. Przeanalizowano ekologiczne aspekty zasilania silników paliwami konwencjonalnymi oraz paliwami pochodzenia roślinnego. Przyjęto jako kryterium oceny parametrów ekologicznych sumaryczną emisję CO2 w całościowym procesie wytwarzania i spalania paliw. Dokonano uproszczonej analizy ekonomicznej w aspekcie celowości stosowania paliw pochodzenia roślinnego do napędu silników tłokowych. Wypracowano wnioski i rekomendacje wyznaczające kierunki rozwoju w zakresie analizowanego zagadnienia.

19

Osady w tłokowych silnikach spalinowych

Stępień Zbigniew

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2020

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nr 229

1--424

PL

Osady tworzone na powierzchniach różnych wewnętrznych elementów tłokowych silników spalinowych i układów z nimi współpracujących stanowią niepożądane zjawisko, narastające wraz z czasem eksploatacji silników i zagrażające ich poprawnemu działaniu. Powstawanie osadów w wyniku przebiegu procesów wtrysku paliwa, tworzenia mieszanki paliwowo-powietrznej i jej spalania w tłokowych silnikach spalinowych jest zjawiskiem normalnym. Dopiero na początku XXI wieku rozpoczęto szerokie, wielokierunkowe badania mające na celu ustalenie nie tylko przyczyn powstawania osadów, mechanizmów ich tworzenia i czynników sprzyjających procesom przyrostu osadów, ale także określenie składu chemicznego różnych grup osadów. Potrzeby takich badań wynikały z konieczności spełniania przez silniki sukcesywnie zaostrzanych przepisów w zakresie ochrony środowiska naturalnego człowieka, a to wiązało się z wprowadzaniem coraz bardziej złożonych konstrukcji silników oraz strategii sterowania procesami precyzyjnego, dzielonego na części wtrysku paliwa do komór spalania silników i zaawansowanych algorytmów sterujących procesami spalania w zależności od systemu spalania oraz przeznaczenia silnika. Okazało się jednak, że współdziałanie coraz bardziej złożonych technologii i rozwiązań silników, a zwłaszcza układów wtrysku paliwa, może być w sposób istotny zaburzane tworzonymi w nich osadami. Coraz bardziej skomplikowane konstrukcje silników oraz rosnąca dokładność wykonania współpracujących ze sobą elementów wymuszają konieczność wielokierunkowego badania szkodliwych osadów. Identyfikowanych jest coraz więcej czynników wpływających na tworzenie osadów, co prowadzi do opracowywania coraz bardziej złożonych klasyfikacji i podziałów osadów ze względu na ich rodzaj, skład i postać. Równocześnie poszukiwania sposobów dalszego obniżania emisji składników szkodliwych do atmosfery i poprawy sprawności silników wymuszają dalsze zmiany w konstrukcji zarówno silników, jak i samych pojazdów. Zwiększające się ciśnienie i temperatura procesów spalania silnikach w połączeniu ze zmianami ich tradycyjnego cyklu pracy wpływają na zmiany wymagań stawianych paliwom silnikowym. W konsekwencji powyższe zmiany mają wpływ zarówno na skład chemiczny, jak i morfologię tworzonych w silnikach osadów. Wielkość tworzonych osadów koksowych może zaburzać procesy rozpylania paliwa, napełniania komór spalania silnika, zawirowania ładunku w komorach spalania, a w konsekwencji wpływać na sprawność napełniania komór spalania oraz na jakość tworzenia mieszanki paliwowo-powietrznej. Doprowadziło to do opracowania wielu znormalizowanych metod oceny wielkości osadów. Ustalono przy tym, że w przypadku silników ZI osadami najbardziej zagrażającymi ich poprawnej pracy, w rozumieniu zachowania deklarowanych przez producentów osiągów w czasie oraz walorów użytkowo-eksploatacyjnych, są te, które tworzą się w komorach spalania, na zaworach dolotowych, w kanałach dolotowych i na końcówkach wtryskiwaczy paliwa. W przypadku silników ZS najbardziej niebezpieczne są osady koksowe (węglowe) tworzone na zewnętrznych powierzchniach końcówek rozpylaczy wtryskiwaczy oraz wewnątrz kanalików wtrysku paliwa rozpylaczy. W Europie obligatoryjne procedury oceny wielkości różnych osadów koksowych powstających na różnych elementach, zarówno w silnikach ZI, jak i ZS, opracowywane są w ramach grup roboczych CEC (Co-ordinating European Council for the Development of Performance Tests for Transportation Fuels, Lubricants and Other Fluids). W teoretycznej części pracy opisano problemy związane z osadami tworzonymi w tłokowych silnikach spalinowych oraz w ich układach paliwowych. Omówiono standardowe oraz niestandardowe silnikowe i analityczne metody zarówno ilościowej, jak i jakościowej oceny osadów. Przedstawiono znaczenie obecnie stosowanych metod ocen dla tworzenia klasyfikacji osadów. Wskazano zakres stosowania oraz przydatność metod do określenia zagrożeń, jakie stwarzają różnego typu osady dla funkcjonowania silnika, jak i ustalenia przyczyn ich powstawania, w tym w szczególności związanych ze składem stosowanych paliw i smarowych olejów silnikowych. Przedyskutowano wpływ składu paliw, jak również konstrukcji silników i warunków ich eksploatacji na tworzenie różnych osadów zarówno w samych silnikach, jak i w układach wtrysku paliwa. Wskazano możliwe przyczyny powstawania szkodliwych osadów. Podkreślono też ogromne znaczenie opracowywania i stosowania nowoczesnych dodatków do paliw kontrolujących i przeciwdziałających tworzeniu szkodliwych osadów silnikowych. W części doświadczalnej zaprezentowano wyniki badań prowadzonych w ramach projektów badawczych i prac statutowych w Instytucie Nafty i Gazu – Państwowym Instytucie Badawczym. Niniejsze wyniki dotyczą: • nieporównywalności ocen właściwości detergentowych paliw w różnych, znormalizowanych testach silnikowych; • wielokierunkowych ocen wpływu różnych dodatków detergentowo-dyspergujących na tworzenie się szkodliwych osadów podczas testów silnikowych; • wpływu sposobu uszlachetniania paliw na procesy ilościowego i jakościowego tworzenia osadów w tłokowych silnikach spalinowych; • oceny wpływu wybranych związków chemicznych stanowiących zanieczyszczenia zawarte w paliwach na procesy powstawania osadów w silnikach i układach wtrysku paliwa; • oceny wpływu różnych struktur związków chemicznych stanowiących zanieczyszczenia zawarte w paliwach i biopaliwach na procesy powstawania osadów w silnikach i układach wtrysku paliwa; • wielokierunkowych badań wpływu biokomponentów zawartych zarówno w benzynach, jak i olejach napędowych na tendencje do tworzenia osadów silnikowych; • wielokierunkowych badań wpływu starzenia FAME zawartego jako biokomponent w oleju napędowym na tworzenie szkodliwych osadów w silnikach i układach wtrysku paliwa.

EN

The undesirable deposits forming on the surfaces of various internal parts of reciprocating internal combustion engines and the systems operating in conjunction with them worsen during the operation of the engines and threaten their proper functioning. The deposits form as a normal result of the processes of fuel injection and creating and combusting the fuel–air mixture in engines. It was not investigated until the beginning of the 21st century, when extensive multi-directional research began not only to identify the causes of these deposits, the mechanisms behind their formation, and the factors leading to deposit growth, but also to determine the chemical composition of various groups of deposits. Such research became necessary because engines must comply with gradually tightening regulations on environmental protection, necessitating the introduction of increasingly complex engine designs and strategies for controlling the processes of precise and divided fuel injection into the combustion chambers and advanced algorithms for controlling the combustion processes according to the combustion system and the purpose of the engine. However, it became apparent that the co-functioning of the increasingly complex engine technologies and solutions, particularly of fuel injection systems, may be significantly disturbed by the deposits forming inside them. More and more complicated engine designs with tighter and tighter tolerances of the working parts necessitate the multi-directional testing of harmful deposits. An increasing number of factors affecting deposit formation are being identified, which leads to the development of increasingly complex classifications and subdivisions of deposits according to their type, composition, and form. At the same time, the search for lower emissions and greater engine efficiency is driving further mechanical changes in engines and vehicles. The higher temperatures and pressures connected with these changes are likely to impact the fuel being handled within the fuel and combustion systems. Such effects will inevitably cause the deposit chemistry and morphology to change. The size of the coke deposits produced may disturb the processes of fuel atomization, of filling the engine combustion chambers and swirling the charge, and in consequence may affect the efficiency of filling and the quality of the fuel–air mixture. These problems led to the development of a number of standardized and unstandardized methods for assessing the size of deposits. It was found that in the case of SI engines, the deposits that most endanger correct engine operation are those which are formed in the combustion chambers, on the inlet valves, inlet ducts, and fuel injector tips. The most common sign of deterioration caused by deposits is the loss over time of the performance, usability, and operational value which were originally declared by the manufacturer. In the case of CI engines, the most dangerous are coke (carbon) deposits formed on the external surfaces of the fuel injector nozzle tips and inside the injector nozzle orifices. In Europe, mandatory procedures for assessing the size of different coke deposits formed on different components in both SI and CI engines are being developed by the Coordinating European Council for the Development of Performance Tests for Transportation Fuels, Lubricants, and Other Fluids (CEC). The theoretical part of this publication reports the problems of the deposits produced in reciprocating internal combustion engines and their fuel systems. It discusses standard and non-standard engine test methods for both quantitative and qualitative assessment of deposits and presents the significance of the assessment methods which are currently used for the classification of deposits. The publication also presents the scope of application and the usefulness of methods for determining the threats posed to the functioning of an engine by various types of deposits and methods for identifying the causes of deposit formation, in particular those related to the composition of the fuels and lubricating oils used. The effects which fuel composition and the engine’s construction and operating parameters have on various engine deposits, the possible causes of deposit formation, and the importance of modern deposit control additives and high-technology solutions in counteracting this detrimental phenomenon are also all discussed. The experimental part presents the results of research carried out at the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute concerning: • the incomparability of measurements of fuel performance obtained from various engine tests, • studies on the influence of various deposit control additives on the formation of harmful engine deposits during engine tests, • the influence of fuel treatments on the deposit formation processes in internal combustion engines (described qualitatively or quantitatively), • determination of the impact which various chemical compounds, serving as contaminants within the fuels, have on deposit formation in internal combustion engines and fuel injection systems, • determination of the impact that various chemical structures of the compounds within the fuels and biofuel blends have on deposit formation in internal combustion engines and fuel injection systems, • studies on the influence of bio-components contained in both petrol and diesel fuels on tendency for deposits to form in internal combustion engines, and • multidirectional studies on the impact of FAME degradation processes in biodiesel fuel blends on the formation of harmful engine deposits.

20

Już za 10 lat 70% nowych samochodów w Europie z napędem elektrycznym

Kitala Radosław, El Mouden Shams-Dine

Logistyka

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2020

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nr 4

66--67

PL

W ciągu ostatnich dwóch lat rynek motoryzacyjny przeszedł ogromną przemianę. Jak wynika z Białej Księgi Elektromobilności, opublikowanej przez Grupę Arval, odejście od benzyny i oleju napędowego na rzecz zelektryfikowanych pojazdów będzie nadal postępować w błyskawicznym tempie, a zmiana będzie widoczna już w perspektywie najbliższych pięciu lat.