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EN
The aim of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce by half the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by marine ships by 2050, and its vision of the fastest total decarbonisation in the maritime shipping industry within the present century, calls for implementation with various means of decarbonisation. The IMO approaches the process of decarbonisation in two phases. Firstly, short-term, compact projects are to be considered, next, more complex, medium- and long-term solutions should be aimed at. The preferred arrangements to be applied are photovoltaic systems. Their performance depends to a high degree on the solar incidence angle. In the case of a ship swinging as a result of its course in relation to the wave and incidence direction, the incidence angle undergoes significant periodic changes with a significant effect on the power generated by the PV panels. As a result, the total amount of energy produced by the PV panels diminishes. The paper presents experimental research results obtained on the stand that allowed the investigation of PV panels in simulated marine conditions. Two characteristic positions of a PV panel’s rotation axis in relation to the solar rays’ incidence direction were investigated. It was proved for both variants that the rolling period and solar incidence angle affected the power generated by the PV panel.
EN
The most interesting motion of the ship is rolling. This is because the rolling amplitudes are much bigger than amplitudes of other degrees of freedom and under resonance conditions, which can exceed 40º. In such a case, when the maximum of the righting arm curve is placed at relatively small angles, the roll equation reveals a strongly nonlinear character and bistability areas as well as an area of unstable solutions of the roll equation occurs. Together with the appearance of the above-mentioned areas, amplitude jumps are possible. In the study, the case of strongly nonlinear rolling is analysed. For the purpose of numerical simulations, the 1DOF mathematical model of rolling with damping dependent on amplitude and frequency is used. The article presents the roll spectrum including the bistability areas and the area of unstable solutions for one loading condition of the offshore support vessel. It is demonstrated that for strongly nonlinear rolling, rolling with two different amplitudes for the same value of excitation is possible. It is also shown that transitions (jumps) between these amplitudes are possible too. A few scenarios of jumps of the rolling amplitude within the region of unstable solutions of the rolling equation are presented. The presented rolling scenarios show that under some circumstances rolling can be observed as chaotic.
EN
This paper deals with the susceptibility of the roll equation to the bifurcation phenomenon depending on the damping coefficient value and form of the roll damping formula. Generally, the bifurcation phenomenon depends mainly on the shape of the righting arm curve (GZ curve), but roll damping also has a significant impact. The commonly used formulas for roll damping are presented, as well as values of the linear equivalent roll damping coefficient, calculated according to the simple Ikeda method. Values of the linear equivalent roll damping coefficient were calculated for a wide spectrum of roll amplitudes and roll frequencies for two ships. The loading conditions for these ships were selected to show different GZ curve characteristics. One ship has a softening spring characteristic and the second has a hardening spring characteristic. For these two ships, a number of calculations of roll spectra are presented where the bifurcation phenomenon occurs. Calculations were made for different damping coefficient values and forms of the roll damping formula.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje porównanie wartości współczynnika tłumienia kołysań bocznych statku dla stępek przechyłowych, wyznaczonego przy zastosowaniu pełnej metody Ikedy oraz jej uproszczonej wersji. W materiale omówiono obie procedury wyznaczania wartości współczynnika tłumienia kołysań bocznych dla stępek oraz zaprezentowano wyniki obliczeń tego współczynnika dla drobnicowca. Przedstawiono również dla dwóch statków znacząco różniących się wielkością porównanie charakterystyk zmian współczynnika tłumienia dla stępek, w zależności od relacji szerokości stępek do ich długości, przy zachowaniu stałej wartości całkowitej powierzchni stępek. Wykonane obliczenia pokazują, że uproszczona metoda Ikedy, pomimo że opracowana została przy zastosowaniu metody regresji, z wykorzystaniem serii wyników uzyskanych metodą pełną, daje zbliżone wyniki obliczeń tylko dla małych amplitud kołysania statku i niewielkich wartości całkowitej powierzchni stępek przechyłowych.
EN
This paper presents a comparison of the bilge keel component of roll damping, determined by the full Ikeda’s method and its simplified version. The material discusses both procedures for determining the value of the bilge keel component and the calculation results for this component for the general cargo ship are presented. A comparison of the characteristics of value changes of bilge keel damping coefficients in dependence on the relationship of the bilge keel width to its length, while keeping the bilge keel area constant, is presented for two ships with significantly different particulars. Despite the fact that the simplified Ikeda’s method was developed using the regression method for series results obtained by the full method, the calculations made present that the simplified method give comparable results only for small roll amplitudes and small bilge keels areas.
5
Content available A research model of a ship’s angle of heel
EN
According to some authors it is estimated that around 80% of accidents at sea are caused by human and organizational errors (HOE). In order to gain knowledge of phenomena that occur during ship operations, a decision was made to design and build a test site for carrying out model-based investigations of ships, including in situations of hazard to buoyancy. The model-based investigations are used as the basic and universal method for forecasting ship dynamic properties. The results of initial research on the dynamic impact of air flow on an 888 project type ship model are presented in the elaboration. The research has been executed at a test stand located in the Polish Naval Academy. The experimental results have been compared with theoretical calculations for angle of dynamic heel. Input parameters for the tests and calculations have been defined in accordance with recommendations of the Polish Register of Shipping (PRS) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) (IMO Instruments).
EN
One of the most important dynamic phenomenon recognized as dangerous to seagoing ships is the resonance gain of rolling. This may occur due to nonlinearity of ship response in resonance conditions, i.e. when the encounter wave frequency is similar to the natural frequency of ship roll motion. Such coincidence should be avoided therefore shipmaster steers clear of some configurations of speed and course resulting in potential synchronous rolling. Nowadays, according to the IMO Intact Stability Code the natural period of roll is determined with the use of very simplified GM-based formula. The paper deals with the problem of more sophisticated prediction of ship’s natural rolling frequency with the use of the one degree-of-freedom roll equation with regard to nonlinear restoring moment. A special emphasis is put on the damping coefficient modelling which remains one of the crucial issues in terms of rolling simulation. Two typical approaches to the damping coefficient estimation are tested, the linear and the nonlinear one according to Ikead’s method. The set of ship roll simulations is carried out for a wide range of excitation frequency and a variety of exciting moment. The results of computation focused on the natural frequency of ship roll prediction are compared to assess the influence of damping model selection.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia porównanie wartości okresu kołysań swobodnych statku wyznaczonego na podstawie wzorów uproszczonych zalecanych przez IMO w Kodeksie Stateczności Statku Nieuszkodzonego oraz uzyskanych w toku przeprowadzonych symulacji numerycznych. Do wykonania analizy wykorzystano dane trzech statków kontenerowych różnej wielkości i różnej generacji. Przyjęto po cztery typowe stany załadowania dla każdego ze statków. Wyniki porównania zestawiono na wykresach okresu kołysań w funkcji amplitudy dla szerokiego zakresu amplitud kołysania bocznego.
EN
The paper deals with the matter of estimation of ship’s free rolling period. The comparison of calculations based on the IMO-recommended method versus numerical simulations is presented. The particulars of three container vessels of different sizes and generation were used to perform simulations of their free rolling. Four typical loading conditions of each ship were taken into account. The results of comparison are presented in the form of plots presenting obtained rolling periods versus rolling amplitude for a wide range of such amplitude of ship rolling.
8
Content available Ruch cieczy w zbiorniku w ruchu obrotowym
PL
W artykule omówiony został ruch ładunku płynnego w zbiorniku podczas obrotu. Przeprowadzono analizę teoretyczną wg teorii liniowej i nieliniowej. Wyznaczono potencjał prędkości cieczy i na tej podstawie funkcję ciśnienia w dowolnym punkcie objętości cieczy w zbiorniku. Podano wykresy obciążeń ścianek zbiornika od cieczy wg obydwu teorii.
EN
The article discussed a motion of liquid cargo in tank during rotation. The conducted are of theoretical analysis according linear and non-linear theory. Was designated the potential of velocity of the liquid and on the basis of pressure function at any point liquid of volume in tank. Are given of load charts walls of tank of liquid according to both theories.
9
Content available Ruch cieczy w zbiorniku poziomym
PL
W artykule omówiony został ruch poziomy zbiornika wypełnionego cieczą. Wymieniono przyczyny ruchu cieczy w zbiorniku. Dokonano analizy wg teorii liniowej i nieliniowej. Wyznaczono częstości drgań własnych. Na podstawie teorii liniowej i nieliniowej wyznaczono funkcję potencjału prędkości Φ i powierzchni swobodnej η. Podano rozkłady ciśnień hydrodynamicznych na ściankach zbiornika.
EN
The article discussed a horizontal motion of tank filled with liquid. Discussed a causes of motion of liquid in the tank. Were made analysis by the theory of linear and nonlinear. In article the given of frequency of vibration. On the basis of theory of linear and nonlinear function are determined velocity potential and free surface. Given of distributions of hydrodynamic pressure on the walls of tank.
PL
W artykule omówiona została procedura obliczeń dla wystąpienia zjawiska rezonansu parametrycznego kołysań bocznych w kryteriach statecznościowych drugiej generacji. Zjawisko rezonansu parametrycznego kołysań bocznych statku jest zjawiskiem znacząco wpływającym na poziom bezpieczeństwa statecznościowego, przy wystąpieniu szczególnych parametrów ruch statku i falowania morskiego. Ze względu na trwające prace na kryteriami statecznościowymi drugiej generacji, zjawisko to zostało uwzględnione w projekcie nowych kryteriów jako jeden z tak zwanych defektów statecznościowych. W pracy przedstawiono kolejne etapy obliczeń na poziomie pierwszym i drugim procedury celem określenia podatności statku na wystąpienia badanego defektu statecznościowego. Omówiono kolejność obliczeń, zakres potrzebnych danych wejściowych oraz interpretację otrzymanych wyników.
EN
The article discussed the procedure for the calculation of parametric rolling failure mode in the second generation criteria. The phenomenon of parametric rolling of the ship is significantly affects the level of ship stability safety, occurrence in specific parameters of ship movement and sea waves. Due to the present work on second generation stability criteria, phenomenon it has been included in the draft new criteria as one of the so-called failure mode. The paper presents the stages of the calculation in the first and second levels in order to determine the vulnerability of a ship on this failure mode. Discussed the order of evaluation, the scope of the necessary input data and interpretation of results.
PL
W czasie opróżniania i napełniania zbiorników balastowych w morzu mogą pojawić się zagrożenia dotyczące bezpieczeństwa statku. Analizie poddano zjawisko kołysań bocznych statku, w czasie wymiany wód balastowych metoda sekwencyjną. Zaproponowano zmniejszenie negatywnego zjawiska występującego w czasie wymiany poprzez zmianę kursu i/lub prędkości statku.
EN
Hazards concerning safety of ship can appear at sea during empting and filling ballast tanks. Phenomena of ship rolling was analyzed during ballast water exchange by sequential method. Suggested reduction of negative phenomena during ballast waters exchange. It could be obtained by a change of ship’s course and/or speed.
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