Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

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Zarządzanie gospodarką ściekową na obszarach poza aglomeracjami - doświadczenia samorządów ze zlewni Pilicy w świetle zmian legislacyjnych

Izydorczyk Katarzyna, Frątczak Wojciech, Biernacki Mariusz

Gospodarka Wodna

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2023

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Nr 10

36--39

PL

Wśród podstawowych działań naprawczych zawartych w drugiej aktualizacji Planów gospodarowania wodami umieszczone są działania z zakresu ograniczenia presji komunalnej w postaci egzekwowanie zapisów Ustawy o utrzymaniu czystości i porządku w gminach. Wykonywanie przepisów, zwłaszcza nowych wymogów, przez gminy niesie za sobą różnorodne wyzwania, o czym świadczą doświadczenia samorządowców ze zlewni Pilicy. Jednym ze wsparć jest uruchomienie pilotażowego programu wyposażenia gmin w cyfrowe narzędzie pozwalające na ewidencjonowanie, monitoring i kontrolę w zakresie ścieków dowożonych.

EN

Among the primary mitigation measures included in the second update of the River Basin Management Plans are those in the field of reducing municipal pressure in the form of enforcing the provisions of the Law on Maintaining Cleanliness and Order in Municipalities. Enforcement of the regulations, especially the new requirements, by municipalities, brings with it a variety of challenges, as evidenced by the experience of local government offcials in the Pilica River basin. One of the supports is the launch of a pilot program to provide municipalities with a digital tool to record, monitor, and control the area of transfering sewage and sewage sludge from septic tanks and package treatment plants.

2

Risk of Groundwater Contamination by Domestic Wastewater in Rural Areas of the Province of Al Hoceima, Northern Morocco

Kamari Salim, El Ouarghi Hossain, Ghalit Mohammad, Makan Abdelhadi, Bourjila Abdelhak

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

104--120

EN

Groundwater is crucial for meeting the water needs of rural communities, serving both domestic and agricultural purposes. However, its quality in our study area remains unclear. Therefore, the primary objective of the current study is to evaluate the groundwater quality and ascertain the level of contamination risk associated with the use of septic tanks in rural communities within the Al Hoceima province. This will be achieved by conducting a comprehensive analysis of physicochemical parameters and employing effective indices, including the Water Quality Index (WQI), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), and Chronic Health Risk (CHR). In February 2023, we collected samples from 33 wells, spanning densely and sparsely populated regions, to account for potential variations in water quality. The analyzed parameters included pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), ammonium (NH4+), nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO43-), and silica (SiO2). Our findings revealed slightly alkaline groundwater with TDS levels ranging from 1508.63 mg/l to 8289.8 mg/l, with an average of 3223.19 mg/l. The cation dominance sequence observed was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ >NH4+, while for anions, it followed as SO42- > Cl- > HCO3- > NO3- > PO43- > NO2-. The Water Quality Index (WQI) indicated contamination in 54.55% of the wells, with notably higher NPI values in densely populated regions. This suggests anthropogenic nitrate contamination, likely originating from septic tanks. The assessment of Chronic Health Risk (CHR) revealed non-carcinogenic health risks in 27.27% of samples for children and 15.15% for adults. Given these findings, it is imperative for Moroccan authorities, despite the efforts of the Loukkos Hydraulic Basin Agency (LHBA), to implement strategic measures to protect groundwater quality in densely populated rural regions.

3

Zastosowanie inteligentnych sieci czujników i systemów monitorowania do zarządzania gospodarką wodno-kanalizacyjną w obszarach zurbanizowanych

Swolkień Jacek, Tomaszek Marek, Halecki Wiktor

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2021

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R. 97, nr 2

142--148

PL

W artykule przedstawiamy system do kontroli poziomu nieczystości ciekłych w zbiornikach bezodpływowych, wykorzystywanych głównie w gospodarstwach domowych. System ten to zespół kilku powiązanych elementów realizujących jako całość zadanie polegające na przekazaniu końcowemu użytkownikowi informacji o stanie napełnienia zbiornika. Ponadto, umożliwia analizę poziomu ścieków wskazując na ewentualną eksfiltrację ścieków lub infiltrację wód gruntowych.

EN

In this article, we present a system for controlling the level of liquid waste in septic tanks, commonly used mainly in households. The system is a set of several interrelated elements that perform, as a whole, and proceeding the information about the filling status of the tank to the end-user with. In addition, it enables the analysis of the level of sewage, indicating a possible exfiltration of sewage or infiltration of groundwater.

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The Condition of the Sanitary Infrastructure in the Ryki District in Poland and the Need for its Development

Jóźwiakowska Karolina, Micek Agnieszka, Kanios Krzysztof

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 4

256--264

EN

The aim of this paper was to present the current state and the need for development of the sanitary infrastructure in the communes of the Ryki District located in the Lublin Voivodeship. The Ryki District encompasses 1 urban Commune – Dęblin, 1 urban-rural Commune – Ryki and 4 rural communes: Kłoczew, Nowodwór, Stężyca and Ułęż. The paper is based on the data from the surveys conducted in all the afore-mentioned communes in 2016. In the whole district on average 71.3% of the population used the water supply network, while 42% of the inhabitants were able to discharge wastewater to the sewage system. Within the area of the Ryki District, 5 collective wastewater treatment plants with a capacity exceeding 5 m3/d functioned in 2016. The households which were not connected to the sewage network discharged wastewater mainly to non-return tanks. About 440 household sewage treatment plants were found in the surveyed communes. The overwhelming majority of such small objects in the discussed district were activated sludge systems (92%). The research carried out in 2016 proved a strong need to develop the current state of the sanitary infrastructure in the Ryki District. A particular emphasis should be placed on the wastewater management by connecting the inhabitants of urban areas to a joint sewage disposal system. Ecological awareness must be raised so as to encourage people to invest in household wastewater treatment plants, which should be used in the areas with scattered development.

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The Condition of the Sanitary Infrastructure in the Bialski District in Poland and the Need for its Development

Jóźwiakowska Karolina, Marzec Michał

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 5

155--163

EN

The aim of this paper was to present the current state and the need for development of the sanitary infrastructure in the communes of the Bialski District located in the Lublin Voivodeship. The Bialski District encompasses 2 urban communes: Miedzyrzec Podlaski and Terespol and 17 rural communes: Biała Podlaska, Drelów, Janów Podlaski, Kodeń, Konstantynów, Leśna Podlaska, Łomazy, Międzyrzec Podlaski, Piszcząc, Rokitno, Rossosz, Sławatycze, Sosnówka, Terespol, Tuczna, Wisznice and Zalesie. The present paper uses the data from the surveys conducted in these communes in 2016. On average, 79.2% of the population used the water supply system in the surveyed communes, while 39.4% of the inhabitants had the possibility of discharging wastewater to the sewerage system. In the area of the communes, there were 20 collective, mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plants with a capacity exceeding 5 m3/d. The households which were not connected to the wastewater network, discharged wastewater mainly to non-return tanks. In the surveyed communes, there were 4437 household wastewater treatment plants. Most of them (above 80%) were the systems with infiltration drainage, which do not ensure high efficiency of pollutants removal and may even contribute to the degradation of the groundwater quality. In order to solve the existing problems of wastewater and water management occurring in the communes where the Bialski District is located, it is necessary to further develop collective wastewater systems and equip the areas characterized by dispersed housing with highly efficient household treatment plants, e.g. constructed wetlands.

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Investigations on the effectiveness of wastewater purification in medium sand with assisting clinoptilolite layer

Kalenik Marek, Chalecki Marek

Environment Protection Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 45, nr 2

117--126

EN

Model investigations of wastewater purification were carried out in a medium sand bed with an assisting natural clinoptilolite layer 0.10 or 0.25 m thick. The effectiveness of wastewater purification related to basic qualitative parameters was in accordance with the Polish standards on sewage disposal into grounds and surface water. Medium sand soil bed with the assisting natural clinoptilolite layer 0.25 m thick showed on average the removal efficiency regarding TSS higher by 3.3%, total nitrogen by 29.3%, total phosphorus by 25.9%, reduction efficiency regarding BOD5 by 1.1% and COD by 15.9% than that with the thinner clinoptilolite layer. The investigations confirmed that natural clinoptilolite with the granulation 1-5 mm can be used to enhance the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from wastewater with the application of infiltration drainage. However, very good effect of the TSS removal from the wastewater in the investigated soil beds can lead to their fast clogging under the infiltration drainage. Septic tanks should be designed in such a way that they retain as much TSS as possible, e.g., multi-chamber tanks instead of one-chamber ones.

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Environmental life cycle assessment of septic tanks in urban wastewater system : a case study for Poland

Burchart-Korol Dorota, Zawartka Paweł

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 4

68--77

EN

Results of life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle assessment (LCA) for septic tanks collecting domestic sewage were presented. The study included the whole life cycle: construction, use and end-of-life stages of septic tanks. The analyses were conducted basing on actual data concerning performance of 793 septic tanks in Żory. Environmental impact assessment of the life cycle of septic tanks was conducted with TRACi and ReCiPe methods. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, eutrophication, fossil fuel depletion and metal depletion indicators were calculated and determinants of LCA of septic tanks were analysed. The system boundary was from cradle to grave. It was concluded that at the construction stage, GHG emission and fossil fuel depletion indicators are determined by the amount of concrete, steel, polyester resin, polyethylene, cast iron and PCV. At the use stage, GHG emission is determined by the amount and type of electricity used to treat sewage in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Untreated wastewater, introduced into the environment (leaking tanks and users discharging sewage), is a determinant of influence on eutrophication. Life cycle inventory and environmental assessment of septic tanks with life cycle perspective are presented in the literature for the first time. The results highlight the importance of including each stage in the environmental assessment of elements of the urban wastewater system.

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki inwentaryzacji cyklu życia oraz oceny cyklu życia zbiorników bezodpływowych służących gromadzeniu ścieków bytowych w warunkach krajowych. Analizy obejmowały cały cykl życia: etap budowy, eksploatacji oraz etap wycofania z eksploatacji zbiorników bezodpływowych. Analizy zostały wykonane w oparciu o rzeczywiste dane dotyczące funkcjonowania 793 zbiorników bezodpływowych w Żorach. Ocena oddziaływania na środowisko została przeprowadzona metodą ReCiPe, oraz TRACI. Analizy obejmowały ocenę emisji gazów cieplarnianych, wpływu na eutrofizację, wyczerpania paliw kopalnych oraz metali. Granica systemu obejmowała cały cykl życia zbiorników. Stwierdzono, że na etapie budowy zbiorników emisje gazów cieplarnianych, wyczerpanie paliw kopalnych determinowane są ilością zużytego betonu, stali, żywicy poliestrowej, polietylenu, żeliwa i PCV Emisja gazów cieplarnianych na etapie eksploatacji zbiorników determinowana jest ilością i rodzajem zużytej energii elektrycznej do oczyszczenia ścieków na zbiorczej oczyszczalni. Determinantem wpływu na eutrofizację są ścieki nieoczyszczone trafiające do środowiska, spowodowane nieszczelnością zbiorników oraz niekontrolowanymi zrzutami ścieków przez użytkowników. Inwentaryzacja cyklu życia zbiorników bezodpływowych oraz ich ocena środowiskowa zostały przedstawione w literaturze po raz pierwszy. Uzyskane wyniki podkreślają znaczenie włączenia każdego etapu do oceny środowiskowej elementów systemu oczyszczania ścieków komunalnych.

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The State of Water and Wastewater Management in the Municipalities of the Roztocze National Park

Jóźwiakowski K., Podbrożna D., Kopczacka K., Jaguś M., Marzec M., Listosz A., Pochwatka P., Kowalczyk-Juśko A., Malik A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 2

255--262

EN

The aim of this paper is to present the current state of water and sewage management in the communes where the Roztocze National Park (RNP) is located. The park is located in Lubelskie voivodship, in the territory of four communes: Zamość, Zwierzyniec, Adamów and Józefów, while its buffer zone is located in the communes of Krasnobród, Tereszpol and Szczebrzeszyn. The paper uses data from surveys conducted in these municipalities in 2016. On average, 68.9% of the population used the water supply system in the municipalities surveyed, while 33.4% of the inhabitants had the possibility of discharging sewage to the sewerage system. In the area of the communes, there are 10 collective, mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plants with a capacity exceeding 5 m3·d-1. The households which are not connected to the sewage network discharge wastewater mainly to non-return tanks. Four out of the seven surveyed communities had 64 domestic sewage treatment plants, including 60 systems with infiltration drainage, which do not ensure high efficiency of removing pollution and may even contribute to the degradation of groundwater quality. In order to solve the existing problems in the area of sewage and water management occurring in the communes where the Roztocze National Park is located, it is necessary to further develop collective sewage systems and equip the areas with dispersed buildings with highly efficient, residential sewage treatment plants, e.g. constructed wetlands.

9

The Condition of Sanitary Infrastructure in the Parczew District and the Need for its Development

Micek A., Marzec M., Jóźwiakowska K., Pochwatka P.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 5

107--115

EN

The aim of this paper is to present the current state and the need for development of sanitary infrastructure in the communes of Parczew District, in Lublin Voivodeship. Parczew District encompasses seven communes: Parczew, Dębowa Kłoda, Jabłoń, Milanów, Podedwórze, Siemień, and Sosnowica. The present paper uses the data from the surveys conducted in these communes in 2016. On average, 88% of the population used the water supply system in the communes surveyed, while 48% of the inhabitants were connected to a sewerage system. Parczew District had 12 collective mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plants with a capacity exceeding 5 m3/d. The households which were not connected to the sewerage network discharged the wastewater mainly to non-return tanks. In the communes surveyed, 1,115 households had domestic wastewater treatment plants. All of them were systems with infiltration drainage, which do not ensure high efficiency of removing pollutions and may even contribute to the degradation of the groundwater quality. In order to solve the existing problems of sewage and water management in the communes of Parczew District, it is necessary to further develop the collective sewerage systems and equip the areas which have a dispersed development layout with highly efficient domestic treatment plants, such as constructed wetlands.

10

Study on the Development of Household Wastewater Treatment Unit

Ghawi A. H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 2

63--71

EN

The cities of Iraq in general and the city of Al Diwaniyah in particular are characterized by the fact that the majority of households use septic tank to dispose of sewage, leading to contamination of ground and surface water and a disturbance to the environment. The objective of this study is to protect the water and soil sources from the risk of pollution, eliminate the process of perfusion and thus, reduce costs, maintain public health, as well as design and implement the proposed purification unit for domestic wastewater treatment. A domestic wastewater treatment unit has been improved to meet the standard specifications for the quality of the effluent wastewater. In this study, a compact non-electric sewage treatment unit was improved and implemented. Treatment is based on an effective modern biological purification process. Experimental verification and analysis of results were performed to demonstrate the improvement of physical and chemical parameters. The performance of the septic tanks-bioreactor gave satisfactory results. The removal efficiencies of Total Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), NH4-N, Total Nitrogen and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) were 96.9%, 84.6%, 78.8%, 79.9% and 95.3%, respectively.

11

Oczyszczanie wstępne w przydomowych oczyszczalniach ścieków

Makowska M., Pawlak M., Mazurkiewicz J.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2018

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Nr 6

214--218

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki dwuletnich badań osadników wstępnych, stosowanych w przydomowych oczyszczalniach ścieków. Dwa osadniki świeżowodne (z krótkim czasem zatrzymania ścieków) i jeden osadnik gnilny (z długim czasem zatrzymania ścieków), zasilane były ściekami podczyszczonymi w piaskowniku oczyszczalni komunalnej, zgodnie z hydrogramem dopływu charakterystycznym dla pojedynczego gospodarstwa domowego. Stwierdzono większą skuteczność usuwania związków organicznych w osadniku gnilnym (różnica kilkunastu procent, istotna na poziomie a = 0,05) i niewielką różnicę skuteczności usuwania zawiesiny na korzyść osadników świeżowodnych (różnica kilku procent, istotna na poziomie a = 0,1). Stwierdzono, że osadnik gnilny, w którym ścieki przebywały dłużej, pracował bardziej stabilnie w zakresie usuwania związków organicznych i porównywalnie z pozostałymi w zakresie usuwania zawiesiny ogólnej. Osadniki obu typów mogą być stosowane jako urządzenia wstępnego oczyszczania w przydomowych oczyszczalniach ścieków.

EN

The paper presents the two-year investigation results of primary settling tanks, used in domestic wastewater treatment plants. Two primary settlers (with a short retention time of sewage) and one septic tank (with the long retention time of sewage) were supplied from the grit chamber. The wastewater inflow hydrograph was typical for the single household. Removing of organic compounds in septic tank was found more effective, while a slightly better efficiency of the removal of the total suspended solid showed primary settler with a short retention time of sewage. The performance of septic tank was more stable. Both devices can be used in small domestic wastewater treatment plants.

12

Domestic sewage treatment plant or ecological septic tank

Pawlita-Posmyk M., Wzorek M.

Technical Transactions

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2017

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Vol. 5(114)

195--203

EN

In areas with scattered buildings and a low population density, the sewage management infrastructure is underdeveloped. Until recently, the only practical solution was to make a non-effluent and tight tank: a septic tank, which was one of the means to carry sewage away from detached houses in areas without sewage systems. Currently, domestic sewage treatment plants are highly popular. The paper shows the operating principle of a septic tank and a domestic treatment plant and analyses their advantages and disadvantages. Particular attention was paid to the economical aspect.

PL

Na terenach o rozproszonej zabudowie i niewielkiej gęstości zaludnienia istnieje niedostatecznie rozwinięta infrastruktura kanalizacyjna. Do niedawna jedynym praktycznym rozwiązaniem była budowa szamba; obecnie dużą popularnością cieszą się przydomowe oczyszczalnie ścieków. W artykule porównano zasady działania i eksploatacji zbiornika bezodpływowego i oczyszczalni przydomowej. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na aspekt ekonomiczny.

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Projektowanie zbiornika na nieczystości ciekłe

Ambroziak A., Solarczyk M. T.

Materiały Budowlane

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2017

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nr 6

71--73

PL

W artykule przedstawiono proces projektowania zbiornika podziemnego na nieczystości ciekłe o pojemności ok. 10 m3 posadowionego na gruntach niespoistych (sypkich). Porównano wartości sił wewnętrznych w przypadku skrajnie różnych warunków gruntowych: piasku drobnego o ID = 0,2 oraz żwiru o ID = 0,7. Dodatkowo przeanalizowano wpływ modelu obliczeniowego podłoża na wyniki sił wewnętrznych. Opisano procedurę normową pozwalającą na kwalifikację konstrukcji, dzięki której możliwe jest określenie sposobu obliczania fundamentu na podłożu gruntowym.

EN

This paper presents the process of design of the underground septic tank with capacity of 10 m3 placed on the cohesionless soils. The authors compared the values of internal forces for opposing kinds of soils: fine sand with ID = 0,2 and gravel with ID = 0,7. Additionally, the authors analyzed the impact of computational model of the ground on the results of internal forces. The code procedure which allows to qualify the construction system is described, which can be used to determine the method of calculating the foundation on the subsoil.

14

The State of Water and Wastewater Management in the Municipalities of the Polesie National Park

Jóźwiakowski K., Podbrożna D., Kopczacka K., Marzec M., Kowalczyk-Juśko A., Pochwatka P., Listosz A., Malik A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 6

192--199

EN

The aim of the work is to present the current state of water and wastewater management in the municipalities where the Polesie National Park (PNP) is located. The PNP is situated in Lublin Voivodeship, in the area of six municipalities: Sosnowica, Hańsk, Urszulin, Stary Brus, Wierzbica and Ludwin. The data used in this paper, were obtained on the basis of the surveys conducted in these municipalities in 2016 by the Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. In the analyzed communes, there was a very large disproportion between the usage of sewerage and the water supply network. It has been shown that 79.1% of the inhabitants living in the afore-mentioned communes used the water supply network and only 22.5% of them used sewerage. In the discussed communities there are 9 collective, mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plants with a capacity of over 5 m3•d-1. On the farms located in the scattered areas, which are not connected to the sewerage, wastewater is discharged mainly to the septic tanks. In four out of the six analyzed municipalities, there were 2345 septic tanks registered. Domestic sewage from some farms is purified in household wastewater treatment plants (395 pieces). The plants with the drainage systems are prevalent (84.9%), which may contribute to the groundwater quality degradation. In order to protect the natural environment within the communes that form the PNP, it is necessary to undertake the actions that will contribute to the improvement of the current state of water and wastewater management. While solving the existing problems related to water supply and wastewater treatment, it is strongly required to adhere to the principle of sustainable development and use highly effective systems in order to ensure that the ecological effects are appropriate.

15

Wpływ ścieków pochodzących ze zbiorników bezodpływowych na zmienność stężeń zanieczyszczeń w ściekach poddawanych procesom oczyszczania

Bugajski P., Chmielowski K., Cupak A., Wąsik E.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr II/2

517--526

PL

Celem pracy było określenie wpływu udziału ścieków pochodzących ze zbiorników na nieczystości płynne na zmienność stężeń zanieczyszczeń w mieszaninie ścieków poddawanych procesowi oczyszczania w zbiorczej oczyszczalni ścieków. W pracy pomiarem objęto dobową ilość ścieków dopływających oraz dowożonych taborem asenizacyjnym i określono udział procentowy ilość ścieków dowożonych w stosunku do całości ścieków poddawanych procesowi oczyszczania. W okresie 5-cio letnich badań pobrano i poddano analizie 20 próbek ścieków, w których wykonano oznaczenia wskaźników: BZT5, ChZT oraz zawiesina ogólna. Po wykonaniu analizy statystycznej stwierdzono, że wraz ze wzrostem udziału ścieków dowożonych o 1% wzrasta wartość BZT5 o 14,6 mgO2·dm-3, wzrasta wartość ChZT o 40,2 mgO2·dm-3 oraz wzrasta stężenie zawiesiny ogólnej o 21,4 mg·dm-3 w ogólnej mieszaninie ścieków poddawanych procesowi oczyszczania.

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the percentage of sewage from septic tanks to the variability of pollutant concentrations in the mixture of sewage undergoing treatment process in the collective sewage treatment plant. The study involved measuring the daily amount of wastewater influent and from septic tanks and determined the percentage of the amount of sewage from septic tanks in relation to the total wastewater being purified. During the 5-year study collected and analyzed 20 samples of sewage, which were made markings indicators: BOD5, COD and total suspension. After the statistical analysis, it was found that with the increase of the share of sewage from septic tanks by 1% increased the value of BOD5 14.6 mgO2·dm-3, increases the value of COD 40.2 mgO2·dm-3 and increases the concentration of total suspension of 21,4 mg·dm-3 in the total mixture of the waste water being purified.

16

The Investigation of Density Currents and Rate of Outflow From a Septic Tank

Pawlak M., Skiba M., Spychała M., Nieć J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 4

103--110

EN

The aim of the study was to verify the possibility of the existence of preferential flow paths in a septic tank and the effect of using various types of inlet and outlet in this context. Two of the most unfavourable variants of privileged flow paths for different types of inlet and outlet were analysed. The first variant was related to the occurrence of the privileged flow path below the water surface level directly to the outlet and the second variant – to the socalled boiling phenomenon in a septic tank. During the study, the intensity of outflow from the septic tank was measured. The time between successive doses also was measured. These studies were carried out using several inlet and outlet structures combinations. It was observed that by introducing a suitable outlet it is possible to limit and in the case of the particular type of filtering basket – to eliminate the unwanted phenomenon of preferential flow paths after hot water introduction. The phenomenon of boiling in the septic tank may occur due to the introduction of wastewater of higher density containing a higher concentration of the suspension. The effect of cooler water introduction on this phenomenon was not observed. The limitation of the maximum intensity of outflow from the septic tank can be achieved by filtering basket using at the outlet, which increases the flow resistance thanks to the low porosity.

17

Sanitacja obszarów wiejskich poprzez rolnicze wykorzystanie osadów ściekowych

Niemiec W., Stachowicz F., Trzepieciński T., Jurgilewicz M.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2015

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z. 62, nr 2

323--334

PL

Sanitacja obszarów wiejskich polega na działaniach technicznych, organizacyjnych, ekonomicznych oraz kulturowych, których celem jest podniesienie jakości życia i standardu sanitarnego miejsca zamieszkania. Podstawowymi środkami technicznymi umożliwiającymi sanitację są instalacje do zaopatrzenia w wodę, kanalizacja, składowiska odpadów pochodzenia gospodarczego oraz rolniczego. Rozwój turystyki na terenach wiejskich w Polsce jest zależny przede wszystkim od szybkiego rozwoju infrastruktury kanalizacyjnej oraz przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków. Przedstawiono podstawowe możliwości przeróbki i wykorzystania osadów z przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków w gospodarstwach agroturystycznych, a także omówiono główne elementy przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków takie jak osadnik gnilny, złoża gruntowo-roślinne, złoża biologiczne, filtry piaskowe oraz drenaż rozsączający. Jedną z metod utylizacji osadów ściekowych jest ich rolnicze wykorzystanie m.in. do nawożenia plantacji roślin energetycznych. Opracowane urządzenie według wynalazku PL 382062 służy do iniekcyjnego dawkowania nawozów, w szczególności osadów ściekowych. Zaletą urządzenia jest wprowadzanie do gruntu na żądaną głębokość stałych nawozów mineralnych i organicznych z równoczesnym ich przykryciem glebą, co obniża intensywność zapachową i ogranicza utratę lotnych składników nawozowych. Prototyp urządzenia wykonano w ramach współpracy Politechniki Rzeszowskiej oraz SGPRE „Agroenergia” w Boguchwale z R&D Centre Inventor Sp. z o.o. w Lublinie. Zaprezentowane innowacyjne urządzenie do iniekcyjnego dawkowania nawozów organicznych zapewnia spełnienie wymagań prawnych i agrotechnicznych rolniczego wykorzystania odpadów komunalnych, a także wymogi ustawy o transporcie drogowym.

EN

Rural sanitation involves technical, organizational, economic, and cultural actions, which the aim is to improve the quality of life and sanitary standard of a place of residence. The enabling sanitation are installations for water supply, sewerage system. Installations for water supply, sewerage system and landfill sites are the basic technical means that enable sanitation. Development of tourism on rural areas in Poland first of all depends on fast development of sewage systems and small wastewater treatment plants. The basic sources of biotope pollution of a village and the possibility of processing and utilization of sludge from sewage treatment plants are presented. Furthermore, the main elements of the sewage treatment plants such as septic tank, soilplant sludge, biological sludge, sand filters and infiltrative drainage are discussed. One of the methods of utilization of sewage sludge is its agricultural use, among others, to fertilize energy plant plantations. The developed device according to the PL 382062 patent is used to injection dosing of fertilizers, in particular sewage sludge. The main feature is the introduction into the soil to the desired depth of solid mineral and organic fertilizers with their cover of the soil, which reduces the intensity of the odour and also reduces the loss of volatile constituents of the fertilizer. The prototype device was performed in the framework of the Rzeszow University of Technology and SGPRE "Agroenergia" in Boguchwala and R&D Centre Inventor Ltd in Lublin.

18

Impact of septic tank sludge on filter permeability

Spychała M., Nieć J.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 39, nr 2

77--89

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the filter cake permeability. The research was carried out on the excessive sludge flushed out from a septic tank. Two types of laboratory filters: filled with fine sand and made of geotextiles were used. The permeability of the filter cake was inversely correlated linearly to the accumulated organic solids. Based on applied organic solids, the related filter cake permeability time of filter failure can be predicted. The shortest failure time, not exceeding two years, may be recorded when filter cake development and clogging processes simultaneously take place in small-pore diameter filters and when the concentration of volatile solids is high.

19

Zaginione ścieki, czyli problemy gospodarki wodno-ściekowej terenów wiejskich

Piaskowski K., Terlecka M.

Forum Eksploatatora

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2012

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Nr 2 (59)

28-31

PL

Na terenie wielu polskich wsi gospodarka ściekowa należy do najbardziej zaniedbanych obszarów. Około 80% ludności wsi (15 mln Polaków) pobiera wodę z wodociągów. Z sieci kanalizacyjnej korzysta jedynie co czwarty, a z oczyszczalni ścieków mniej niż 30% mieszkańców. Brak pełnej integracji systemu złożonego z infrastruktury wodociągowej i kanalizacyjnej z oczyszczalnia ście-ków stanowi nadal duże ryzyko ekologiczne. Największe zagrożenie stwarzają mieszkańcy korzystający ze zbiorników przydomo-wych, których może być przynajmniej 5 min. Duża część tych obiektów nie spełnia norm i może powodować skażenie gleby i wód podziemnych. Na przykładzie typowej rolniczej gminy Józefów przedstawiono problemy gospodarki wodno-ściekowej wynikające z niepełnego uregulowania sanitacji wsi.

EN

The sewage management in the rural areas of Poland is one of the most neglected areas. About 80% of the village population (15 million of Pole) takes water up from water supply systems. Only every fourth of people are using from a sewer system and fewer than 30% from the sewage treatment plant. The shortage of full integration systems, be composed of the water and sewer infra-structure with the sewage treatment plant, still makes the high ecological danger. The greatest threat is created by inhabitants using septic tanks, whose can be about 5 million in the country. The most of these objects do not meet standards and can make the contamination of soil and underground waters. On the example of the typical rural Józefs' community problems of water and sewage management were described, which are results of the incomplete rural sanitation.

20

Uregulowania prawne w zakresie odprowadzania ścieków ze zbiorników bezodpływowych

Koć J.

Forum Eksploatatora

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2009

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Nr 5 (44)

84-87

PL

Zagadnienie odprowadzania ścieków ze zbiorników bezodpływowych (tzw. "szamb") przez wiele lat pozostawało nie do końca uregulowane, a i w chwili obecnej istniejące prawodawstwo nie w pełni zagadnienie to normuje. Rozporządzenie Ministra Infrastruktury z dnia 12 kwietnia 2002 r. w sprawie warunków technicznych, jakim powinny odpowiadać budynki i ich usytuowanie (Dz.U. Nr 75, poz. 690), wydane na podstawie delegacji zawartej w art. 7 ust. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 7 lipca 1994r. - Prawo budowlane (Dz.U. z 2006r. Nr 156, poz. 1118 z późn. zm.), ustala m. in. warunki techniczne, jakim powinny odpowiadać budynki i związane z nimi urządzenia (w tym zbiorniki bezodpływowe na ścieki) oraz ich usytuowanie na działce budowlanej.