Urbanization has sparked an increase in the construction of multi-use highrise buildings which consists of commercial parcels on their lower floors and residential parcels on their higher floors. In contrast to conventional landed houses, the residents of high-rise buildings share common facilities and private parcels or spaces also differ according to ownership or use. The management and maintenance of these spaces are dependent on the ownership of the parcel where each ownership adheres to different rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs). Therefore, accurate representation and identification of those parcels affected by maintenance or renovation is crucial for assisting management bodies to improve the quality of life within a multi-use high-rise building. This study attempts to implement a temporal maintenance management for highrise building parcels within a 3D spatial database. A 3D space segmentation was done to analyze the ownership and use of space in a high-rise building. Spatial queries were also performed based on the temporal maintenance of the parcels; in addition, 3D spatial relationships were used to determine adjacent parcels that were affected by the maintenance. Thus, the implementation of temporal strata database management with an accurate 3D representation of the space can provide management bodies with concise and comprehensive information on parcels with respect to ownerships and uses.
Cel: Segmentacja studentów ze względu na wartości predyktorów wyboru kierunku studiów, określenie ważności tych predyktorów i wskazanie jej konsekwencji dla marketingu uczelni. Projekt badania/metodyka badawcza/koncepcja: Badania zrealizowane z wykorzystaniem autorskiego kwestionariusza na próbie 240 studentów Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu na kierunkach studiów jakość i rozwój produktu (JiRP) oraz zarządzanie i inżynieria produkcji (ZIP). Do opracowania rankingu predyktorów oraz charakterystyki uzyskanych segmentów zastosowano drzewa klasyfikacyjne i algorytm CART. Wyniki/wnioski: Opracowano model segmentacji studentów ze względu na predyktory związane z kryteriami wyboru kierunków studiów. Najważniejszymi predyktorami okazały się: (1) nazwa kierunku studiów, (2) możliwość uzyskania tytułu zawodowego inżyniera oraz (3) źródła informacji o przyszłym kierunku studiów. Ograniczenia: Niewielka liczebność próby (240 studentów) i uwzględnienie tylko 2 kierunków studiów. Zastosowanie praktyczne: Dostarczenie rekomendacji istotnych dla efektywnych działań marketingowych uczelni. Na kierunku JiRP decydującym predyktorem jest możliwość uzyskania tytułu zawodowego inżyniera, podczas gdy na kierunku ZIP takim predyktorem jest nazwa kierunku studiów. Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza: Zastosowanie drzew klasyfikacyjnych w badanym obszarze. Uzyskana segmentacja studentów, utworzenie rankingu predyktorów wyboru i wskazanie marketingowych implikacji wyników tych analiz.
EN
Purpose: Segmentation of students according to the values of predictors of choosing a field of study, determining the importance of these predictors and indicating its consequences for university marketing. Design/methodology/approach: The research was carried out using an original questionnaire on a sample of 240 students of the Poznań University of Economics in the fields of product quality and development (JiRP) and production management and engineering (ZIP). Classification trees and the CART algorithm were used to develop the ranking of predictors and the characteristics of the obtained segments. Findings/conclusions: A model for classifying students according to predictors related to the criteria for choosing a field of study was built. The most important predictors turned out to be: (1) the name of the field of study, (2) the possibility of obtaining a professional title of engineer and (3) sources of information about the future field of study. Research limitations: Small sample size (240 students) and only 2 fields of study included. Practical implications: Providing recommendations important for effective university marketing activities. In the JiRP field, the decisive predictor is the possibility of obtaining a professional engineering title, while in the ZIP field, the name of the field of study is such a predictor. Originality/value: Application of classification trees in the study area. Obtained student segmentation, ranking of choice predictors and indication of marketing implications of the results of these analyses.
In the field of medicine there is a need for the automatic detection of retinal disorders. Blindness in older persons is primarily caused by Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO). It results in rapid, irreversible eyesight loss, therefore, it is essential to identify and address CRVO as soon as feasible. Hemorrhages, which can differ in size, pigment, and shape from dot-shaped to flame hemorrhages, are one of the earliest symptoms of CRVO. The early signs of CRVO are, hemorrhages, however, so mild that ophthalmologists must dynamically observe such indicators in the retina image known as the fundus image, which is a challenging and time-consuming task. It is also difficult to segment hemorrhages since the blood vessels and hemorrhages (HE) have the same color properties also there is no particular shape for hemorrhages and it scatters all over the fundus image. A challenging study is needed to extract the characteristics of vein deformability and dilatation. Furthermore, the quality of the captured image affects the efficacy of feature Identification analysis. In this paper, a deep learning approach for CRVO extraction is proposed.
Breast cancer causes a huge number of women’s deaths every year. The accurate localization of a breast lesion is a crucial stage. The segmentation of breast ultrasound images participates in the improvement of the process of detection of breast anomalies. An automatic approach of segmentation of breast ultrasound images is presented in this paper, the proposed model is a modified u-net called Attention Residual U-net, designed to help radiologists in their clinical examination to determine adequately the limitation of breast tumors. Attention Residual U-net is a combination of existing models (Convolutional Neural Network U-net, the Attention Gate Mechanism and the Residual Neural Network). Public breast ultrasound images dataset of Baheya hospital in Egypt is used in this work. Dice coefficient, Jaccard index and Accuracy are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model on the test set. Attention residual u-net can significantly give a dice coefficient = 90%, Jaccard index = 76% and Accuracy = 90%. The proposed model is compared with two other breast segmentation methods on the same dataset. The results show that the modified U-net model was able to achieve accurate segmentation of breast lesions in breast ultrasound images.
PL
Każdego roku rak piersi powoduje ogromną liczbę zgonów kobiet. Dokładna lokalizacja zmiany piersi jest kluczowym etapem. Segmentacja obrazów ultrasonograficznych piersi przyczynia się do poprawy procesu wykrywania nieprawidłowości piersi. W tym artykule przedstawiono automatyczne podejście do segmentacji obrazów ultrasonograficznych piersi, proponowany model to zmodyfikowany U-net, nazwany Attention Residual U-net, zaprojektowany w celu wspomagania radiologów podczas badania klinicznego, w celu odpowiedniego określenia zasięgu guzów piersiowych. Attention Residual U-net jest połączeniem istniejących modeli (konwolucyjną siecią neuronową U-net, Attention Gate Mechanism i Residual Neural Network). W tym badaniu wykorzystano publiczny zbiór danych obrazów ultrasonograficznych piersi szpitala Baheya w Egipcie. Do oceny wydajności zaproponowanego modelu na zbiorze testowym wykorzystano współczynnik Dice'a, indeks Jaccarda i dokładność. Attention Residual U-net może znacznie przyczynić się do uzyskania współczynnika Dice'a równego 90%, indeksu Jaccarda równego 76% i dokładności równiej 90%. Proponowany model został porównany z dwoma innymi metodami segmentacji piersi na tym samym zbiorze danych. Wyniki pokazują, że zmodyfikowany model U-net był w stanie osiągnąć dokładną segmentację zmian piersiowych na obrazach ultrasonograficznych piersi.
The digital revolution is changing every aspect of life by simulating the ways humansthink, learn and make decisions. Dentistry is one of the major fields where subsets ofartificial intelligence are extensively used for disease predictions. Periodontitis, the mostprevalent oral disease, is the main focus of this study. We propose methods for classifyingand segmenting periodontal cysts on dental radiographs using CNN, VGG16, and U-Net.Accuracy of 77.78% is obtained using CNN, and enhanced accuracy of 98.48% is obtainedthrough transfer learning with VGG16. The U-Net model also gives encouraging results.This study presents promising results, and in the future, the work can be extended withother pre-trained models and compared. Researchers working in this field can develop novelmethods and approaches to support dental practitioners and periodontists in decision-making and diagnosis and use artificial intelligence to bridge the gap between humansand machines.
Researchers address the generalization problem of deep image processing networks mainly through extensive use of data augmentation techniques such as random flips, rotations, and deformations. A data augmentation technique called mixup, which constructs virtual training samples from convex combinations of inputs, was recently proposed for deep classification networks. The algorithm contributed to increased performance on classification in a variety of datasets, but so far has not been evaluated for image segmentation tasks. In this paper, we tested whether the mixup algorithm can improve the generalization performance of deep segmentation networks for medical image data. We trained a standard U-net architecture to segment the prostate in 100 T2-weighted 3D magnetic resonance images from prostate cancer patients, and compared the results with and without mixup in terms of Dice similarity coefficient and mean surface distance from a reference segmentation made by an experienced radiologist. Our results suggest that mixup offers a statistically significant boost in performance compared to non-mixup training, leading to up to 1.9% increase in Dice and a 10.9% decrease in surface distance. The mixup algorithm may thus offer an important aid for medical image segmentation applications, which are typically limited by severe data scarcity.
The paper examines the features of segmentation of the upper respiratory tract to determine nasal air conduction. 2D and 3D illustrations of the segmentation process and the obtained results are given. When forming an analytical model of the aerodynamics of the nasal cavity, the main indicator that characterizes the configuration of the nasal canal is the equivalent diameter, which is determined at each intersection of the nasal cavity. It is calculated based on the area and perimeter of the corresponding section of the nasal canal. When segmenting the nasal cavity, it is first necessary to eliminate air structures that do not affect the aerodynamics of the upper respiratory tract - these are, first of all, intact spaces of the paranasal sinuses, in which diffuse air exchange prevails. In the automatic mode, this is possible by performing the elimination of unconnected isolated areas and finding the difference coefficients of the areas connected by confluences with the nasal canal in the next step. High coefficients of difference of sections between intersections will indicate the presence of separated areas and contribute to their elimination. The complex configuration and high individual variability of the structures of the nasal cavity does not allow segmentation to be fully automated, but this approach contributes to the absence of interactive correction in 80% of tomographic datasets. The proposed method, which takes into account the intensity of the image elements close to the contour ones, allows to reduce the averaging error from tomographic reconstruction up to 2 times due to artificial sub-resolution. The perspective of the work is the development of methods for fully automatic segmentation of the structures of the nasal cavity, taking into account the individual anatomical variability of the upper respiratory tract.
PL
W pracy przeanalizowano cechy segmentacji górnych dróg oddechowych w celu określenia powietrznego przewodnictwa nosowego. Przedstawiono zdjęcia 2D i 3D procesu segmentacji oraz uzyskanych wyników. Podczas formowania analitycznego modelu aerodynamiki jamy nosowej głównym wskaźnikiem charakteryzującym konfigurację kanału nosowego jest ekwiwalentna średnica, którą wyznacza się na każdym skrzyżowaniu jam nosowych. Jest ona obliczana na podstawie pola powierzchni i obwodu odpowiedniego odcinka kanału nosowego. Podczas segmentacji jamy nosowej w pierwszej kolejności należy wyeliminować struktury powietrzne, które nie wpływają na aerodynamikę górnych dróg oddechowych – są to przede wszystkim nienaruszone przestrzenie zatok przynosowych, w których dominuje rozproszona wymiana powietrza. W trybie automatycznym jest to możliwe dzięki eliminacji niepołączonych izolowanych obszarów i znalezieniu, w kolejnym kroku, współczynników różnicy obszarów połączonych konfluencjami z przewodem nosowym. Wysokie współczynniki różnic przekrojów pomiędzy skrzyżowaniami będą wskazywały na obecność wydzielonych obszarów i przyczynią się do ich eliminacji. Złożona konfiguracja i duża zmienność osobnicza struktur jamy nosowej nie pozwala na pełną automatyzację segmentacji, jednak takie podejście przyczynia się do braku konieczności interaktywnej korekcji w 80% zestawów danych tomograficznych. Zaproponowana metoda, uwzględniająca intensywność elementów obrazu znajdujących się blisko konturu, pozwala na nawet 2-krotne zmniejszenie błędu uśredniania z rekonstrukcji tomograficznej, wynikającego ze sztucznej subrozdzielczości. Perspektywą pracy jest opracowanie metod w pełni automatycznej segmentacji struktur jamy nosowej z uwzględnieniem indywidualnej zmienności anatomicznej górnych dróg oddechowych.
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among individuals.It should be diagnosed at the early stages, otherwise it may lead to fatality due to itsmalicious nature. Early detection of the disease is very significant for patients’ survival, andit is a challenging issue. Therefore, a new model including the following stages: (1) imagepre-processing, (2) segmentation, (3) proposed feature extraction and (4) classificationis proposed. Initially, pre-processing takes place, where the input image undergoes specificpre-processing. The pre-processed images are then subjected to segmentation, which iscarried out using the Otsu thresholding model. The third phase is feature extraction, wherethe major contribution is obtained. Specifically, 4D global local binary pattern (LBP)features are extracted. After their extracting, the features are subjected to classification,where the optimized convolutional neural network (CNN) model is exploited. For a moreprecise detection of a lung nodule, the filter size of a convolution layer, hidden unit inthe fully connected layer and the activation function in CNN are tuned optimally byan improved whale optimization algorithm (WOA) called the whale with tri-level enhancedencircling behavior (WTEEB) model.
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Objectives: Intervertebral disc segmentation is one of the methods to diagnose spinal disease through the degener ation in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Even though numerous intervertebral disc segmentation tech niques are available, classifying the grades in the inter vertebral disc is a hectic challenge in the existing disc segmentation methods. Thus, an effective Whale Spine Generative Adversarial Network (WSpine-GAN) method is proposed to segment the intervertebral disc for effective grade classification. Methods: The proposed WSpine-GAN method effectively performs the disc segmentation, wherein the weights of Spine-GAN are optimally tuned using Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). Then, the refined disc features, such as pixel-based features and the connectivity features are extracted. Finally, the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier based on the pfirrmann’s grading system performs the grade classification. Results: The implementation of the grade classification strategy based on the proposed WSpine-GAN and KNN is performed using the real-time database, and the perfor mance based on the metrics yielded the accuracy, true positive rate (TPR), and false positive rate (FPR) values of 97.778, 97.83, and 0.586% for the training percentage and 92.382, 90.580, and 1.972% for the K-fold value. Conclusions: The proposed WSpine-GAN method effec tively performs the disc segmentation by integrating the Spine-GANmethod and WOA. Here, the spinal cord images are segmented using the proposed WSpine-GAN method by tuning the weights optimally to enhance the performance of the disc segmentation.
In the ceramic industry, quality control is performed using visual inspection in three different product stages: green, biscuit, and the final ceramic tile. To develop a real-time computer visual inspection system, the necessary step is successful tile segmentation from its background. In this paper, a new statistical multi-line signal change detection (MLSCD) segmentation method based on signal change detection (SCD) method is presented. Through experimental results on seven different ceramic tile image sets, MLSCD performance is analyzed and compared with the SCD method. Finally, recommended parameters are proposed for optimal performance of the MLSCD method.
The problem of segmenting the cross-section through the longissimus muscle in beef carcasses with computer vision methods was investigated. The available data were 111 images of cross-sections coming from 28 cows (typically four images per cow). Training data were the pixels of the muscles, marked manually. The AlexNet deep convolutional neural network was used as the classifier, and single pixels were the classified objects. Each pixel was presented to the network together with its small circular neighbourhood, and with its context represented by the further neighbourhood, darkened by halving the image intensity. The average classification accuracy was 96%. The accuracy without darkening the context was found to be smaller, with a small but statistically significant difference. The segmentation of the longissimus muscle is the introductory stage for the next steps of assessing the quality of beef for the alimentary purposes.
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Nowadays, people are more interested in their health by maintaining a proper diet. Today’s lifestylecauses obesity and malnutrition in humans because of an uncontrolled diet. This paper proposes thehealth monitoring system using the body mass index (BMI) calorie calculator, which guides people totake proper calories from their daily diet. The image processing steps segmentation, features extraction,and recognition are used in the dietary assessment to identify the food items. The improved performanceof the multi-hypotheses image segmentation (MHS) and feed-forward neural network (FFNN) classifier fornutritional assessment was evaluated using macro average accuracy (MAA) and standard accuracy (SA)metrics, which provide an enhanced classification rate.
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Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is an adverse change in retinal blood vessels leads to blindness for diabetic patients without any symptoms. Diabetes is characterized by imbalance level of glucose in the human body. The optic disc (OD) is the major retinal landmark. Localization of OD is an important step in fundus image analysis and to develop Computer Aided Diagnosis tool for DR. OD center detection is necessary to reduce false positive rate in the detection of exudates (EXs). EXs is the white lesion present in the retina which is the early symptom for the diagnosis of DR. OD is detected using intensity variation algorithm and EXs is segmented using inverse surface adaptive thresholding algorithm. This algorithm achieves better result in localizing OD and segmenting EXs when compared to literature-reviewed methods. The maximum intensity variance method is used to locate OD with average ACC of 96.54%, 98.65%, 98.12%, 99.23%, 99.81% and 98.47% in DIARETDB0, DIARETDB1, MESSIDOR, DRIVE, STARE and Bejan Singh Eye Hospital databases with less computation time of 102 ms, 108 ms, 120 ms, 93 ms, 110 ms and 131 ms. The inverse surface adaptive thresholding method has achieved an SE of 97.43%, 98.87%, 99.12%, 97.21%, 98.72%, and 96.63%, a SPE of 91.56%, 92.31%, 90.21%, 90.14%, 89.58%, 92.56% and an ACC of 99.34%, 99.67%, 98.34%, 98.87%, 99.13%, 98.34% for DIARETDB0, DIARETDB1, MESSIDOR, DRIVE, STARE and Bejan Singh Eye Hospital databases respectively.
Celem artykułu była identyfikacja segmentów konsumentów na rynku olejów silnikowych do samochodów osobowych. Jako metodę zebrania danych empirycznych wykorzystano ankietę. Zgromadzone dane opracowano z wykorzystaniem wielowymiarowej techniki eksploracyjnej - analizy skupień. Ze względu na zróżnicowanie lojalności motywacyjnej konsumentów na badanym rynku identyfikowano 4 segmenty konsumentów, określane przez 8 predyktorów opisujących kryteria wyboru olejów. Zmienne charakteryzujące konsumenta, pojazd oraz sposób jego użytkowania nie weszły do modelu. Implikacją praktyczną opracowania jest wykazanie, że największa frakcja (42% badanych) to konsumenci neutralni pod względem lojalności wobec marki, co daje obszerne pole do stosowania wobec nich narzędzi marketingowych zmierzających do zwiększenia lojalności.
EN
The aim of paper was to identify consumer segments on a motor oil for passenger cars market. Data was collected with the use of a questionnaire technique. Collected data was processed with the use of a multidimensional exploratory technique - cluster analysis. Concerning a differentiation of customers attitudinal loyalty on a researched market, 4 customer segments were identified, defined by 8 predictors describing motor oil choice criteria. Variables describing a consumer, a vehicle and a way of its maintenance did not enter the model. A practical implication of the paper is revealing that the biggest fraction (42%) is formed by consumers neutral concerning brand loyalty, which gives a wide field of using marketing instruments aiming at increasing their loyalty.
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Semantic segmentation of 3D point clouds is an open research problem and remains crucial for autonomous driving, robot navigation, human-computer interaction, 3D reconstruction and many others. The large scale of the data and lack of regular data organization make it a very complex task. Research in this field focuses on point cloud representation (e.g., 2D images, 3D voxels grid, graph) and segmentation techniques. In the paper, state-of-the-art approaches related to these tasks are presented.
The article contains a description of the quality control system based on optical detection algorithms. It plays an increasingly important in the production process. The development of new systems based on the technology of optical detection methods to a large degree can improve the production process at different stages.
PL
Artykuł zawiera opis systemu kontroli jakości oparty na optycznych algorytmach detekcji. Wykrywanie uszkodzeń odgrywa coraz większą rolę w procesie produkcyjnym. Opracowanie nowych systemów opartych na technologiach optycznych metod wykrywania w dużym stopniu może usprawnić proces produkcji na różnych jego etapach.
In this work, there were implemented methods to analyze and segmentation medical images by using different kind of algorithms. The solution shows the architecture of the system collecting and analyzing data. There was tried to develop an algorithm for level set method applied to piecewise constant image segmentation. These algorithms are needed to identify arbitrary number of phases for the segmentation problem. With the use of modern algorithms, it can obtain a quicker diagnosis and automatically marking areas of the interest region in medical images.
PL
W pracy zaimplementowano metody analizy i segmentacji obrazów medycznych przy użyciu różnych algorytmów. Rozwiązanie pokazuje architekturę systemu zbierającego i analizującego dane. Podjęto próbę opracowania algorytmu dla metody zbiorów poziomicowych stosowanej do fragmentarycznej, stałej segmentacji obrazu. Metody te są potrzebne do identyfikacji dowolnej liczby faz dla problemu segmentacji. Dzięki zastosowaniu nowoczesnych algorytmów można uzyskać szybszą diagnozę i automatyczne oznaczanie obszarów w regionach zainteresowania w obrazach medycznych.
One of the vital organs, which manage the communication between the brain and different body parts, is the spinal cord. It is highly prone to the traumatic injuries and to several diseases. The vital criteria for the clinical management are the appropriate localization and segmentation of the spinal cord. The segmentation experiences the risks, associated with the diversity in the human anatomy and contrast variation inMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Hence, an efficacious segmentation method must be devised for the effective segmentation and disc localization of the spinal cord. Correspondingly, the here contained survey provides the review of the distinct segmentation schemes for the spinal cord segmentation. At present, there is an urgent requirement for the development of an effective segmentation approach so as to outperform the existing segmentation methods. In this research article, a detailed survey on several research works presenting the recommended segmentation schemes, based on the active contour model, semi-automated segmentation, deformable model, probabilistic model, graph-based segmentation, and so on, is presented. Additionally, an in depth analysis and discussion are provided, in accordance with the publication year, evaluation metrics, segmentation scheme, Magnetic Resonance (MR) image datasets, Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and accuracy. Subsequently, the research gaps and risks, related to distinct segmentation schemes are considered for directing the researchers towards a better future investigation field.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that manifests itself by joint inflammation, swelling, pain, tenderness and may involve extra-articular organs in severe cases. Joint inflammatory lesions are associated with higher temperature due to increased vascularity in the area of inflamed tissues. This papers aimed to identify heat patterns from ROIs to interpret the presence of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The thermovisual image sequences were collected from 65 patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Infrared images were generated by a thermal scanning camera (FLIR E60bx Systems Inc., USA). Separate recordings of left and right foot temperature changes were performed for 3 minute periods. The temperature measurement was performed at the moment right after cold water immersion (post-cooling temperature) and at the moment after thermal recovery (post-recovery temperature). The recording of 3-minute foot thermal recovery was used for analysis. Automatically identified ROI corresponds to the area of the soft tissues covering cuboid and navicular bone.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki prac eksperymentalnych dotyczących określania wybranych cech wad materiałowych lub niejednorodności w wewnętrznej strukturze badanych materiałów. Jako metodę badań nieniszczących wybrano aktywną termografię w podczerwieni. Wady zostały ujawnione poprzez analizę pola temperatury przedniej powierzchni badanego materiału, który został wzbudzony energetycznie poprzez oświetlenie lampami halogenowymi. Do wykrycia defektów na zarejestrowanym termogramie użyto autorskiej techniki usuwania efektu niejednorodnego tła połączoną z segmentacją termogramu. Analizowano dokładność określenia wymiarów poprzecznych wad wewnątrz badanej płytki pleksiglasu, uwzględniając następujące czynniki: głębokość defektu, wartość emisyjności powierzchni wprowadzanej przez operatora kamery termowizyjnej jako parametru modelu wyznaczania temperatury, wariant metody filtrowania służącej do usuwania efektu niejednorodności nagrzewania badanej powierzchni.
EN
Nowadays, it is increasing the use of materials such as composites and multilayered or honeycomb structures, due to their good physical properties in relation to the low weight. Its application in very demanding industry branches as aerospace, naval or automotive imposes the necessity of rigorous examination all parts during production phase and exploitation. The nondestructive testing is suggested in the cases when there is no permission to stop the production line or object under examination must remain in service with no changed properties. In this paper there was presented the results of experimental research on determination of transverse size of internal nonuniformities in tested material revealed by active infrared thermography. Defects were shown by analyzing the temperature field of the front surface of the material, which was heated with halogen lamps. The background estimation and thermogram segmentation were used for defect detection. The following factors having an impact on the accuracy of defect size estimation were considered: defect depth, emissivity introduced as a input parameter of thermovision camera system, the type of the smoothing filter and its parameter.
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