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Research on the Hourly Water Consumption Structure in Rural and Suburban Household

Młyńska Anna, Bergel Tomasz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

219--230

EN

Currently, the character of many households located in rural areas is closer to that of suburban households. The change in the characters of households located in rural areas results in changes in the size and irregularity of water demand, which should translate into a new approach at the stage of water supply systems designing. Therefore, in order to supplement the state of knowledge in this study area, this paper presents the results of the research on the structure of hourly water consumption in two households located in rural areas; the first household had a suburban character, whereas the second one was a typical rural household. The results showed differences in the amount and the distribution of hourly water consumption in the analyzed households. Except on weekends, the average hourly water consumption in rural household (RH) was higher than in suburban household (SH). In contrast, in the rural household, the distribution of hourly water consumption on all days of the week was very similar and the peak water consumption was clearly marking in the morning and in the evening. In the case of the suburban household, a tendency of increased water consumption in the evening was observed, but without clearly noticeable peak water consumption. Moreover, the structure of hourly water consumption in suburban household on Saturday and Sunday was different than on weekdays. The analyzed households were characterized by the highest share of hourly water consumption up to 20.0 dm3·h-1. In the rural household, both the amount and the distribution of hourly water consumption were determined by water use for additional purposes. In the case of the suburban household, it was shaped by the living needs of the inhabitants.

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Analysis of the Impact of the Air Temperature on Water Consumption for Household Purposes in Rural Households

Bergel Tomasz, Młyńska Anna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

289--302

EN

The paper presents a research hypothesis assumed that the air temperature affects the amount of the water consumption per capita for household purposes (indoor water use). Investigations were conducted based on daily water meter readings of several rural households located in Mszana Górna and Włostowice (Southern Poland). Owing to the double water consumption metering, it was possible to determine the daily water consumption in households, separately for household purposes and for additional purposes. In the performed analysis, the correlation between the average daily air temperature and daily water consumption per capita was tested. For this purpose, correlation coefficients were determined and a 95% confidence interval was assumed. The obtained results showed lack of a clear dependence between the tested variables. Depending on the household, correlation coefficients indicate the existence of a correlation from slight, by weak to moderate. In addition, it was tested that the growth of the air temperature by 1°C caused an increase of the water consumption per capita in the range of 0.14 dm3•d-1•C-1•°C-1 and 1.17 dm3•d-1•C-1•°C-1 (Mszana Górna) and 0.41 dm3•d-1•C-1•°C-1 and 1.78 dm3•d-1•C-1•°C-1 (Włostowice). It can be concluded that often rapid growth of the water consumption in households in spring and summer season and the term of “water consumption per capita” used in this case, primarily concern greater water demand for additional purposes, not for residents’ household purposes.

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Practical Implication of Tap Water Consumtpion Structure in Rural Households

Bergel T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 1

231--237

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the structure of tap water consumption in rural households. The structure was analyzed based on direct measurements of water consumption carried out in the years 2011–2014 in 70 households in Rybna (Czernichów commune, Małopolska region). Thanks to two metering points (water supply connection and water supply point outside a residential building), it was possible to determine water consumption for the household and other purposes. The collected data indicated significant discrepancies between actual water consumption and those recommended in various guidelines. The analysis of water consumption structure showed that these discrepancies were also found for the amount of domestic sewage discharged from the rural households. This fact has significant practical implications, as the calculated metrics of unit water consumption are used during design and technical renovation of individual elements of water supply systems and for billing the inhabitants for water consumption in the households without a water meter (lump sum). The study also demonstrated inadequacy of the rule assuming that sewage amount is equal to the amount of water consumed in rural households, which is commonly used in design of sewerage networks and for calculating charges for sewage discharge.

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Daily Water Consumption For Household Purposes and its Variability in a Rural Household

Bergel T., Kotowski T., Woyciechowska O.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 3

47--52

EN

The paper presents an analysis of daily water consumption for household purposes carried out within one year in a selected rural household. The study was undertaken because so far the guidelines for designing rural water supply systems have not been updated for a very long time and needed verification. It involved a comprehensive system for measuring water consumption equipped with automatic readers and data recorders. The research clearly showed that actual water consumption was much lower than that provided in the current guidelines, and confirmed significant variability in water consumption for household purposes depending on the day of the week. Moreover, variability of water consumption within a year, determined by daily variation coefficient, was found to be much higher than that provided in the guidelines.

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Analysis of the structure of water consumption in rural households in terms of design guidelines water and sewage systems

Bergel T., Kaczor G., Bugajski P.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/4

1899--1910

EN

The aim of the paper was an analysis of the structure of tap water consumption by rural households considering the use of its results for designing the elements of water supply and sewer systems. The analysis of this structure was based on direct measurements of water consumption conducted in 2011-2014 in 30 households located in Przeginia Duchowna village (Czernichów commune, Malopolskie province). Double measurement of water consumption (water supply connection or water draw off point outside a residential building) enabled the separation water consumption for household and additional purposes from the total water consumption per household. Analysis of the collected data revealed considerable disproportions between the real water consumption and stated in the design guidelines. Calculated on the basis of the study, averaging 85.6 dm3 I-1·d-1, accounted for only 57% of the value of 150 dm3 I-1·d-1 most commonly used in design. Because of the possible determining the water consumption structure it was demonstrated, that the divergences concerned also the volume of domestic sewage discharged from rural households. Obtained results revealed also that application of the principle, where the volume of sewage equals the volume of water consumption by rural households, for designing sewer systems is usually incorrect. In the analyzed household in fact, only 83.1% of the volume of waste water was discharged in the form of waste water to the sewage system. The remainder was called. non-returnable water consumption for additional purposes.

6

Ilość i struktura odpadów opakowaniowych pochodzących z wiejskich gospodarstw domowych

Steinhoff-Wrześniewska A., Strzelczyk M.

Archiwum Gospodarki Odpadami i Ochrony Środowiska

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2015

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Vol. 17, nr 2

29--36

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań odpadów opakowaniowych powstających w gospodarstwach domowych na terenach wiejskich. Stwierdzono, że odpady te stanowią ok. 22% (34,5 kg) całkowitej masy odpadów domowych. Wykazano, że odpady opakowaniowe ze szkła stanowią 45% masy wszystkich odpadów opakowaniowych, a dominującą grupą są odpady ze szkła białego (74%). Tworzywa sztuczne stanowiły 28% masy wszystkich odpadów opakowaniowych, co wyniosło 9,5 kg rocznie w przeliczeniu na 1 osobę. Udział kompozytów w odpadach opakowaniowych wyniósł 12 % (4,2 kg/M/rok). Wśród odpadów z metali, dominowały odpady żelazne, które stanowiły 66% masy opakowań metalowych. Masa odpadów opakowaniowych z papieru i tektury wyniosła 3,2 kg/M/rok. W badaniach wykazano zależność masy odpadów opakowaniowych powstających w gospodarstwach domowych od liczby osób w rodzinie. Mniej odpadów powstało w rodzinach 4-, 6-osobowych. Zwrócono również uwagę na zaznaczającą się zmienność sezonową odpadów z tworzyw sztucznych i papieru.

EN

The article presents results of research of waste packaging generation at rural areas. It was found that these wastes are approx. 22% (34,5 kg) of total weight of household waste. It has been shown that the glass packaging waste represent 45% of all packaging waste and the dominant group is white glass (74%). Plastics accounted for 28% of all packaging waste mass, which amounted 9,5 kg yearly per capita. The share of composites in packaging waste was 12% (4,2 kg/ per capita/ year). The waste packaging of metals was mainly represented by ferrous waste which accounted for 66% metal packaging. The weight of paper and cardboard packaging waste was 3,3 kg per capita. Studies have shown the dependence of the weight of waste packaging from household on the number of people in the family. The less amount of waste were generated in families of 4-, 6-persons. It was also noted by checking the seasonal volatility of waste plastics and paper.

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Wpływ podłączenia budynków do kanalizacji zbiorowej na objętość wody zużywanej w gospodarstwach wiejskich w Mszanie Górnej

Bergel T., Satora S.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2003

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R. 7, nr 3, t. 2

15--22

PL

Zużycie wody w gospodarstwie domowym jest uzależnione od wielu czynników, do których zaliczyć należy między innymi: wielkość i profil gospodarstw, kategorię wyposażenia mieszkań w urządzenia wodociągowo-kanalizacyjne, cenę wody i odprowadzania ścieków oraz przyzwyczajenia mieszkańców. Wielu autorów uważa również, że nie bez znaczenia jest sposób odprowadzania ścieków. W pracy przeprowadzono analizę wpływu podłączenia gospodarstw do kanalizacji zbiorowej na ilość zużytej wody. Określono dobowe jej zużycie w gospodarstwie oraz przez jednego mieszkańca. Analizie poddano 20 gospodarstw położonych w miejscowości Mszana Górna w powiecie limanowskim. Okres badań obejmował 7 lat. Były to 3 lata przed włączeniem i 3 lata po włączeniu gospodarstw do kanalizacji zbiorowej oraz 1 rok okresu przejściowego, w trakcie którego dokonywano podłączenia. Przed budową kanalizacji gospodarstwa odprowadzały ścieki do osadników gnilnych, z których po wstępnym oczyszczeniu odpływały do rowów przydrożnych lub wsiąkały w grunt. Przeprowadzona analiza nie wykazała znaczącego wpływu podłączenia budynków do kanalizacji na ilość zużytej wody. W przypadku zużycia w gospodarstwie nastąpił wzrost zaledwie o 0,4%, a zużycie jednostkowe na mieszkańca zwiększyło się o 2,2%. Obie wartości można uznać za możliwe do pominięcia, gdyż mieszczą się w granicach błędu wskazań wodomierzowych.

EN

The volume of water consumed by a household depends on many factors, including among others: the size and profile of household, category of flat furnishing in water supply and sewerage facilities, price for water supply and sewage disposal and the dwellers' habits. Many authors think that the method of sewage disposal is also important. The paper analyses the influence of household connection to the combined sewerage system on the amount of water consumption. Daily water consumption was determined per household and per one inhabitant. Analysed were 20 households located at Mszana Górna village in the Limanowa poviat. The studied period covered 7 years. These comprised 3 years prior to the households' connection, 3 years following the connection and one transitional year when the connection was being accomplished. Before the sewerage system constructing the households discharged the sewage to septic tanks from which after pre-treatment it ran off to roadside ditches or sank into the ground. The analysis did not reveal any significant influence of the houses connection to the combined sewerage system on water consumption amount. Consumption per household increased only by 0.4% and consumption per one inhabitant raised by 2.2%. Both values may be considered negligible because they fall within error limit of water meter indications.

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Analiza użytkowania energii elektrycznej w gospodarstwach wiejskich dla potrzeb marketingu

Trojanowska M.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2003

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R. 7, nr 7

209--214

PL

Przeprowadzono analizę użytkowania energii elektrycznej w gospodarstwach domowych i rolnych położonych na obszarach wiejskich Polski Południowej dla potrzeb segmentacji rynku energii. W szczególności badano wyposażenie wiejskich gospodarstw domowych i rolnych w odbiorniki elektryczne, zapotrzebowanie na moc i energię elektryczną oraz plany właścicieli gospodarstw w zakresie użytkowania energii.

EN

Electric energy consumption on the farms and in the households localised on rural areas of southern Poland was analysed for the needs of marked segmentation. The survey covered in particular the equipment of farms and rural households with electric energy receivers, power requirement and electric energy consumption as well as the plans of farm owners concerning the use of energy. It was also stated that because of similar volume and character in electric energy requirement by rural households and the farms as well as the similar plans of farm owners concerning energy use, the enterprise supplying the energy may consider both, the households and farms as a homogenous group of electric energy consumers.