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1

Funkcja i użyteczność zieleni w strukturach układów komunikacyjnych

Leśniak G.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2012

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R. 109, z. 8-A

253--261

PL

Zieleń na przestrzeni wielu stuleci związana była z układami komunikacyjnymi: wyznaczała widoczny z dużych odległości kierunek przebiegu drogi, dawała podróżnym cień w upalne dni oraz chroniła przed zimnymi wiatrami w okresie chłodów. Stanowiła też ważny element dekoracyjny i kompozycyjny reprezentacyjnych miejskich ulic. Wraz z intensyfikacją ruchu komunikacyjnego i związanych z tym uciążliwości zaczynała także pełnić funkcję izolacyjną. Mimo postępujących zmian społeczno-gospodarczych i cywilizacyjnych, użyteczność zieleni w obrębie dróg i ulic była niepodważalna. Dwudziesty wiek przyniósł motoryzacyjną eksplozję, która zmieniła warunki życia mieszkańców w sąsiedztwie głównych tras komunikacyjnych. W odpowiedzi na te zmiany plany zagospodarowania przestrzennego, opracowywane dla miast i osiedli, sformalizowały izolacyjną funkcję zieleni na obszarach zurbanizowanych, traktując ją jako sposób na utrzymanie akceptowalnego komfortu zamieszkiwania w dużych miastach z rozbudowanymi układami komunikacyjnymi. W ostatnich latach pojawiły się jednak zagrożenia dla zieleni towarzyszącej drogom i ulicom naszych miast. Wymagania formalne, wynikające z nowelizowanych przepisów dotyczących budowy i eksploatacji dróg i ulic, zmieniły sytuację zieleni: walory estetyczne i bioklimatyczna użyteczność roślinności ustępują przed argumentami techniczno-ekonomicznymi. Na terenach otwartych następuje wycinka przydrożnych zadrzewień pod hasłem zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa ruchu, natomiast na terenach zabudowanych krajobraz wzdłuż dróg zaczyna być stopniowo zdominowany przez ekrany ochronne. Określane jako „trwałe i funkcjonalne”, wysokie ściany betonowych lub wykonanych z tworzyw sztucznych ekranów zastępują zielone aleje, które przez wiele lat towarzyszyły drogom i ulicom.

EN

For centuries vegetation has been closely related to transport routes: it defined the direction of a road in a way that was visible from afar, provided shade for the travelers in hot days, and protected from winds during cold ones. Vegetation has also been an important element of decoration and composition of streets and avenues. With the increase and intensification of transport, vegetation gained significance also as insulation. Despite socio-economic changes, the utility of vegetation along transportation routes was undisputed. The twentieth century brought the automotive explosion that changed living conditions along main transport routes. In response to these changes, urban plans developed for cities and housing estates, formalised the insulating function of vegetation, treating it as a way of maintaining acceptable standard of living in cities that grew in extensive transport structures. Recent years mark the emergence of concerns for vegetation in the vicinity of streets and roads. Requirements resulting from changes in regulations regarding the construction and maintenance of roads affect the situation of vegetation along transport routes: bio-active and aesthetic value of vegetation has to step down in front of technically and economically based argumentation. In the open, rows of trees along roads are cut down in attempt to improve road-safety, while more densely populated areas become increasingly defined by noise barriers. Described as ‚durable and effective’, usually made of concrete or plastic, noise barriers begin to replace vegetation, which in various forms has been part of street-scape and landscape for many years.

2

Road-side herbaceous vegetation : life history groups and habitat preferences

Sera B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 1

69-79

EN

The study examine s the vegetation diversity (235 herbaceous species) in variable road-site types in terms of life history components (life traits) like life form, type of pollination, seed dispersal, spreading ability, life strategy according to Grime's classification, and in terms of habitat preferences using Ellenberg's indicator value (in relation to light, temperature, moisture, nitrogen, soil pH and soil salinity). Plants registered as alien species were evaluated also according to invasive status, level of abundance, introduction mode and land use habitat. Study localities (9 sites) were situated in the Ceskomoravska highlands and the South Bohemian regions (Czech Republic). The plant species were recorded in the bands (width in range of 1.5-3.0 m) along the verge of two types of roads (motorways with median stripes) and secondary roads (II and III classes). In total - road length of about 15 km and the total area of roadside vegetation of about 8 ha were surveyed. The annual/therophyte species with a tendency to seed dispersed by wind, preferring a light and dry habitat, and having the RC (competitiveruderal) life strategy were mainly found along the motorways. It means that road verges along motorways are quite insolated and constitute the dry habitats, probably suitable for ruderal, weedy, non-native, and invasive species. On the contrary, species with a tendency to vegetative reproduction and the C (competitive) strategy occur mainly along the secondary roads. It seems that the secondary roads are alternative habitats for grassland flora. Species occurred on the verges of the secondary roads do not belong to the particular group of the life traits. The salt tolerant species Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. was found along all types of roads. Almost 24% of all recorded herbaceous species growing in road-sites were alien species.

3

Evaluation of conservation status of roadside verges and their vegetation in North England

Akbar K., Hale W., Headley A., Ashraf I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 3

459-467

EN

The roadside verges and their vegetation in selected counties of north England were evaluated for their conservation status. Thirty five different road sections each 50 m long along different A and B class roads were surveyed and the criteria selected for conservation evaluation included verge area, plant diversity, species richness, disturbance, presence of rare species and structure of hedges. A field assessment sheet was prepared in which, for each factor, a numerical rating system was used. For each factor, information was recorded to help the surveyor in choosing the appropriate score for that site. The rarity of recorded species was determined from the published sources. Most of the surveyed verges (54%) are of low conservation value, 40% are of medium conservation value and only 6% have high conservation status. Despite the unsatisfactory situation, there is considerable potential for using roadside verges for nature conservation because medium class verges could be improved by adopting sound management techniques.

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Floristic composition and environmental determinants of roadside vegetation in Northern England

Akbar K., Hale W., Headley A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 1

73-88

EN

The roadside vegetation in some counties of north England (north and west Yorkshire) was studied to determine the community structure according to the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC) and main environmental factors influencing its composition. The data from Phytosociological survey (699 quadrats) and from the physico-chemical analyses of 233 soil samples from 35 sites were obtained. Both the classification (TWINSPAN & MATCH) and ordination programs (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) were used. The roadside vegetation is mainly dominated by few grasses (Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Poa trivialis, Elymus repens, Holcus lanatus) and their associated herbs (Cirsium arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica). Five NVC Mesotrophic grassland communities (Arrhenatheretum elatioris community MG1, Lolium perenne-Cynosurus cristatus grassland MG6, Lolium perenne leys MG7, Holcus lanatus- Deschampsia cespitosa grassland MG9, Festuca rubra-Agrostis stolonifera-Potentilla anserina grassland MG11) and one Upland Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile grassland, U4 were identified which in general, exhibited good fit with the typical NVC units. Altitude, pH, potassium, sodium and road age were found to be the main variables affecting the roadside vegetation. By relating the floristic composition with ecological characteristics of the roadside verges, three kinds of pattern of variation are observed. The first pattern is related to regional or geographical characteristics and the second pattern of variation exists across the width of the road verges showing a zonal pattern of plant distribution. The third scale of pattern is active at the local level including micro-environmental conditions, e.g., local edaphic variables.

5

Origin and spatial distribution of roadside vegetation within the forest and agricultural areas in Szczecin Lowland (West Poland)

Wróbel Mariola

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 1

137-144

EN

The paper presents research results of roadside vegetation which were carried out along public roads with hardened surface within the forest and agricultural areas in Szczecin Lowland (West Poland). Mosaic of habitat conditions observed along roadsides was suitable for development over 39 syntaxa from 10 classes of vegetation. The significant diversity of roadside vegetation of anthropogenic origin was found in agricultural regions, whereas within the forest areas mostly autogenic roadside vegetation were observed. Spatial distribution of roadside plant associations was related to the zonal structure of roadside profile. Anthropogenic associations were connected with narrow stripes adjoining to the roads but autogenic ones preferred roadside ditches and slopes. Majority of plant associations, regardless of the way of land use, found suitable habitat conditions in the roadside ditches.