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1

The characteristics of a novel environmentally friendly countermeasure against bridge abutments scour depth

Shafai Bejestan Mahmood, Raee Narges, Azizi Reza

Acta Geophysica

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2024

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Vol. 72, no. 1

357–-369

EN

Destruction of many bridges around the world has been found to be due to the collapse of its abutments owing to the formation of scour. Various methods have been proposed so far to reduce the scour depth, and in this study, a new and environmentally friendly method, namely triangular vanes made with six-pillar concrete (TV-SPC) elements, has been experimentally studied. For this purpose, various experiments were carried out without and with installing the TV-SPC at different distances (0.5L, 1L and 1.5L in which L = abutment length), three different lengths, in different rows (single, double and triple) and under two different hydraulic conditions. At the end of each experiment, the bed topography around the abutment was measured and the maximum scour depth and its location were extracted. The results show that for better performance, the TV-SPC should be attached to the bank at distance of 0.75L or 1 L . The longest TV-SPS found better to reduce the scour depth. A single L-TV-SPC installed at 0.75L upstream of the abutment can result in 68% and 78% scour depth reduction at high and low flow conditions, respectively. The reduction in scour depth can be increased up to 82% by installing three rows of TV-SPC.

2

Rola rzeki w ożywianiu miasta. Przykład Poznania na tle europejskich osiągnięć w kształtowaniu waterfrontów

Kędzierska Kalina, Kaźmierczak Bartosz

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura, Urbanistyka, Architektura Wnętrz

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2023

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Z. 15

295--310

PL

Przekształcanie miast i rewitalizacja utraconej przestrzeni wpisują się w główne cele zrównoważonego rozwoju miast polskich oraz zagranicznych. Poznań, jako miasto historyczne podzielone rzeką Wartą w samym swym centrum, od lat boryka się z problemem niezagospodarowanych terenów nadrzecznych. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych procesów rewitalizacji terenów nadwodnych oraz wskazanie, czym powinna charakteryzować się udana rewitalizacja na przykładzie rzeki Mark w Bredzie oraz starego koryta rzeki Turia w Walencji w porównaniu z terenem rzeki Warty w Poznaniu.

EN

Transformation of cities and revitalization of lost space is in line with main goals of sustainable development of cities in Poland and abroad. Poznan, as a historic city divided by river Warta in its very center, has been struggling with the problem of undeveloped water-front areas for many years. The aim of this article is to show selected waterfront revitalization processes and what should characterize successful revitalization based on examples of rivers Mark in Breda and Turia in Valencia in comparison to river Warta in Poznan.

3

Temporal Variation of Microplastic Abundances and Characteristics in Surface Water of Banger River of Pekalongan City, Indonesia

Despasari Bella, Andarani Pertiwi, Priyambada Ika Bagus, Inoue Takanobu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

39--49

EN

The presence of microplastic pollution in coastal areas has garnered attention due to its detrimental impact on aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, our objective was to identify and characterize microplastics in the Banger River area of Pekalongan City, which is known for its numerous industrial activities, particularly batik small-medium industries. The extraction process involved filtration, drying, wet peroxide oxidation, density separation using NaI, and identification of microplastic particles. The shape, color, and size of the particles were characterized using a stereo microscope, while Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometer and the hot needle method were employed for chemical structure analysis. Given that rivers serve as primary conduits for waste transport from land to sea, we conducted sampling at different times of the day. Our findings revealed an average of 0.61 ± 0.47 particles/m3 in the morning, 0.59 ± 0.67 particles/m3 in the afternoon, and 0.10 ± 0.02 particles/m3 in the evening. Among the microplastic polymers analyzed, we successfully identified polypropylene as one of the two predominant types. To establish a baseline for mitigating the release of plastic waste and microplastic residues into the environment, long-term monitoring is essential to evaluate the flow of plastic waste and microplastics from Indonesian rivers to the oceans.

4

Spatial Dynamics of Microplastic Pollution in Water and Sediments of the Ciliwung River along with Conditions of Water Quality Field Parameters and Population Density

Mahendra Alloysius Pamurda Dhika, Pratama Mochamad Adhiraga, Moersidik Setyo Sarwanto, Rahmawati Suphia, Iresha Fajri Mulya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

296--309

EN

Microplastics are emerging contaminants that degrade from textile plastic products, petroleum, and cosmetic equipment with sizes less than 5 mm. There are more than 70,000 settlements located along the Ciliwung River in DKI Jakarta that use the river water as a source of clean water. The most common type of waste found in the Ciliwung River to date is plastic waste, which can cause flooding and other disasters. The Ciliwung River can currently be found with microplastic pollution which has an impact on exposure to living things in the river, such as in case studies in the Ciliwung River estuary area. The problem is the exposure to 75% of blue panchax fish (Aplocheilus sp.) as many as 1.97 particles per fish with sizes of 300 to 500 μm. This research will focus on analyzing the dynamics of microplastic quantity in water and sediment of the Ciliwung River along with the correlation between field parameters and population density around the banks of the Ciliwung River. When viewed from the seven points that represent the Ciliwung River downstream to upstream in DKI Jakarta Province, the number of microplastics is in the range of 320–741 particles/L. For the dominating form, it can be analyzed that the majority of microplastic forms are fragments (97%), followed by fibers (2.9%) and pellets (0.1%). While in the sediment, the number of microplastics in the Ciliwung River sediment is in the range of 6560–10630 particles/kg. The population density factor has the highest correlation to the number of microplastics with a value of r = 0.702. This is associated between population density and high microplastic emission loads.

5

Environmental Protection and Improvement of Water Quality as a Factor in the Development of Tourism in the Erenik River

Gashi Bardha, Kuqi Beke, Dreshaj Adem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

333--340

EN

This paper examines the impact of urban discharges on the water quality of the Erenik River in the city of Gjakova, Kosovo which is the most of key factor in developing the tourism. The primary goal of this project-based research was to provide results through water analysis in order to show the impact of urban discharges on the water quality for the tourists coming. The research was carried out by taking water samples at the entrance and exit of the Erenik River, while the measured parameters of the analyses were: temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity, turbidity, permanganates, phosphorus; and chlorides. Due to the conditions, measurements were not performed for: biological and chemical expenditure, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity of the water. In order to achieve reliable results, the experimental research model was used, applying the techniques and methods of water analysis during the period of November-December 2021. The analyzed water result and the final findings showed that urban wastes affect the water quality, in particular the pollution from the discharges in the river potentiating the condition in which the Erenik River is found.

6

Pojęcie wody płynącej i stojącej w polskim prawie wodnym

Lewandowski Rafał

Gospodarka Wodna

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2023

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Nr 8

8--22

PL

Pojęcie wody płynącej i stojącej w polskim prawie wodnym wciąż wywołuje wiele kontrowersji. Prawodawca wprowadził na użytek ustawy Prawo Wodne podział śródlądowych wód powierzchniowych, który ogólnie rzecz biorąc został oparty na hydrologii, jednak ma on charakter autonomiczny. Powoduje to bowiem, że z prawnego punktu widzenia kluczowe znaczenie przy klasyfikowaniu zbiorników wodnych jako wód płynących lub stojących ma to czy posiadają one dostęp do dopływu lub odpływu wód powierzchniowych. Celem tego opracowania była analiza zakresu zarówno pojęcia wody płynącej, jak i wody stojącej w polskim prawie wodnym, a także próba rozwiązania pojawiających się na ich tle wątpliwości interpretacyjnych. Poczynione uwagi pozwoliły na sformułowanie ogólnej tezy, iż definicja wody płynącej i stojącej ma charakter definicji ignotum per ignotum.

EN

The concept of flowing and stagnant water in Polish water law still raises many controversies. For the purposes of the Water Law Act, the legislator introduced a division of inland surface waters based on hydrology, although having an autonomous character. As a result, from the legal point of view, the most important factor while classifying water reservoirs as flowing or stagnant waters is whether they have access to the inflow or outflow of surface waters. The goal of this study was to analyse the scope of the concept of both flowing and stagnant waters in the Polish Water Law Act, as well as to make an attempt at solving the associated interpretation doubts. The observations lead to a general conclusion that the definition of the flowing and stagnant waters has the character of an ignotum per ignotum definition.

7

Simulation of the peak flow reduction of small reservoirs. A case study of the Brown Bridge Pond, Michigan, USA

Zhang Jing, Guo Chen-lin, Xie Guang-Ming, Xing Bing

Environment Protection Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 49, nr 3

83--94

EN

Due to the high frequency and great damage of flood disasters, it is important to reduce the flood peak when it goes through the reservoir. A hydraulic model which integrates the implicit equation of water balance, water head-discharge carves, and water head-storage carves together, is proposed to simulate the flood peak reduction of a small reservoir. The proposed method was employed to simulate the flood peak reduction in the Brown Bridge Reservoir, Michigan, US. The results show that the proposed method can simulate the flood peak reduction in a small reservoir, and the Brown Bridge Dam can reduce the flood peak when hundred-year floods go through. When all gates or spillways are fully opened, the initial water head of the reservoir significantly influences the capacity of flood peak reduction. When the initial water head of the Brown Bridge Reservoir is 240.18 and 241.40 m, the hundred-year flood peak would be reduced to 23.11 m3/s and 25.85 m3/s, respectively. By optimizing the gates or spillways, the hundred-year flood peak could be reduced. When the initial water head of the reservoir is 241.40 and 240.18 m, the hundred-year flood peak would be reduced to 17.98 and 16.54 m3/s, respectively

8

The role of rivers in creating a blue-green city economy on the example of Wroclaw and Gdansk

Rynio Dorota, Adamiczka Hanna

Economics and Environment

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2023

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No. 2

140--153

EN

The article aims to analyse and critically evaluate the use of blue-green infrastructure in the city. The study was conducted on the example of the Wrocław and Gdańsk rivers. An essential element of the analysis is to determine the possibilities of introducing and improving blue-green infrastructure by using good practices in these urban units, particularly those relating to the role of rivers. During the study, the following research questions were formulated: What megatrend of urban development is defined by current conditions, and what do urban units gain in this way? Is the blue-green potential of the examined cities effectively used? What is the state of development of blue-green zones in and around the river? The methods used to write the article are desk research, case study, analysis of the researched areas using up-to-date cartographic materials, IDI, literature, and legal status analysis. The study supports the exchange of information between cities and the management of the river in the city.

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza i krytyczna ocena wykorzystania zielono-niebieskiej infrastruktury w mieście. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone na przykładzie rzek Wrocławia i Gdańska. Istotnym elementem analizy jest określenie możliwości wprowadzenia oraz poprawy stanu wykorzystania zielono-niebieskiej infrastruktury, przy wykorzystaniu dobrych praktyk w tych ośrodkach miejskich, w szczególności odnoszących się do roli rzek. W trakcie przeprowadzonego badania sformułowano następujące pytania badawcze: Jaki megatrend rozwoju miast określają współczesne uwarunkowania oraz co jednostki miejskie w ten sposób zyskują? Czy zielono-niebieski potencjał badanych miast jest efektywnie wykorzystany? Jaki jest stan zagospodarowania zielono-niebieskich stref w przestrzeni rzeki i w jej pobliżu? W opracowaniu posłużono się takimi metodami badawczymi jak: desk research, studium przypadku, szczegółowa analiza badanych terenów wykorzystująca aktualne dane kartograficzne, indywidualny wywiad pogłębiony, analiza literatury oraz aktów prawnych. Badanie wspomaga wymianę informacji między miastami i zarządzanie rzeką w mieście.

9

Factors of Environmental Safety Reduction on Styr River in the City of Lutsk (Ukraine)

Kopylov Viktor, Popovych Vasyl, Shukel Igor, Fitak Mykhailo, Koliadzhyn Igor

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

233--246

EN

Water ecosystems comprise above two thirds of our planet and play an important role in stabilization of global climate, and also provide a wide range of services to the rapidly increasing society. A number of scientific works are devoted to the study of environmental safety. Water is a basis of life on our planet, and the issue of rivers protection should be of top priority. Unfortunately, a considerable number of surface water reservoirs undergo anthropological influence. The analysis of the research allows us to note that surface water reservoirs, lakes, rivers and their floodplain suffer from human-made pollution. At the time of total use of plastics in all spheres of life, its presence in rivers is detected at the micro-level. The aim of our study is the analysis of landscape-forming factors of ecological safety of the river Styr within the city of Lutsk (Ukraine). The volume of discharge of untreated return water into the river Styr within the city of Lutsk during the last years tends to decrease: in 2018 – 427 000 m3; 2019 – 424.9 000 m3; 2020 – 423 000 m3. It is established that the quality of water of the river Styr in the range line above the city are affected by the pollution from the river Ikva housing-communal enterprise "Mlynivske" and state communal enterprise "Dubnivske", and also waste waters transferred from Lviv region – communal enterprise "Radekhiv water sewage enterprise" (through the river Ostrivka) and communal enterprise "Brodyvodokanal" (through the river Bovdurka). The quality of water in the range line below the city undergoes the influence of the waste waters from communal enterprise "Lutskvodokanal". In order to assess transformation of ecological conditions within urban floodplain, it is proposed to run biomonitoring on the basis of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of a leaf of a plant, which is informative in case of description of the peculiarities of formation of vegetation.

10

Evaluation of the Concentration and Health Risks of Phosphates and Nitrates of a High Andean River

Sáez-Huamán Wilfredo, Contreras-Lopez Eliana, Portuguez-Maurtua Marcelo, Sánchez-Araujo Víctor, Palomino-Pastrana Pedro, Escobar-Soldevilla Mabel, Inostroza-Ruiz Luis Alberto, Llahuilla Quea Jose Antonio

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

249--258

EN

In developing countries, river monitoring is very limited. Despite environmental and health problems, there is a paucity of information regarding the contaminants phosphates and nitrates. Thus, concentration and health risks, of phosphates and nitrates of the Ichu river waters, in Huancavelica, Peru, were evaluated. Sampling was carried out at six different points. Important water quality parameters were analyzed, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and electric conductivity (EC). The results revealed that the phosphate and nitrate varied between 0.475 to 0.575 mg/L and 11.10 to 14.00 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of phosphates and nitrates was 0.520±0.02 mg/L and 13.10±0.48, respectively. The Ichu River water had the quality that corresponded to its category, when compared to the permitted limits of the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for water. It did not present contamination according to the nutrient contamination index and the health risk was from chronic low intake. Besides, it presented a moderate relationship between nitrate and phosphate, due to the low concentration of phosphates during the dry season. What is new about this research is the approach to potential health risks of exposure to nitrates and phosphates, in a high Andean river in Huancavelica, Peru.

11

Energetyczne wykorzystanie stopni wodnych na rzece Noteci

Żabierek Piotr, Ignatowicz Rajmund L.

Przegląd Budowlany

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2022

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R. 93, nr 7-8

129--135

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problematykę wykorzystania energetycznego istniejących stopni piętrzących zlokalizowanych na rzece Noteć. Autorzy przedstawili parametry hydrotechniczne rzeki, wykorzystując materiały projektowe realizowanych małych elektrowni wodnych. Przedstawiono przykładowe rozwiązania konstrukcyjne w zależności od wysokości piętrzenia i przepływu. Przykłady zilustrowano zdjęciami i rysunkami zrealizowanych i eksploatowanych obiektów. W podsumowaniu autorzy przedstawili wnioski mogące służyć poprawie wykorzystania energetycznego rzeki.

EN

The article presents the problem of energy utilisation of existing damming steps located on the Noteć River. The authors have presented the hydrotechnical parameters of the river using the design materials of realized small hydropower plants. Examples of construction solutions depending on damming height and flow are presented. Examples were illustrated with photographs and drawings of completed and operated facilities. In conclusion, the authors presented conclusions that could serve to improve the energy use of the river.

12

The analysis of spatial distribution of artificial reservoirs as anthropogenic fragmentation elements of rivers in the Dnipropetrovsk Region, Ukraine

Hapich Hennadii, Andrieiev Vasyly, Kovalenko Volodymyr, Makarova Tatiana

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

80--85

EN

The purpose of the research is to summarise quantitative characteristics and to analyse the spatial distribution of artificial water bodies as anthropogenic fragmentation elements of medium and small rivers within the Dnipropetrovsk Region, Ukraine. The paper uses current data pertaining to existing reservoirs and mineralisation of water in rivers. Comparison included quantitative characteristics, water surface area, and the volume water in ponds and reservoirs. It has been established that although the total ratio was 97% for ponds to 3% for reservoirs, whereas their water surface area 48%, and the volume of water stored only 23% of the total resources. The paper shows the inexpediency and low efficiency of using ponds as water reservoirs feeding small rivers. Increasing the number of ponds in the river basin has a negative impact on the quality of water resources, in particular, by increasing water mineralisation - total dissolved solids (TDS). Depending on the river, the following indicator of river basin fragmentation has been determined: 6-20 reservoirs per 100 km2 of the river catchment area, and on average 18-36 ponds and reservoirs are built for every 100 km of the river in relation to the length of the hydrographic network. It has shown the regularity of growing water mineralisation due to the fragmentation of rivers by a large number of artificial reservoirs. A strong correlation between regulation and fragmentation of river basins has been established (coefficient of determination R2 ranges from 0.72 to 0.91). It proves the possibility to estimate the degree of change (increase) of water mineralisation based on the water flow coefficient Kw and the river fragmentation coefficient Ksfr in the Dnipropetrovsk Region. The paper offers ways of further research for planning and implementation of a water management strategy concerning ecologically safe levels of water use in small and medium-sized river basins.

13

Pollution in Shatt Al-Arab River near Hospital Wastewater Disposal – Detection of Pharmaceutical Compounds, Isolation and Identification of Drug-Resistant Bacteria

Alsaad Noor Kadhim, Almansoory Asia Fadhile, Al-Baldawi Israa Abdulwahab

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 12

29--36

EN

Pharmaceutical compounds have been introduced into the aquatic ecosystems in multiple ways and sources, which negatively affects the health of the environment and humans. The river near the hospital sewage disposal is host environment for drug-resistant bacteria (DRB). In this context, the aim of the research was to detect the presence of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater, after treatment, at river point followed by isolation of bacteria and test for resistant pharmaceutical compound. Fifteen species of bacteria isolated by angiogenic methods were identified and tested using the well diffusion test to determine the resistance of selected bacteria to ibuprofen by survival assessment. This study showed that the ibuprofen detected by GC-mass was available in all selected points at a concentration of 3 to 120 mg/L. Lecuco. mesen.cremris and Koc.rosea have a high ability to break down the ibuprofen compound. Thus, the bacteria isolated from hospital wastewater can biologically degrade ibuprofen.

14

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Surface Water of the Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers, Vietnam

Thieu Van Vu Duc, Dinh Thi Thu Huong, Nguyen Thi Truc Thao, Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi, Nguyen Binh An, Pham Anh-Duc

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2022

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no. 2

85--90

EN

Heavy metals are a pressing concern in terms of their pollution in aquatic ecosystems because of their persistence, environmental toxicity, bioaccumulation. Aquatic environments receive heavy metals in untreated or inadequately treated wastewater from domestic, industrial, agricultural, and navigation sources. The Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers play the key roles of irrigation, navigation and ecological restoration. It is crucial to ascertain the pollution status, influencing factors, ecological risks, and possible sources of heavy metals in the surface water of the Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers. In this study, surface water from 7 sampling sites over was collected from the Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers, over 7 consecutive periods from April 2019 to October 2021. Each surface sample was analyzed for 9 heavy metals including Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, As. The sampling technique and sample treatment were done based on the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The time and space variation of heavy metal concentrations were examined to test the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation among all the parameters using R statistical software. The results suggest a spatial homogeneity of heavy metals in the surface water the studied rivers. Among all nine examined heavy metals in the studied area, the concentrations of Fe (1.00 ÷ 5.06 mg/L) and Mn (0.14 ÷ 0.28 mg/L) are the highest, and the concentrations of Cr, Cd and As are the lowest that lower limit of detection. The results suggested that the mean concentrations of Fe and Mn were above the acceptable limits of the National technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). While the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni do not meet the Water quality criteria for aquatic life (United State Environmental Protection Agency). Anthropogenic activities can be the main source of heavy metals in in the surface water of the Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers. Among the heavy metals, a significant positive correlation was observed between Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni (0.64 ÷ 0.87), whereas Cu exhibited a significant positive correlation with Ni (0.51). While Cu and Pb showed a not too strong correlation with Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni (0.25 ÷ 0.48). The distribution of heavy metals may also be influenced by properties of heavy metals and fluctuations in water flows. The results provide guidance for controlling heavry metal pollution and protectting water sources in the Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers.

PL

Metale ciężkie stanowią palący problem zanieczyszczenia w ekosystemach wodnych ze względu na ich trwałość, toksyczność dla środowiska i bioakumulację. Środowiska wodne sa zasilane w metale ciężkie z nieoczyszczonych lub nieodpowiednio oczyszczonych ścieków ze źródeł domowych, przemysłowych, rolniczych i żeglugowych. Rzeki Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc odgrywają kluczową rolę w nawadnianiu terenów, transporcie odnym i odbudowie ekologicznej. Kluczowe znaczenie ma ustalenie stanu zanieczyszczenia, czynników wpływających, zagrożeń ekologicznych i możliwych źródeł metali ciężkich w wodach powierzchniowych rzek Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania wód powierzchniowych, próbki pobrano z 7 punktów pomiarowych z rzek Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc przez 7 kolejnych okresów od kwietnia 2019 r. do października 2021 r. Każda próbka została przeanalizowana pod kątem zawartości 9 metali ciężkich: Fe, Mn, Cr , Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, As. Metodyka pobierania próbek i obróbki próbek zostały opracowane w oparciu o Standardowe Metody Badania Wód i Ścieków. Zbadano zmienność w czasie i przestrzeni stężeń metali ciężkich, do analizyy wyników wykorzystano analizę wariancji (ANOVA) i korelacji między wszystkimi parametrami przy użyciu oprogramowania statystycznego. Wyniki sugerują przestrzenną jednorodność zawartości metali ciężkich w wodach powierzchniowych badanych rzek. Spośród wszystkich dziewięciu badanych metali ciężkich w badanym terenie najwyższe są stężenia Fe (1,00 ÷ 5,06 mg/L) i Mn (0,14 ÷ 0,28 mg/L), a najniższe Cr, Cd i As (wartości odpowiadające dolnej granicy wykrywalności). Wyniki wskazują, że średnie stężenia Fe i Mn były powyżej dopuszczalnych limitów, opisanych w krajowych normach dotyczących jakości wód powierzchniowych (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). Natomiast stężenia Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni nie spełniają kryteriów jakości wody dla organizmów wodnych (Agencja Ochrony Środowiska Stanów Zjednoczonych). Działalność antropogeniczna może być głównym źródłem metali ciężkich w wodach powierzchniowych rzek Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc. Wśród metali ciężkich zaobserwowano istotną dodatnią korelację między zawartością Fe, Mn, Zn i Ni (0,64 ÷ 0,87), natomiast Cu wykazywała istotną dodatnią korelację z Ni (0,51). Zawartości Cu i Pb wykazywały niezbyt silną korelację z Fe, Mn, Zn i Ni (0,25 ÷ 0,48). Na rozmieszczenie metali ciężkich mogą mieć również wpływ właściwości metali ciężkich oraz wahania przepływów wody. Wyniki dostarczają wskazówek dotyczących kontrolowania zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi i ochrony źródeł wody w rzekach Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc.

15

Analysis of the Influence of Anthropogenic Factors of the Urbanized Territory of Poltava Region (Ukraine) on the State of River Water

Strelets Victor, Loboichenko Valentyna, Leonova Nataliia, Shevchenko Roman, Telelim Vasilii, Strelets Valerij, Shevchenko Olga, Burmenko Oleksandr

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

185--192

EN

The analysis of anthropogenic factors influencing the state of natural water is carried out in the work. The need for a detailed study of the impact of urban areas on river water quality is noted. The study of the state of one of the main rivers of Poltava region in the area of about 100 km during the winter-spring period on the parameter of mineralization. The influence of individual settlements on the water status of the Vorskla River is considered. There was a gradual increase in river water pollution in the studied area and an increase in mineralization from 660 to 820 mg/l (February) and from 500 to 580 mg/l (April) (Sr = 2%). It was found that the greatest anthropogenic impact on the state of the Vorskla River is in the area of Poltava - Novi Sanzhary. The influence of surface runoff on changes in surface and groundwater quality of Poltava region is shown.

16

Impact of Maintenance Methods of an Overgrown Lowland River on its Hydraulic Conditions

Wolski Krzysztof

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 4

306--322

EN

The paper presents the results of numerical analyses carried out in the IRIC environment on the Nays2DH hydrodynamic model regarding the impact of plants in the riverbed and watercourse maintenance on hydraulic conditions. The research material was collected for the actual input variant in October 2018 on the Ślęza River in Wrocław. The constructed and calibrated model was reconfigured on basis of the existing vegetation in three possible variants related to river maintenance: W0 variant - leaving the vegetation in the riverbed, W1 variant - removing all vegetation in the riverbed, variant W2 - removing vegetation in the 2.0 m strip from the right bank, W3 - removing of vegetation in a strip of 2.0 m from the bank, alternately on the right and left bank. Hydrological boundary conditions were flows from 0,32 to 5 [m3 /s]. For four variants, the dependence of flows on the water table location, maximum and average velocities in the channel, and maximum and average shear stresses in the channel were analysed.

17

Groundwater impact assessment of Lake Czorsztyn after 25 years of its operation

Humnicki Włodzimierz, Krogulec Ewa, Małecki Jerzy, Szostakiewicz-Hołownia Marzena, Wojdalska Anna, Zaszewski Daniel

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 2

65--78

PL

Powstanie sztucznego zbiornika wodnego oddziałuje na wszystkie elementy środowiska. Na przykładzie Zbiornika Czorsztyńskiego oceniono jego oddziaływanie na wody podziemne oraz zmiany wymuszone przez jego budowę w zagospodarowaniu terenu. W ocenie wykorzystano długoletnie obserwacje chemizmu i stanów zwierciadła wód podziemnych oraz wydajności źródeł, obejmujące okres sprzed budowy zbiornika, z czasu jego napełniania oraz 25-letniej eksploatacji. Zmiany zagospodarowania przestrzennego wywołane budową zbiornika określono metodami teledetekcyjnymi. Konsekwencją budowy zbiornika była zmiana użytkowania powierzchni terenu. Wzrosła powierzchnia obszarów zabudowanych i leśnych kosztem terenów rolniczych. Dominującą rolę odgrywają dwa typy wód podziemnych HCO3–Ca oraz HCO3–Ca–Mg, dotyczy to zarówno okresu przed jego napełnieniem (68%), jak i po jego napełnieniu (95%), a także w odniesieniu do analiz kontrolnych z 2020 roku (100%). Udokumentowano stopniowy zanik występowania typów wód z udziałem jonu siarczanowego powyżej 20% miliwali, co wskazuje na tendencję poprawy jakości badanych wód. Ponadto zmiany wartości wskaźników nasycenia wód, względem faz mineralnych budujących warstwę wodonośną, w czasie budowy zbiornika i na wczesnym etapie jego eksploatacji, wskazują na ich modyfikacje hydrochemiczne. Zaobserwowano obniżenie zwierciadła wód gruntowych spowodowane przekształceniem doliny Dunajca w czasie budowy zbiornika i związanego z tym obniżenia regionalnej bazy drenażowej. Po napełnieniu zbiornika nastąpił wzrost rzędnej zwierciadła wody. Oprócz oddziaływania zbiornika można to tłumaczyć również większym zasilaniem opadowym. Powstanie Zbiornika Czorsztyńskiego spowodowało stopniowe przekształcenia w użytkowaniu terenu z rolniczego w kierunku turystyczno-rekreacyjnym. Zmiany te oraz zalanie doliny rzecznej wodami powierzchniowymi nie spowodowało zasadniczych zmian ilościowych i jakościowych wód podziemnych. Natomiast związane z budową zbiornika uporządkowanie gospodarki wodno-ściekowej przyczyniło się do zauważalnej tendencji poprawy ich jakości.

EN

Artificial water reservoirs pose impact on the natural environment. Impact of the artificial Czorsztyn Lake on groundwater and land management is assessed. The study is based on long-term observations of chemistry, groundwater levels and spring discharges during reservoir construction, filling, and 25-year-long exploitation. Land management changes caused by reservoir construction were recognized using remote sensing. Reservoir construction resulted in land management change in the study area. Built-up and forest areas gained prevalence over farmland areas. Two types of groundwater dominate: HCO3–Ca and HCO3–Ca–Mg, both before reservoir filling (68% analyses) and afterwards (95% analyses), and in control analyses from September 2020 (100% analyses). Gradual decrease in the occurrence of water types with the sulphate ion exceeding 20% mvals is documented, which points to water quality improvement trends. Moreover, changes of water saturation index values with regard to aquifer-forming mineral phases during reservoir construction and early exploitation phase indicate hydrochemical modifications. Decrease of groundwater level was related with transformation of the Dunajec river valley during reservoir construction and, accordingly, decrease of regional drainage base level. Groundwater level increased after reservoir filling, which points to coupled impact of the reservoir and increased precipitation recharge. Construction of the Czorsztyn Lake resulted in gradual land management transformation from farmlands into tourist-recreational areas. This change and river valley flooding by surface waters did not cause significant modifications in groundwater quantity and quality. Organization of water-sewage management related with reservoir construction resulted in noticeably improved quality trends.

18

Mixing effects in the river downstream from pollution discharge point

Bielski Andrzej

Technical Transactions

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2021

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Vol. 118, iss. 1

art. no. e2021004

EN

This paper follows the propagation of pollution in a river with a rectangular crosssection of the river bed and a variable cross-sectional velocity. The calculations were made for steady flows and steady pollutant concentrations. To approximate the velocity distribution in the river bed a set of equations for current and vorticity functions was solved. The distribution of pollutant concentrations in the river was calculated from a bidirectional advection and turbulent diffusion equation. Analysis of the distribution of concentrations leads to the conclusion that the effects of transverse advection associated with a lateral inflow of pollutants disappear relatively quickly. Therefore, the distribution of concentrations in cross sections further downstream from the point of pollutant discharge can be determined quite accurately just from an advection-diffusion model, with no transverse advection effects included. Such a level of accuracy is usually sufficient to assess the impact of a pollution source on the aquatic environment. The transverse mixing of pollutants in the stream proceeds slowly and creates a large mixing zone in which the concentrations of pollutants (low but still significant for water quality) can be detected in cross-sections that are remote from the pollutant discharge point. Transverse advection may be ignored while calculating concentrations in remote cross sections at straight watercourse sections and in steady state conditions.

19

Renaturyzacja rzek szansą dla ochrony populacji brzegówki Riparia riparia w Polsce

Michalicha Mateusz

Polish Journal for Sustainable Development

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2021

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T. 25, cz. 1

43--56

PL

Regulacja i przebudowa rzek oraz ich dolin, oprócz drastycznych zmian hydrologicznych, często prowadzą do zmiany lub zaniku siedlisk cennych gatunków roślin i zwierząt. Szczególnie narażone na utratę miejsc rozrodu są gatunki bezpośrednio związane z urwistymi brzegami oraz skarpami nadrzecznymi, które powstają w wyniku procesów erozyjnych oraz osuwiskowych. Stosowane intensywne zabiegi hydrotechniczne takie jak prostowanie koryt czy likwidacja nieregularności brzegów powodują zahamowanie naturalnych, procesów rzecznych, które są pożądane. Gatunki ptaków występujące w Polsce, potrzebujące do gniazdowania naturalnych wysokich brzegów, to m. in.: brzegówka Riparia riparia, zimorodek Alcedo atthis oraz żołna Merops apiaster. Coraz liczniej podejmowane są działania, prowadzące do przywrócenia rzekom stanu zbliżonego do naturalnego. Celem renaturyzacji jest nie tylko zwiększenie możliwości retencyjnych, ochrona przed powodziami, lecz także ogólna poprawa funkcjonowania ekosystemów rzecznych oraz zachowanie bioróżnorodności w obrębie ich dolin. Renaturyzacja obejmuje działania takie jak: tworzenie odsłoniętych skarp, naśladujących podcięcia erozyjne, likwidacja umocnień brzegów czy utrzymanie wyrw brzegowych. Oprócz drapieżnictwa, ze strony takich gatunków jak norka amerykańska Neovison vison, lis Vulpes vulpes oraz lokalnie jenot Nyctereutes procyonoides, największym zagrożeniem dla populacji brzegówki jest utrata odpowiednich miejsc rozrodu. Uregulowanie rzeki, gdzie wprowadzone zabiegi hydrotechniczne spowodowały zaburzenie funkcjonowania naturalnych procesów rzecznych, powoduje również straty w lęgach ptaków przez gwałtowne powodzie, które niszczą gniazda wraz z jajami lub pisklętami. Brzegówki w wielu miejscach zaprzestały użytkowania koryt rzecznych jako miejsc lęgowych, zajmując antropogeniczne siedliska, które mają jednak pewne ograniczenia i zagrożenia. Renaturyzacja jest więc ważnym działaniem, które należy podjąć w miejscach, gdzie regulacje w przeszłości przyniosły największe szkody w środowisku. Należy wspierać rozwój terenów antropogenicznych w zgodzie z zasadami zrównoważonego użytkowania zasobami środowiska naturalnego.

EN

The regulation and reconstruction of rivers and their valleys, apart from drastic hydrological changes, often lead to the change or disappearance of the habitats of valuable plant and animal species. Particularly vulnerable to the loss of breeding sites are species directly associated with precipitous banks and river slopes, which are formed as a result of erosive and landslide processes. Intensive hydrotechnical treatments, such as straightening of the channels or elimination of irregularities of the river banks, resulted in the inhibition of the desirable natural river processes. Bird species native to Poland that require the above nesting conditions, include: sand martin Riparia riparia, kingfisher Alcedo atthis and bee-eater Merops apiaster. More and more actions are taken to restore rivers to a near-natural state. The aim of restoration is not only to increase retention capacity, protect against floods, social and economic benefits, but also to improve the overall functioning of river ecosystems and preserve biodiversity within their valleys. Renaturation includes activities such as the creation of exposed slopes that mimic erosive undercuts, the removal of bank reinforcements or the maintenance of bank gaps, which promote their occupation by the aforementioned bird species. In addition to predation, the loss of suitable breeding sites is the greatest threat to the sand martin population, such as the American mink Neovison vison, the fox Vulpes vulpes and the locally raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides. A regulated river, where the implemented hydrotechnical measures disrupt the functioning of natural river processes, also causes losses in bird broods due to flash floods that destroy many nests together with eggs or nestlings. Sand martins in many places have stopped using riverbeds as breeding places, occupying anthropogenic habitats which, however, have certain limitations and threats. Renaturation is therefore an important measure to be taken in places where past regulations have caused the greatest damage to the environment. The development of anthropogenic areas should be supported in accordance with the principles of sustainable use of natural resources.

20

Hydroelectric Power Plants and River Morphodynamic Processes

Kiraga Marta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 7

163--178

EN

Hydropower is one of the renewable energy sources. Hydropower plants generate electricity using the kinetic energy of flowing water. Although hydroelectric power plants are not as prominent as solar or wind farms, it should be noted that they generate the most significant amount of the power. They are also the most technically advanced projects. Power plants are built with different technical parameters of turbines, different sizes of dams or weirs and different ways of exploiting the energy of flowing water. A common feature, however, is the significant impact of hydroelectric power plants on the functioning of adjacent regions. The paper divides this impact into economic and local development, landscape, and ecological functions, emphasizing the interaction of these influences. The paper discusses the hydromorphological changes taking place in the immediate vicinity of the structure, as a consequence of channel development. The processes of aggradation and degradation of the channel are the answer to hydrodynamic equilibrium loss. These hydrodynamic processes are associated with the subsequent ecological response of the habitat. The most important of these include the dynamic equilibrium loss by the river and the subsequent morphological parameters striving to restore it according to Lane’s relation, known as the most important principle in the fluvial morphology science. The impact of the hydropower plant on the fluvial environment results, first of all, from a significant environmental impact of the damming of the river itself. If the structure is correctly designed, maintained, and operated, it allows controlling the water conditions upstream and downstream with simultaneous energy production. Due to several geometric, hydraulic, and granulometric changes, and further, the resultant economic, landscape, and natural changes that significantly affect the operation of a region, these should be considered as early as the design stage and should be an integral part of any hydroelectric project.