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1

Possible applications of prechambers in hydrogen internal combustion engines

Matla Jędrzej

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 4

77--82

EN

In order to ensure better control of the combustion process in a internal combustion engine powered by hydrogen, it has been proposed to use a split combustion chamber solution. Following paper contains a description of a hydrogen combustion system that includes an analysis of possible technical solutions. The considerations take into account the issues of the dual nature of hydrogen knocking and the problem of burning a stratified charge of a hydrogen-air mixture in a cylinder.

2

Influences of the pre-chamber orifices on the combustion behavior in a constant volume chamber simulating pre-chamber type medium-speed gas engines

Wakasugi Takuya, Tsuru Daisuke, Tashima Hiroshi

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 4

66--76

EN

The study aims to clarify the influence of pre-chamber (PC) configurations on the combustion process in the main chamber (MC) of medium-speed spark-ignition gas engines equipped with an active PC. A constant volume combustion chamber was prepared to simulate the chamber configurations of the gas engines. A high-speed shadowgraph was applied to visualize the torch flame development and the combustion process in the MC. Experiments were done by changing the charged gas in the MC, the number, and the diameter of the PC orifices. Combustion was most accelerated when the PC orifice configuration was set appropriately so that the adjacent torch flames would combine with each other. It was also found that the unburned mixture in the PC, which ejected prior to the torch flame, supported the penetration of the torch flame.

3

Prechamber optimal selection for a two stage turbulent jet ignition type combustion system in CNG-fuelled engine

Pielecha Ireneusz, Bueschke Wojciech, Skowron Maciej, Fiedkiewicz Łukasz, Szwajca Filip

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 1

16--26

EN

Searching for further reduction of fuel consumption simultaneously with the reduction of toxic compounds emission new systems for lean-mixture combustion for SI engines are being discussed by many manufacturers. Within the European GasOn-Project (Gas Only Internal Combustion Engines) the two-stage combustion and Turbulent Jet Ignition concept for CNG-fuelled high speed engine has been proposed and thoroughly investigated where the reduction of gas consumption and increasing of engine efficiency together with the reduction of emission, especially CO2 was expected. In the investigated cases the lean-burn combustion process was conducted with selection of the most effective pre-combustion chamber. The experimental investigations have been performed on single-cylinder AVL5804 research engine, which has been modified to SI and CNG fuelling. For the analysis of the thermodynamic, operational and emission indexes very advanced equipment has been applied. Based on the measuring results achieved for different pre-chamber configurations the extended methodology of polioptimization by pre-chamber selection and the shape of main chamber in the piston crown for proposed combustion system has been described and discussed. The results of the three versions of the optimization methods have been comparatively summarized in conclusions.

4

Experimental comparison of efficiency and emission levels of four-cylinder lean-burn passenger car-sized CNG engines with different ignition concepts

Soltic Patric, Hilfiker Thomas, Hutter Richard, Hänggi Severin

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 1

27--35

EN

Today’s passenger car CNG engines are based on petrol engines which typically have restrictions preventing the exploitation of the full potential of methane based fuels, especially if they have to be operated also on petrol as a second fuel. Additionally, the use of threeway-catalysis limits the engine operation to λ = 1. Here, we present the efficiency potential and the raw emission characteristics for a dedicated four cylinder passenger car CNG engine without sticking to the usual combustion peak pressure and λ limitations. Lean combustion reduces the knocking tendency but, because of the higher pressure levels, increases the ignition energy demand. Therefore, different ignition systems (spark plug, prechamber, Diesel pilot) have been used.

5

Comparative study on combustion characteristics of lean premixed CH4/air mixtures in RCM using spark ignition and turbulent jet ignition in terms of orifices angular position change

Bueschke Wojciech, Skowron Maciej, Wisłocki Krzysztof, Szwajca Filip

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 1

36--41

EN

The increase in ignitability consist a main aim of implementation of the turbulent jet ignition (TJI) in relation to the combustion of diluted charges. Such an ignition system has been introduced to the lean-burn CNG engine in the scope of GasOn-Project (Gas Only Internal Combustion Engines). In this study the impact of TJI application on the main combustion indexes has been investigated using RCM and analyzed on the bases of the indicating and optical observations data. The images have been recorded using LaVision HSS5 camera and post-processed with Davis software. Second part of the study based on indicating measurements consist the analysis of combustion regarding the variation in the geometry of pre-chamber nozzles. It has been noted, that combustion with TJI indicates significantly bigger flame luminescence and simultaneously - faster flame front development, than the combustion initiated with conventional SI. The positive impact of nozzles angular position on engine operational data has been found in the static charge movement conditions, regarding the combustion stability.

6

Theoretical analysis of air-fuel mixture formation in the combustion chambers of the gas engine with two-stage combustion system

Jamrozik A., Tutak W.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 4

779--790

EN

The results of theoretical analysis of a mixture formation process during the compression stroke in a prechamber of the IC (internal combustion) gas engine with the stratified mixtures two-stage combustion system were presented in the paper. The course of excess air-fuel ratio changes in prechamber at ignition time λkz in function of degree of the mixture condensation during the compression stroke φ expressing quotient of a temporary cylinder and prechamber volume and maximal value of the volume were estimated. Research concerning λkz sensitivity on changes of rich combustible mixture composition delivered to the prechamber by the additional fuel supply system λko, mixture composition in cylinder _c and degree of filling a prechamber with the rich combustible mixture ξ were performed. According to numerical calculations it was proved that the real gas engine with the two stage combustion system at equal degree requires exact regulation of the three analysed values.

7

A study of performance and emissions of SI engine with a two-stage combustion system

Jamrozik A., Tutak W.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 32, nr 4

453-471

EN

Lean mixture burning leads to a decrease in the temperature of the combustion process and it is one of the methods of limiting nitric oxide emissions. It also increases engine efficiency. An effective method to correct lean mixture combustion can be a two-stage system of stratified mixture combustion in an engine with a prechamber. This article presents the results of laboratory research on an SI engine (spark ignition) with a two-stage combustion system with a cylinder powered by gasoline and a prechamber powered by propane-butane gas LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The results were compared to the results of research on a conventional engine with a one-stage combustion process. The test engine fuel mixture stratification method, with a two-stage combustion system in the engine with a prechamber, allowed to burn a lean mixture with an average excess air factor equal to 2.0 and thus led to lower emissions of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of the engine. The test engine with a conventional, single-stage combustion process allowed to properly burn air-fuel mixtures of excess air factors X not exceeding 1.5. If the value X > 1.5, the non-repeatability factor COVLi increases, and the engine efficiency decreases, which makes it virtually impossible for the engine to operate. The engine with a two-stage combustion process, working with X = 2.0, the QmlQim = 2.5%, reduced the NOx content in the exhaust gases to a level of about 1.14 g/kWh. This value is significantly lower than the value obtained in a conventional engine, which worked at X = 1.3 with comparable non-repeatability of successive cycles (about 3%) and a similar indicated efficiency (about 34%), was characterised by the emissions of NOx in the exhaust equal to 26.26 g/kWh.

8

Model KIVA-3V jedno- i dwustopniowego systemu spalania w tłokowym silniku ZI

Sosnowski M., Jamrozik A., Kociszewski A., Tutak W.

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Edukacja Techniczna i Informatyczna

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2010

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T. 5

17-28

PL

W pracy przedstawiono porównanie wyników modelowania obiegu silnika ZI zasilanego mieszanką homogeniczną i realizującego jednostopniowy system spalania z wynikami modelowania obiegu silnika ZI zasilanego mieszanką heterogeniczną i realizującego dwustopniowy system spalania. Do modelowania obiegu silnika wykorzystano program KIVA-3V. Wyniki modelowania wykazały, że w efekcie zubażania homogenicznej mieszanki palnej w silniku z jednostopniowym systemem spalania powyżej λ=1,2, obniżeniu ulegają maksymalne wartości ciśnienia i temperatury obiegu, a przebieg procesu spalania w tym silniku niekorzystnie odbiega od przebiegu spalania mieszanki heterogenicznej w silniku z dwustopniowym systemem spalania o takim samym średnim współczynniku nadmiaru powietrza. Uzyskane charakterystyki szybkości wydzielania ciepła w procesie spalania i sumarycznej ilości ciepła wydzielonego podczas spalania dowodzą, że pomimo znacznego zubożenia mieszanki palnej, dla λ=2,0, proces spalania w tym silniku z dwustopniowym systemem spalania przebiegał dostatecznie szybko, aby możliwe było osiągnięcie odpowiednich osiągów silnika.

EN

This paper compares numerical modelling results of SI engine work cycle powered by homogeneous mixture with single-stage combustion system and SI engine work cycle powered by heterogeneous mixture with two-stage combustion system. The numerical model of the engine work cycle was built using KIVA 3V code. Numerical modelling results of engine work with single stage combustion system and homogenous mixture of average excess air factor greater than λ = 1,2 show decrease in maximal pressure and temperature values of engine cycle. The combustion phenomenon in this engine unfavourably differs from heterogeneous mixture combustion in two-stage combustion system engine of the same average excess air factor. Characteristics of the heat release rate during combustion and the total amount of heat generated during combustion show that despite a significant depletion of fuel mixture for λ = 2,0, the combustion process in the engine with two-stage combustion system was fast enough to reach a suitable engine performance.

9

Investigation of new combustion system with prechamber for spark ignition engines

Leżański T., Wolański P.

Journal of KONES

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2007

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Vol. 14, No. 3

347-354

EN

In the study the high speed Schlieren photographs of combustion process and suitable pressure traces in cylinder, in experimental four cylinder four stroke internal combustion engine with the new combustion system, are presented. The new combustion system for spark ignition is the original system in which combustion chamber is divided into the prechamber and main chamber. The research engine was modified to operate with one cylinder only, but the other three cylinders operated without combustion. The cylinder head of this engine was equipped with specially designed lateral valve timing system. The research cylinder was equipped with quartz windows, mirrors and lenses system to provide optical access into the combustion chamber, in parallel direction to the cylinder axis. The crankshaft of research engine was driven with electric motor by the belt gear, with constant speed of 750 rpm. Research conditions: volume of prechamber - 27% of total volume combustion chamber and orifice diameter in partition - 3mm were established in research using rapid compression machine. The ignition advance angle in range of 0°CAD (TDC) to 30°CAD BTDC was changed. For these conditions the maximum values of pressure in combustion chamber and the best of combustion efficiency were obtained. The research clearly demonstrates that ignition timing play a main role in combustion intensification, because energy of burning mixture spray, which flows out from orifice in partition, depends on the ignition advance angle. In this research the best ignition timing, for test conditions, was determined.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano fotografie Schlieren procesu spalania oraz wyniki pomiarów ciśnienia w cylindrze w eksperymentalnym czterocylindrowym czterosuwowym silniku z nowym systemem spalania. Nowy system spalania silnika z zapłonem iskrowym jest oryginalnym systemem, w którym komora spalania jest podzielona na komorę wstępną i główną. Silnik badawczy został zmodyfikowany w taki sposób, żeby pracował na jednym cylindrze, a pozostałe trzy cylindry pracowały bez zapłonu. W cylindrze badawczym umieszczono system wzierników i luster pozwalających na przekazywanie obrazu spalania do szybkiej kamery fotograficznej. Silnik badawczy był napędzany silnikiem elektrycznym z prędkością obrotową 750 obr/min. Warunki badań: objętość komory wstępnej 27%, średnica otworu w przegrodzie - 3mm.W badaniach zmieniano kąt wyprzedzenia zapłonu w granicach 0° OWK - 30° owkprzed GMP. Stwierdzono istnienie optymalnej wartości kąta wyprzedzenia zapłonu dla tych warunków badań. W pracy przedstawiono: stanowisko badawcze oraz wybrane przebiegi procesu spalania. Stwierdzono istotny wpływ wstępnej komory spalania na intensyfikację procesu spalania w silniku.

10

Investigation of combustion process in rapid compression machine using high speed schlieren photography

Glinka W., Leżański T., Wolański P.

Journal of KONES

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2007

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Vol. 14, No. 4

91-100

EN

The paper presents results of experimental investigation of combustion process in rapid compression machine. New combustion system for spark ignition engines, in which combustion chamber was divided into the prechamber and main chamber was applied. It is known as Jet Dispersion Combustion (JDC) because intensification of combustion process is achieved by the injection of the burning mixture jet into the main chamber. Experimental set up and testing procedure is briefly described. Schlieren system was used to visualize combustion process. Development of combustion process was recorded with high speed camera. The research was focused on study of the influence of prechamber volume, spark location, ignition timing and orifice diameter on flame propagation and pressure variation inside the main combustion chamber. To avoid soot deposition on glass windows of combustion chamber all tests were conducted for propane/air mixture of stoichiometric composition. The research results show that the application of new combustion system allows obtaining the increase of maximum rate ofpressure rise and maximum pressure as well as maximum combustion efficiency.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych procesu spalania w maszynie pojedynczego sprężu. W badaniach zastosowano oryginalny system spalania, opracowany w Zakładzie Silników Lotniczych Politechniki Warszawskiej, w którym dokonano podziału komory spalania na komorę wstępną i główną. System ten, znany jako JDC (Jet Dispersion Combustion), intensyfikuje proces spalania w wyniku wtrysku palącej się strugi mieszaniny z komory wstępnej do komory głównej. W artykule przedstawiono opis stanowiska badawczego i stosowanych procedur badawczych. Do wizualizacji procesu spalania został wykorzystany smugoskop. Przebieg procesu spalania był rejestrowany szybką kamerą. Badania prowadzono przy zastosowaniu mieszaniny propanu z powietrzem o składzie stechiometrycznym, w celu uniknięcia zaczernienia wzierników w komorze badawczej. Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu objętości komory wstępnej, miejsca zapłonu, wyprzedzenia zapłonu oraz średnicy otworu w przegrodzie na szybkość rozprzestrzeniania się płomienia oraz na przebieg ciśnienia w komorze głównej. Wyniki badań wskazują, że zastosowanie tego systemu spalania pozwala uzyskać zwiększenie maksymalnych wartości szybkości narastania ciśnienia, ciśnienia oraz sprawności spalania.

11

Numerical analysis of influence of prechamber geometry in IC engine with two-stage combustion system on engine work cycle parameters

Jamrozik A., Kociszewski A., Sosnowski A., Tutak W.

Journal of KONES

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2006

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Vol. 13, No. 2

133-142

EN

Numerical analysis results of influence of prechamber geometry in two stage combustion system SI engine on chosen engine work cycle parameters such as temperature and pressure are presented in the paper. Within the confines of calculations performed in KIVA-3V software, the modelling of processes occurring in combustion chambers of engine with prechamber powered by gasoline for four diameters of the duct connecting the prechamber with cylinder (3mm, 4 mm, 6 mm and 9 mm) were conducted. The research were performed for four values of excess air number equal: 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0. The modelling results showed that the most favourable case is the configuration with the connecting duct of diameter equal 6 mm. The maximal values of pressure and temperature were obtained during combustion in this engine. The maximal values of pressure and temperature influence the value of maximal indicated pressure and determine the engine performance. Performed simulations of two-stage combustion process delivered information concerning spatial and time-dependent pressure and temperature distribution in combustion chamber of modelled engine.