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EN
The prediction of strength properties is a topic of interest in many engineering fields. The common tests used to evaluate rock strength include the uniaxial compressive strength test ( UCS), Brazilian tensile strength ( BTS) and flexural strength ( FS). These tests can only be carried out in the laboratory and involve some difficulties such as preparation of the samples according to standards, amount of samples, and the long duration of test phases. This article aims to suggest equations for the prediction of mechanical properties of aggregates as a function of the P-wave velocity ( Vp) and Schmidt hammer hardness ( SHH) value of intact or in-situ rocks using regression analyses. Within the scope of the study, 90 samples were collected in the south of Türkiye. The mechanical properties, such as uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength and flexural strength of specimens, were determined in the laboratory and investigated in relation to P-wave velocity, and Schmidt hardness. Using regression techniques, various models were developed, and comparisons were made to find the optimum models using a coefficient of determination (R2) and p value (sig) performance indexes. Simple and multiple regression analysis found powerful correlations between mechanical properties and P-wave velocity and Schmidt hammer hardness. In addition, the prediction equations were compared with previous studies. The results obtained from this study indicate that the results of simple test methods, such as Vp or SHH values, of rock used for aggregate could be used to predict some mechanical properties. Thus, it will be possible to obtain information about the mechanical properties of aggregates in the study area in a faster and more practical way by using predictive models.
EN
The surface layers of low-carbon steel metal subjected to shot peening were studied. The velocity of Rayleigh surface waves of various frequencies in the range of 3-9 MHz by the phase-pulse method using contact piezoelectric transducers measured. The study of the distribution of residual mechanical stresses in depth was carried out using the etching of the surface layer of the metal and the use of a strain gauges. The characteristics of the roughness of the surface layer of the metal, which has arisen as a result of shot peening, have been determined. The effect of roughness and plastically deformed layer on the velocity of surface acoustic waves (SAW) is estimated by the method of layer-by-layer grinding of the surface layers of the metal. Based on the determination of the magnitude of the residual mechanical stresses and the known acoustoelastic coefficients, the magnitude of the change in the velocity of SAW under the action of these stresses is estimated.
EN
The present paper studies the effect of circular regularity on propagation of torsional surface waves in an elastic non-homogeneous half-space. Both rigidity and density of the half-space are assumed to vary inversely linearly with depth. Separation of variable method has been used to get the analytical solutions for the dispersion equation of the torsional surface waves. Also, the effects of non-homogeneity and irregularity on the phase velocity of torsional surface waves have shown graphically.
4
EN
This paper reports the variations of mass, porosity, and wave velocity of sandstone after high temperature heating. The range of temperature to which the sandstone specimens have been exposed is 25-850°C, in a heating furnace. It has been shown that below 300°C, porosity and wave velocity change very little. Above 300°C, there is a rapid increase in porosity, but the wave velocity decreases significantly. The results of thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) suggest that a series of changes occurred between 400 and 600°C in sandstone could be responsible for the different patterns of variation in porosity and wave velocity
EN
Shear and compressional wave velocities, coupled with other petrophysical data, are very important for hydrocarbon reservoir characterization. In situ shear wave velocity (Vs) is measured by some sonic logging tools. Shear velocity coupled with compressional velocity is vitally important in determining geomechanical parameters, identifying the lithology, mud weight design, hydraulic fracturing, geophysical studies such as VSP, etc. In this paper, a correlation between compressional and shear wave velocity is obtained for Gachsaran formation in Maroon oil field. Real data were used to examine the accuracy of the prediction equation. Moreover, the genetic algorithm was used to obtain the optimal value for constants of the suggested equation. Furthermore, artificial neural network was used to inspect the reliability of this method. These investigations verify the notion that the suggested equation could be considered as an efficient, fast, and cost-effective method for predicting Vs from Vp.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono algorytm oraz aplikację XU_WHITE, opracowaną w INiG do określenia prędkości fal podłużnych i poprzecznych dla skał piaskowcowo-ilastych. Opracowaną metodę zastosowania modelu Xu-White wykorzystano w profilu otworu wiertniczego T-1 dla utworów czerwonego spągowca. W oparciu o wyznaczone prędkości wyliczono współczynnik Poissona. Uzyskane rezultaty pozwalają wnioskować o poprawności przedstawionej metody.
EN
The XU-WHITE algorithm and programme developed in INiG in order to determine the velocity of longitudal and transverse waves for silicoclastic rocks is presented in this paper. The established method of the Xu-White model usage has been applied to the profile of Rotliegend sediments from the T1 well. The Poisson coefficient has been calculated on the basis of the determined velocity values. The obtained results show the correctness of the presented method.
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PL
Podstawową informacją w analizie wyników badań nieniszczących długości i ciągłości pali fundamentowych jest prędkość fali w betonie. Przykładowo, znaczne różnice obserwuje się w prędkościach fali mierzonych w palach prefabrykowanych. Dla betonu pali C50 prędkość fali akustycznej osiąga 4500 m/s, natomiast po ich wbiciu oscyluje wokół 4000 m/s. Jest to prawdopodobnie związane z mikrozarysowaniami powstałymi w procesie wbijania. Błędy w oszacowaniu prędkości fali prowadzą do proporcjonalnych błędów w oszacowaniu długości pali (10%). Szczególnie skomplikowane zagadnienie stanowi oszacowanie prędkości fali w młodym betonie (przed 15 dniem od betonowania). Nieliczne publikacje wskazują na dużą zmienność szacowanej prędkości fali i wskazują na konieczność każdorazowej kalibracji na placu budowy. Taka kalibracja jest możliwa jedynie gdy osoba prowadząca badania posiada wiarygodne informacje o długości badanych pali (metryki pali). Program badawczy prowadzony przez Politechnikę Wrocławską wskazuje, że w przypadku pali CFA z betonu C20/25 badanych między 5 a 15 dniem od betonowania, prędkość fali w zmienia się w przedziale 3000-4000 m/s.
EN
Regarding the issue of the pile quality (continuity and length) tests by means of non-destructive methods, it seems essential to estimate the velocity of the elastic wave in the concrete. For example, considerable differences are observed in the measurement of the wave velocity before and after the pre-cast concrete piles are driven. For reinforced concrete piles made of the C50 concrete, the elastic wave velocity measured before driving reaches 4500 m/s, and after the driving - it oscillates around 4000 m/s. That is probably connected with the micro-cracking caused when driving the pile. The errors in velocity estimation may lead straight to proportional faults in the estimation of the pile's length (10%). It is even more complicated to determine the wave velocity in the process of the young concrete setting (before the 15th day of concrete embedding). Very few publications on that subject show large changeability of the estimated velocity and suggest that each time at the construction site calibration should take place. Calibration, however, is possible only when the person who runs the tests is in possession of fully credible information about the length of the examined (controlled) piles. The research conducted at Wroclaw University of Technology show that in the case of the concrete piles made of the C25 concrete, examined between the 5th and 15th day after the concrete embedding, the measured elastic wave velocities ranged from 3000-4000 m/s.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań zmian prędkości podłużnej fali ultradźwiękowej w zmiennych warunkach wysokiego ciśnienia i temperatury podczas wykonywania testów trójosiowego ściskania w komorze termociśnieniowej. Badania przeprowadzono na 6 rodzajach skał o różnej genezie, symulując w laboratorium 8 poziomów głębokościowych, od warunków powierzchniowych do głębokości ok. 3,5 km. Wyniki badań wskazują, że wraz z modelowanymi warunkami głębokościowymi zmieniała się prędkość propagacji ultradźwiękowej fali podłużnej, mierzonej w kierunku zgodnym z naprężeniem głównym. W zależności od litologii zmiany te są zróżnicowane: od kilku procent w bazaltach sudeckich do ponad 200% we fliszowych, słabo zdiagenezowanych piaskowcach ciężkowickich. Zbliżone prędkości fali rejestrowane w warunkach wysokiego ciśnienia i temperatury w znacząco odmiennych litologicznie skałach mogą utrudniać tym samym jednoznaczne ustalanie granic geologicznych na podstawie badań geofizycznych, w których fale sprężyste stanowią narzędzie analizy budowy wgłębnej litosfery. Z badań wynika również, że większy przyrost prędkości propagacji fali zachodzi w trakcie wzrostu ciśnienia okólnego w komorze (etap I) niż w trakcie osiowego ściskania w ustabilizowanych warunkach ciśnienia i temperatury (etap II). Prowadzona równolegle analiza deformacji przedkrytycznej wykazała też, że maksymalna prędkość fali nie zawsze występuje na tym samym poziomie naprężenia, co ustalony w jej wyniku próg makrodylatancji. Obserwacja ta dowodzi, że prędkość fali sprężystej nie zależy wyłącznie od stanu kompakcji ośrodka skalnego, ale również od jego stopnia spękania i fazy deformacji, w jakiej się on znajduje.
EN
The article presents the research results on changes in longitudinal ultrasonic wave velocity under variable conditions of high pressure and temperature during triaxial compression conditions in thermo-pressurized chamber. The study was conducted on 6 varieties of rocks of different lithological origin in a laboratory simulated 8 levels of depth, from the surface to approximately 3.5 km depth. The results have shown that, with the modeled depth longitudinal wave propagation, the velocity changes depend on the lithology of the rock. The changes are varied: from a few percents in basalts from the Sudetes to over 200% in the flysch Ciężkowice sandstones, but the changes according the depth are irregular. It has observed that under high pressure and temperature, the similar wave velocity can be recorded in significantly different rocks. Therefore the setting of clear boundaries based on geological and geophysical surveys, in which elastic waves are a tool to analyze geological structure of the lithosphere will have to be interpreted very carefully. The research also has shown that the dominant growth rate of the wave velocity occurs during the compaction under unstable loading and temperature conditions (stage I) rather than during axial compression in the stable conditions (stage II). Conducted parallel analysis of deformation paths and the longitudinal waves changes under the loading, also have shown that the maximum speed of the wave does not always occur at the same stress level as determined on the deformation curve at the threshold of macrodilatancy. This observation proves that the elastic wave velocity depends not only on the compaction of the rock, but also on very complex rock structure reconstruction under deformation process. Under high load and temperature in each rock body different, heterogenous distribution of a stress-field within the polymineral rocks and in a single mineral is created. The degree of cracking at the deformation phases is also different.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań drgań wiaduktu poddanego nierównomiernemu wymuszeniu kinematycznemu, który uwzględnia to, że fala wstrząsowa dociera do kolejnych punktów z pewnym opóźnieniem czasowym, a amplitudy drgań ulegają zmniejszeniu z odległością od źródła. Porównano przyspieszenia drgań pomierzone w trakcie badań i obliczone przy założeniu przyjętego modelu wymuszenia.
EN
The results of investigation of viaduct's vibration under unsteady kinematics extortion, which allows for some time delay of wave impacts and vibration amplitudes declined parallel with distance of source. The measured vibration acceleration measured in the process of investigation and calculated by presumption of accepted enforced model have been compared.
10
Content available remote Formulas for the Rayleigh wave speed in orthotropic elastic solids
EN
Formulas for the speed of Rayleigh waves in orthotropic compressible elastic materials are obtained in explicit form by using the theory of cubic equations. Different formulas are obtained by using different forms of the (cubic) secular equation. Each formula is expressed as a continuous function of three dimensionless material parameters, which are the ratios of certain elastic constants. It is interesting to note that one of the formulas includes as a special case the formula obtained recently by Malischewsky for isotropic materials.
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