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Hazardous Organic Pollutants from Open Burning of Municipal Wastes in Southwest Nigeria

Elehinafe Francis Boluwaji, Okedere Oyetunji Babatunde, Ayeni Augustine Omoniyi, Ajewole Titus Oluwasuji

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

288--296

EN

The Southwest Nigeria has witnessed tremendous increase in the output of municipal wastes in the recent years. Non availability of government policy on solid wastes management or its lack of effectiveness where it exists makes unabated open burning the predominant means of municipal solid waste disposal in the region. Open burning of municipal wastes being a major source of anthropogenic air emissions was investigated for atmospheric loading of some hazardous organic pollutants using the emission inventory method. The specific pollutants considered in this study were volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo –p- dioxin (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo furan (PCDF). The estimated release of VOCs, PAHs, PCBs, PCDD and PCDF from open burning of municipal wastes in the region over the 5-year period investigated were 64000 tonnes, 988 tonnes, 43 tonnes, 0.56 tonnes and 0.2 tonnes respectively. Given the serious human health implications associated with these hazardous organic pollutants, the study suggested conversion of wastes to energy as a possible solution since the region also faces energy challenges.

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Cigarette smoke or exhaust gas from waste incineration – where are more dioxins?

Czerwińska Justyna, Wielgosiński Grzegorz

Acta Innovations

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2019

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no. 31

86--93

EN

In Poland, incineration is a relatively new method of waste treatment. Modern installations for waste incineration have two functions: they reduce the quantity (volume) of the waste and are a source of electricity and/or heat. During all combustion processes including waste incineration, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCD/Fs) (well known as dioxins) are formed. These compounds are considered to be extremely dangerous for living organisms including human beings. Dioxins are formed in any process of combustion of solid and liquid fuels in the presence of chlorine, oxygen and organic matter at appropriate temperatures. Combustion processes also occur during cigarette smoking, which is also a source of dioxin emissions. Although smoking has been classified as a less important source of dioxins in the environment, it directly affects our health. This work’s aim is to determine and compare the degree of harmfulness caused by the amount of inhaled dioxins: cigarette smoking or living near a waste incineration plant. Based on literature and experimental data, the concentration of dioxins in cigarette smoke and exhaust gases generated by municipal waste incineration plants as well as number of dioxins absorbed per day by the body will be presented.

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Gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis of dioxins in soil

Kwon Young Sang, Choi Sung-Gil, Lee Seung-Min, Kim Jong-Hwan, Seo Jong-Su

Acta Chromatographica

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2019

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Vol. 31, no. 3

235--240

EN

The applicability of gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) for determination of dioxins in soil was investigated. The analytical method was validated based on US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 1613 and European Union (EU) Regulation No. 709/2014 for selectivity, linearity of sensitivity, and instrumental limits of quantification (iLOQs). Method development commenced with determination of retention times for 17 native polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and selection of characteristic ions from GC–MS/MS spectra. The linearity was measured using 1613 standard solutions (CS1–CS5) containing 0.5 to 200 ng/mL tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/furan (TCDD/F) congeners, 2.5 to 1000 ng/mL pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/furan (PeCDD/F) to heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/furan (HpCDD/F) congeners, and 20 to 2000 ng/mL octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/furan (OCDD/F) congeners. The correlation coefficient (R2) values ranged between 0.9990 and 0.9999, and the iLOQ values ranged from 0.052 to 0.350 pg/μL for TCDD/F congeners, with a relative standard deviation of 2.7–9.6%. The entire analytical method was verified by analysis of certified reference materials (BCR-529 and BCR-530), and the recoveries were 71.79–103.87% and 81.50–103.12%, respectively. Thus, the GC–MS/MS system provides an alternative to GC–high-resolution MS for the simultaneous determination of TCDD/F congeners in soil.

4

The use of ammonium sulfate as an inhibitor of dioxin synthesis in iron ore sintering process

Łechtańska P., Wielgosiński G.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2014

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Vol. 21, nr 1

59--70

EN

The main air pollutants in the sintering process of iron ore are polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and harmful dust. Ore sintering on sinter strands is one of the first technology steps in the ironworks. It is a process in which iron ore is crushed, subjected to annealing and mixed with appropriate additives, and then sintered in order to produce sinter which is the main component of iron in the blast furnace process. PCDD/Fs emissions were measured and the addition of ammonium sulfate as an inhibitor of the synthesis of dioxins in the sintering process of iron ore was studied.

PL

Do głównych substancji zanieczyszczających powietrze w procesie spiekania rud żelaza należą polichlorowane dibenzodioksyny i polichlorowane dibenzofurany (PCDD/PCDF), a także szkodliwe pyły. Spiekanie rud na taśmach jest jednym z pierwszych węzłów technologicznych huty o profilu surowcowym. Jest to proces, w którym ruda żelaza jest kruszona, poddawana wyżarzaniu i mieszana z odpowiednimi dodatkami, a następnie spiekana w celu otrzymania spieku, który stanowi główny składnik żelazowy w procesie wielkopiecowym. W aglomerowni wykonano pomiary emisji PCDD/Fs, a także badano dodatek siarczanu amonu jako inhibitora syntezy dioksyn w procesie spiekania rudy żelaza.

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Development and optimization of extraction procedure of milk fat for simultaneous determination of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds

Lizak R.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2009

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Vol. 3, No. 2

335--340

EN

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls are unintentionally produced, ubiquitous, persistent organic pollutants. Due to bioaccumulation in food chains, the main source of human exposure to the compounds is food of animal origin. European Community food safety strategy is provided through official monitoring of foodstuffs. This results in necessity of development of reliable and validated analytical method based on instrumental techniques. Milk and milk products are recognized to be good indicator of environmental exposure for persistent organic pollutants. Effective extraction of fat from complex matrix consisting of colloidally distributed sugars, vitamins, proteins and minerals is difficult. Conservative methods of fat extraction (liquid-liquid extraction) are particularly time and labour consuming; moreover require large amounts of organic solvents and laboratory space. In order to efficiently extract emulsified fat globules suspended in the aqueous phase of the milk, they have to be broken scrupulously. This condition is met with Accelerated Solvent Extraction methodbased on elevated pressure and temperature. Method of fat extraction based on ASE for further procedure of simultaneous determination of 35 analytes with high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry from milk samples was developed. After optimisation, method was proven effective and reliable. Classical methods such as liquid-liquid extraction and Soxhlet extraction were used for comparison. Method was comprehensively validated according to EU requirements; Certified Reference Materials were used. Developed and optimised fat extraction method from milk based on Accelerated Solvent Extraction is currently routinely applied in the frame of the official monitoring of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.

PL

Polichlorowane dibenzo-p-dioksyny, dibenzofurany i bifenyle są wszechobecnymi, trwałymi zanieczyszczeniami organicznymi. Z powodu bioakumulacji w łańcuchach troficznych głównym źródłem narażenia człowieka na dioksyny jest spożywanie żywności zwierzęcego pochodzenia. Bezpieczeństwo żywności zapewnianie jest we Wspólnocie Europejskiej (WE) w drodze kontroli urzędowej. W celu zapewnienia jej prawidłowego funkcjonowania WE zobowiązuje laboratoria do posługiwanie się wiarygodnymi i zwalidowanymi metodami analitycznymi wykorzystującymi techniki instrumentalne. Surowe mleko i jego produkty są uznawane za dobry wskaźnik zanieczyszczenia środowiska trwałymi związkami organicznymi. Metody ekstrakcji tłuszczu z mleka obarczone są licznymi wadami, ponieważ złożona matryca zawiera również koloidy cukrów, witamin, białek i minerałów. Tradycyjne metody ekstrakcji (ekstrakcja techniką ciecz-ciecz) są wyjątkowo czaso- i pracochłonne; dodatkowo zużywają duże ilości rozpuszczalników organicznych i wymagają znacznej przestrzeni laboratoryjnej. Podstawowym warunkiem wydajnej ekstrakcji tłuszczu z mleka jest efektywne rozbicie zemulgowanych drobin tłuszczu zawieszonych w fazie wodnej. Ten warunek w pełni spełnia technika przyśpieszonej ekstrakcji za pomocą rozpuszczalników dzięki zastosowaniu podwyższonych ciśnienia oraz temperatury. Opracowano metodę ekstrakcji tłuszczu z próbek mleka z wykorzystaniem techniki przyśpieszonej ekstrakcji za pomocą rozpuszczalników w celu dalszego równoczesnego oznaczania 35 toksycznych związków techniką chromatografii gazowej sprzęŜonej ze spektrometrią mas wysokiej rozdzielczości. Za metody odniesienia przyjęto ekstrakcję techniką ciecz-ciecz oraz ekstrakcję w aparacie Soxhleta. Przygotowaną metodę poddano walidacji z wykorzystaniem m.in. certyfikowanych materiałów odniesienia. Opracowana i zoptymalizowana metoda ekstrakcji tłuszczu z mleka z wykorzystaniem techniki przyśpieszonej ekstrakcji za pomocą rozpuszczalników jest obecnie rutynowo wykorzystywana w urzędowej kontroli próbek na obecność dioksyn, furanów i polichlorowanych bifenyli.