Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Analysis of suspended solids emissions from a combined sewage system using the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM)

Sakson Grażyna

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2023

|

Vol. 49, no. 4

389--399

EN

The protection of water bodies requires the reduction of pollutant emissions from all major sources. In urbanized areas, these include: wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and (depending on the type of sewage system) combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and stormwater drainage outlets. WWTPs are usually monitored and emitted pollutant loads are known, but it is more difficult to assess the pollutant load discharged by CSOs and stormwater drainage systems. The article attempts to use the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) to assess emissions of suspended solids from a large urban combined catchment. Suspended solids are the main pollutant of stormwater runoff in urban areas, and the dynamics of their emission from catchments is very diverse. The amount of suspended solids discharged by CSOs functioning in the given city was assessed in comparison with emissions from a wastewater treatment plant. The results show that CSOs discharge a pollutant load to the receiver which is comparable to WWTPs, but in a much shorter time and in a violent manner which can lead to the severe deterioration of receiving water quality. The modelling took into account the quality of dry weather sewage, the build-up of suspended solids, wash-off processes in the catchment area, and local precipitation characteristics. Factors affecting the quality of the obtained model and the accuracy of the emission level assessment were analysed.

2

Investigation of exhaust emissions from the gasoline engine of a light duty vehicle in the Real Driving Emissions test

Andrych-Zalewska Monika, Chlopek Zdzislaw, Pielecha Jacek, Merkisz Jerzy

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2023

|

Vol. 25, no. 2

art. no. 165880

EN

The article contains the research results and analysis of the processes that take place as part of a gasoline engine light duty vehicle Real Driving Emissions test. Dimensionless characteristics of exhaust emission and fuel mass consumption in the RDE test were also determined: emission intensity, particle number emission intensity, fuel mass consumption intensity. An algorithm for determining the characteristics specific distance pollutant emission, specific distance particle number and specific distance fuel mass consumption in the vehicle speed domain in the RDE test was presented using the Monte Carlo method. The determined characteristics were approximated by polynomial functions in the form of sets of points. These relationships were characterized by a large dispersion of values, which was primarily due to the fact that the random values of the averaging limits contain very different engine operating conditions.

3

Research of pollutant emissions from automotive internal combustion engines in conditions corresponding to the actual use of vehicles

Andrych-Zalewska Monika

Combustion Engines

|

2023

|

R. 62, nr 2

64--70

EN

The subject of the article is the study of pollutant emissions from automotive combustion engines that operate in conditions corresponding to the actual use of vehicles. Includes information on the properties of exhaust gas parameters characterizing the following features: energy, economic, environmental impact and serviceability, additional and constant. Reference was also made to the possibility of determining driving tests on the basis of the similarity of the frequency characteristics of the speed processes in both driving tests and in the real use of vehicles. The article presents the results of research on pollutant emissions from a passenger car during the RDE test. The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and carbon dioxide, as well as the number of particulate matter, were examined. The process of pollutant emission intensity and particle number intensity was presented. Tests were carried out on the statistical properties of the car speed, the intensity of pollutant emissions, and the intensity of the number of particulate matter. Correlation studies were carried out on the speed of the vehicle, the intensity of pollutant emissions, and the intensity of the number of particulate matter.

4

Selected Thermal Waste Treatment Plants In Europe, Case Study

Olejnik Dorota, Krupa Marcin

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

|

2023

|

Vol. 33, no. 3

1--18

EN

The functioning of societies involves the generation of large amounts of municipal waste. This study analyses the amounts of pollutants emitted during waste incineration at selected waste incineration plants in 2022. Four plants were analyzed, including three with the highest waste processing efficiency (Copenhagen, Poznan and Kraków) and one with the lowest efficiency (Konin). The choice of the factory in Copenhagen was also dictated by its strategic location in the city center. Analysing the emissions from the selected plants it can be concluded that environmental safety was maintained and none of the plants exceeded the permissible emissions value.

5

Determination of exhaust emission characteristics in the RDE test using the Monte Carlo method

Andrych-Zalewska Monika, Chłopek Zdzisław, Merkisz Jerzy, Pielecha Jacek

Archives of Transport

|

2023

|

Vol. 66, iss. 2

45--60

EN

The article presents a method of determining the characteristics of exhaust emissions and fuel mass consumption in real driving conditions based on a single test using the Monte Carlo method. The exhaust emission characteristics used are the relations between the emissions and the average vehicle speed, and the characteristic of the fuel mass consumption is the dependence of the fuel mass consumption at the average vehicle speed. The results of empirical research of a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine in the RDE test were used. The use of the Monte Carlo method made it possible to select the initial and final moments of averaging the process values, thanks to which it was possible to determine the discrete values of the characteristics for various values of average vehicle speeds. The determined discrete characteristics of the particulate mass and number emissions and fuel mass consumption relative to the average vehicle speed were approximated by polynomial functions of the second and third degree. The determined discrete characteristics, presented as sets of points, were characterized by a relatively small dispersion in relation to their polynomial approximations. The average relative deviation of the points of discrete characteristics from the value of the polynomial was in most cases small – less than 4%, only in the case of the number of particles emitted deviated from this, as the average relative deviation of the measured points from the determined polynomial was nearly 14%. Combined with the results of RDE empirical studies, the Monte Carlo method proved to be an effective method for determining the characteristics of exhaust emissions, measured in real vehicle operating conditions. The main advantage of the proposed method was a significant reduction in the actual workload necessary to carry out the empirical research – where it became possible to determine the characteristics in a large range of vehicle average speed values with just one drive test. Using standard methods of measuring this type of data, it would be necessary to conduct multiple tests, driving at different average vehicle speeds.

6

Determination of characteristics of pollutant emission from a vehicle engine under traffic conditions in the engine test

Andrych-Zalewska Monika, Chłopek Zdzisław, Merkisz Jerzy, Pielecha Jacek

Combustion Engines

|

2022

|

R. 61, nr 4

58--65

EN

The paper describes the method of determination of exhaust emission characteristics from a vehicle engine based on the results obtained in a driving test simulated on an engine dynamometer. These characteristics are the relations between the specific distance emissions and the zero-dimensional characteristics of the process of vehicle velocity: the average velocity value and the average value of the absolute value of the product of vehicle velocity and acceleration. The exhaust emission characteristics are used to simulate the emissions from vehicles operating in different types of traffic conditions. The engine operating states in the engine dynamometer tests were determined by the operating conditions of the vehicle during the test. The authors applied the Monte Carlo method in order to determine the characteristics of different values of the zero-dimensional characteristics of the vehicle velocity process. This enabled the determination of the characteristics based on the test results from a single realization of the process of vehicle velocity. Additionally, the developed method allowed a replacement of the empirical research on the chassis dynamometer with the one performed on the engine dynamometer. The obtained exhaust emission characteristics are in line with the characteristics obtained on the chassis dynamometer in multiple tests.

7

Zmiany w regulacjach prawnych dotyczących zasilania w ciepło gospodarstw domowych

Orłowska Agata, Sroka Krzysztof

Rynek Energii

|

2019

|

Nr 1

38--47

PL

Dokonano przeglądu wymagań prawnych stawianych kotłom na paliwa stale małej mocy w zakresie sprawności wytwarzania energii i emisji zanieczyszczeń. Przedstawiono wyniki badań certyfikujących przykładowego kotła. Wyniki badań sprawdzono pod kątem docelowych standardów unijnych. Dokonano oceny możliwości redukcji emisji zanieczyszczeń przy zastosowaniu nowoczesnych kotłów na paliwa stałe na przykładzie małego miasta.

EN

In this paper legal requirements for small solid fuel boilers in terms of energy efficiency and pollutant emissions have been reviewed. The results of the certification tests of an exemplary boiler have been presented. The results of the tests have been checked with regard to the EU target standards. The possibilities of pollutant emissions reduction by using modern solid fuel boilers have been evaluated by an example of small town.

8

The influence of driving pattern on pollutant emission and fuel consumption of hybrid electric vehicle

Lasocki Jakub, Gis Maciej

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 2

145--150

EN

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have an increasing presence in passenger transport segment. They have been designed to minimize energy consumption and pollutant emission. However, the actual performance of HEVs depends on the dynamic conditions in which they are used, and vehicle speed is one of the key factors. A lot of excess emission and fuel consumption can be attributed to rapid changes of vehicle speed, i.e. accelerations and decelerations. On the other hand, dynamic driving favours energy recovery during braking. This study examines the relationship between HEVs speed, pollutant emission and fuel consumption. The considerations were based on the results of testing vehicles in WLTC and NEDC driving cycles, performed on a chassis dynamometer. The test objects were two light-duty passenger vehicles, one with series-parallel, gasoline-electric hybrid system and the other, used as a reference, with conventional spark-ignition engine. Both vehicles had similar technical parameters and combustion engines supplied with gasoline. The driving cycles were divided into several parts according to the speed range. For each part, pollutant emission and fuel consumption were determined and appropriate values of selected parameters of driving pattern were calculated. Combining the results of empirical research and calculated parameters allowed to obtain characteristics. Their analysis provided valuable insight into the impact of driving pattern on actual emission and fuel consumption of HEV.

9

Determination of pollutant emission of electric vehicle in real traffic conditions in Poland

Gis Maciej, Bednarski Mateusz, Lasocki Jakub

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

9--14

EN

Alternative drives have an increasing share in the global, European and Polish market. The city authorities support primarily the development of electromobility. Progress in these issues is also noticeable in Poland. The increasing number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) requires increasing energy costs of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to increase energy production. This work estimates how large this energy surplus should be. For this purpose, it was necessary to determine the average energy consumption of an electric vehicle in real traffic conditions, and then to calculate the average energy demand for a selected number of vehicles. Obtained results were related to pollutant emission considered in the well-to-wheel perspective (including generation of electricity). In the article, the authors also referred to the minimum number of charging stations for electric vehicles on the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) in Poland. This is a necessary condition on which depends the use of BEV vehicles not only on the territory of cities, but also throughout the country.

10

Teoretyczne i praktyczne wyzwania dla przemysłu nawozowego związane z niskoemisyjną gospodarką

Piwowar A.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2018

|

T. 97, nr 4

490--492

11

Gaseous emissions during agricultural biomass combustion in a 50 kw moving step grate boiler

Pałaszyńska K., Juszczak M.

Chemical and Process Engineering

|

2018

|

Vol. 39, nr 2

197-–208

EN

Results of the study examining carbon monoxide and nitric oxide concentrations while burning different types of agricultural biomass: coffee husk pellets alone or in combination with wheat straw pellets and cherry stones, sewage sludge pellets, corn stover briquettes and a mixture of rye straw briquettes and miscanthus briquettes were presented. The combustion was performed in a 50 kW boiler type Biowarmer with a cast-iron moving step grate. The temperature in the combustion chamber did not exceed 800 ◦C. For all biomass types, only brittle slag was generated in the furnace, which was easily broken by a reciprocating movement of the grate. Carbon monoxide concentration in the flue gas except for the case of sewage sludge pellet firing did not exceed the permitted value of 3000 mg/m3 and nitric oxide concentration 515 mg/m3, both presented for 10% O2 concentration in the flue gas based in dry gas. Hydrocarbon concentrations for all test runs were close to zero.

12

The influence of the properties of vehicles traffic on the total pollutant emission

Bebkiewicz K., Chłopek Z., Szczepański K., Zimakowska-Laskowska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2017

|

z. 1/110

89--101

EN

To study the influence of the traffic on the total emission model is used total emission. The model of total emission is identified for the structure of the vehicle fleet in Poland in 2014. The quantity of vehicles and structure of the fleet is derived from the information collected in Polish Central Vehicle and Driver Register system (CEPiK). The data on the intensity and the mileage of vehicles in each category was adopted basing on information from the literature and own research. The article analyzes the impact of the character of traffic vehicles on the total emission defined for traffic in urban, rural and on the highways area.

PL

Do badania wpływu charakteru ruchu pojazdów samochodowych na całkowitą emisję zanieczyszczeń wykorzystano model całkowitej emisji zanieczyszczeń, zidentyfikowany dla stanu motoryzacji w Polsce w 2014 r. Liczność pojazdów poszczególnych kategorii elementarnych przyjęto na podstawie informacji zawartych w bazach Systemu Informatycznego Centralnej Ewidencji Pojazdów i Kierowców. Dane nt. intensywności oraz sposobu użytkowania pojazdów poszczególnych kategorii elementarnych przyjęto na podstawie informacji z literatury i wyników badań własnych. W artykule przeanalizowano wpływ charakteru ruchu pojazdów samochodowych, zdefiniowanego dla ruchu w miastach, poza miastami oraz na autostradach i drogach ekspresowych, na całkowitą emisję zanieczyszczeń.

13

Modelling of motor vehicle operation for the evaluation of pollutant emission and fuel consumption

Chłopek Z., Biedrzycki J., Lasocki J., Wójcik P., Samson-Bręk I.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 4

156--163

EN

A novel approach to modelling of motor vehicle operation by employing special test cycles threated as realizations of the stochastic process of vehicle velocity is presented. The families of test cycles were designed to simulate driving conditions in street congestion, urban, extra-urban, and high-speed traffic. The data necessary for the development of test cycles was obtained in the empirical investigations conducted in real road traffic. The recorded velocity time-histories were analysed in the time, frequency, and process value domains. Fragments of the velocity vs. time curves, representative for the considered driving conditions, were selected to design test cycles. The statistical examination of those test cycles demonstrated that individual process realizations are similar to each other and to all the process realizations recorded during the empirical tests.

14

Correlation investigations into pollutant emission and the operational states of compression-ignition engines in dynamic tests

Chłopek Z., Lasocki J.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 2

87--92

EN

This study investigates the correlation dependences between pollutant emission intensity and the engine operational states determining these properties, in various conditions, both in relation to measurements of engine operational states and their dynamic nature. The research was carried out in a variety of dynamic tests. Investigations into the correlations of processes occurring in combustion engines make it possible to assess the impact of one process on another and the relationship between the various processes. In general, it was found that similar dependencies occur for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, but were often substantially different for nitrogen oxides.

15

Badanie składu chemicznego powietrza w fermach zwierząt futerkowych

Nowakowicz-Dębek B., Pawlak H., Wlazło L., Maksym P., Bis-Wencel H., Sasáková N., Stasińska B.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2016

|

T. 95, nr 4

770--772

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badania zawartości substancji chemicznych w atmosferze ferm. Badania prowadzono przez 2 lata w fermie zwierząt futerkowych mięsożernych. Oznaczenia zawartości poszczególnych substancji chemicznych w próbkach powietrza wykonano metodami chromatografii gazowej z detekcją płomieniowo-jonizacyjną (GC-FID) oraz chromatografii jonowej.

EN

Carnivorous fur farm air was studied for NH₃, H₂S, MeSH, EtSH, PhH, PhMe, C₆H₄, Me₂, PhOH, MeH, indole, EtMeCHNH₂ and PrMeCHNH₂ contents for 2 years by gas and ion chromatog. The NH₃ content reached 2.01 mg/m³, the H₂S content 6.85 μg/m³ and the indole content 23.85 μg/m³ in summer time.

16

Ocena zanieczyszczeń emitowanych podczas eksploatacji systemu grzewczego domu jednorodzinnego wraz z analizą zawartości metali ciężkich w pobliskich glebach

Mizerna K., Gużda A.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

|

2016

|

Vol. 25, No. 4

463--471

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy ekologicznej domu jednorodzinnego wraz z oceną zawartości metali ciężkich w glebach rolniczych znajdujących się w promieniu 43÷130 m od analizowanego budynku. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono badanie zawartości metali ciężkich w popiele paleniskowym pochodzącym ze spalenia mieszanki paliwowej: węgla kamiennego i drewna, stosowanej do ogrzewania omawianego domu jednorodzinnego. Analiza ekologiczna wykazała emisję dwutlenku węgla, tlenku węgla, dwutlenku azotu, dwutlenku siarki oraz pyłów do atmosfery w wyniku spalania paliw oraz zużycia energii elektrycznej. Badane gleby rolne charakteryzują się natomiast brakiem zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi. Analiza zawartości tych pierwiastków w popiele paleniskowym wykazała, iż odpad ten nie stwarza potencjalnego zagrożenia dla środowiska i może być wykorzystany w celach rolniczych.

EN

The paper presents the results of ecological analysis for detached house with assessment of heavy metals content in agricultural soils located within 43÷130 m from the analyzed house. Additionally, the study of heavy metals content in the furnace ash coming from the combustion of mixture of fuel: coal and wood used for heating of this house was carried out. Ecological analysis revealed the emission of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and dust into the atmosphere as a result of combustion of fuel as well as electricity consumption. Whereas the tested soils are characterize by the deficiency of heavy metals. Analysis of the content of these elements in the furnace ash revealed that the waste does not pose a potential risk to the environment and can be used for agricultural purposes.

17

Efektywność energetyczna oraz niska emisja w krajowych i regionalnych uwarunkowaniach prawnych

Fedorczak-Cisak M., Mazur J.

Materiały Budowlane

|

2016

|

nr 1

20--22

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane uregulowania dotyczące ograniczenia emisji na przykładzie działań podjętych w województwie małopolskim, zawarte zarówno w normach prawnych, jak i instrumentach finansowego wsparcia oczekiwanych zmian. Dotyczą one przede wszystkim ograniczenia tzw. niskiej emisji, czyli emisji pochodzącej ze źródeł z niskimi kominami (do 40 m wysokości), a więc w szczególności emisji z domów jednorodzinnych. Jednym z najnowszych aktów prawnych regulujących działania krajowe i regionalne jest ustawa z 10 września 2015 o zmianie ustawy – Prawo ochrony środowiska, ogłoszona w Dzienniku Ustaw RP z 12 października 2015 r. Wprowadzenie nowelizacji ustawy może skutkować w bezpośredni sposób na zmiany dotyczące sposobu zaopatrywania mieszkańców Małopolski w energię do ogrzewania. Nowa ustawa bez wątpienia wywoła w średnioterminowej perspektywie zmiany na rynku w szczególności urządzeń grzewczych, których stosowanie będzie zabronione i zaniknie w regionach, gdzie wprowadzone będzie prawo lokalne wynikające ze znowelizowanej ustawy. W związku z procesami modernizacyjnymi (stare kotły trzeba będzie zlikwidować) w określonym terminie pojawi się miejsce na nowe urządzenia o innych standardach (kotły na paliwa najwyższej klasy i pompy ciepła).

EN

The authors present a selection of regulation for reducing emissions on the example of action taken in the Malopolska region, included both in the legal regulations and in financial instruments supporting the expected changes. They refer to particular restrictions of low-emission, it means emissions from sources with low chimneys (up to 40 m height), and thus in particular emissions from single family houses. One of the latest legal acts regulating national and regional actions is the Act of 10 September 2015 amending the Act – Environmental Protection Law. It was announced in the Journal of Law of the Republic of Poland on 12 October 2015. The introduction of amendments to the Act binds directly to changes in ways of delivery heat to the inhabitants of Malopolska region. The new law undoubtedly will impact in the medium term on changes in the market, in particular heating. The using of some heating sources will be prohibited and will disappear in regions where local laws would be introduced under the amended law. Processes of modernization (the old boilers will have to be eliminated) by a specified date will create market for new devices with upperstandards – the highest class boilers and heat pumps.

18

Usefulness assessment of automatic air flow control system with oxygen sensor in a 20 kW boiler with periodic wood pellet supply

Juszczak M., Cichy W., Pałaszyńska K.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

|

2016

|

vol. 59, nr 198

111--130

EN

The benefits of applying automatic air flow control system with oxygen sensor in a 20 kW heating boiler with a retort furnace supplied periodically with wood pellets were examined. Boiler combustion chamber was not lined with ceramic blanket and therefore the fuel supply cycle duration (operation and stand-by) was set by the producer to just 20 seconds. Variation in time of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen oxides and oxygen concentrations in the flue gas, as well as correlations between: pollutant concentrations and temperature in the combustion chamber or oxygen concentration, temperature in the combustion chamber and oxygen concentration, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide concentrations were compared for different scenarios: with automatic air flow control and with constant air flow. It was concluded that applying automatic air flow control system with oxygen sensor did not significantly reduce carbon monoxide concentration (only by 10-15%). Most probably it is because the stand-by in fuel feeding is too short for the air supply fan to react. In order to reduce carbon monoxide concentration, instead of applying automatic air flow control it is preferable to obtain higher heat outputs (above 60% of its maximum value) and use higher capacity water heat storages.

19

Comparative examination of pollutant emission from an automotive internal combustion engine with the use of vehicle driving tests

Chłopek Z., Biedrzycki J., Lasocki J., Wójcik P.

Combustion Engines

|

2016

|

R. 55, nr 1

56--64

EN

The pollutant emission from automotive internal combustion (IC) engines is highly susceptible to engine operation states determined by vehicle velocity processes. The article presents results of comparative examinations of specific distance pollutant emission characteristics determined from various vehicle driving tests. The specific distance pollutant emission was determined using vehicle type-approval and special tests as well as tests developed at the Automotive Industry Institute (PIMOT), treated as realizations of the stochastic process of vehicle velocity. The research results confirmed high susceptibility of the IC engine pollutant emission to the engine operation states, which endorses the usefulness of treating the conditions of operation of automotive engines as stochastic processes.

PL

Emisja zanieczyszczeń z samochodowych silników spalinowych jest bardzo wrażliwa na stany pracy silników zdeterminowane procesami prędkości samochodów. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań porównawczych charakterystyk emisji drogowej zanieczyszczeń w różnych testach jezdnych. Do wyznaczania emisji drogowej zanieczyszczeń wykorzystano testy stosowane w procedurach homologacyjnych i testy specjalne oraz opracowane w Przemysłowym Instytucie Motoryzacji, traktowane jako realizacje procesu stochastycznego prędkości samochodu. Wyniki badań potwierdziły znaczną wrażliwość emisji zanieczyszczeń na stany pracy silnika spalinowego, co potwierdza celowość traktowania warunków pracy silników samochodowych jako procesów stochastycznych.

20

Correlation between air flow rate and pollutant concentrations during two-stage oak log combustion in a 25 KW residential boiler

Juszczak M.

Chemical and Process Engineering

|

2016

|

Vol. 37, nr 3

419--428

EN

It can be expected that there is a considerable correlation between combustion air flow rate and the concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide in the flue gas. The influence of temperature and oxygen concentration in the combustion zone on the concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide in the flue gas, for high and low combustion air flow, was analysed. Oxygen concentration for which the concentration of carbon monoxide is the lowest was determined, as well as the mutual relation between carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide concentration.