Composite materials are a constantly evolving group of engineering materials, which has significantly changed their current, and potential role as structural materials over the past decades. Composites offer greater strength, stiffness, and less deformation to structural designers than previously available engineering materials. Resin matrix composites are widely used in the transportation, marine, aerospace, energy, and even sports industries. The manufacturing stage has a profound influence on the quality of the final product. This paper presents the production of composite materials by gravity casting in silicone moulds, using an epoxy/polyester resin matrix reinforced with wood chips and shredded glass fiber reinforced composite from recycled wind turbine blades. Some of the fabricated samples were degassed in a reduced-pressure chamber. The mechanical properties of the produced material were then examined. It was noted that the silicone moulds did not affect the resin self-degassing due to the large surface area to weight ratio, and the remaining small air bubbles had a limited effect on the mechanical properties of the samples. The filler used also played a significant role. Composites filled with crushed GFRC showed better strength properties than composites filled with wood chips. The conducted research is aimed at selecting materials for further testing with a view to their use in the manufacture of next-generation wood-based composite structural materials.
The worldwide extensive consumption of plastic materials, due to the low cost of production and their versatility, causes plastic pollution of the environment. It is one of the most difficult and challenging problems on the Earth, affecting the oceans, land, atmosphere and living matter. An emerging aspect is a microplastic pollution, which has become an intensively researched topic among scientists and organizations. Microplastics (MPs) according to the definition are granules, fibers, and fragments of micropollutants of the upper limit of the contractual size is 5 mm. They can have a primary or secondary origin. Primary microplastics are microscopic granules, or pellets purposedly produced for industrial applications. Secondary microplastics are usually generated by the fragmentation and degradation of plastic waste in the environment (e.g. mechanical abrasion, UV radiation, temperature changes, and biodegradation) or during the use of plastic consumption (Figure 2). Microplastics can impact ecosystems by providing water, delivery and air, and further affect human health by inhaling airborne particles or providing contaminated water and food. There can be identified three major harmful aspects of plastics and microplastics. Firstly, plastics exposed to environmental weathering can undergo degradation and break down from macro to smaller particles. MPs may be transported across the globe, as there were found in the Arctic snow or oceans deep. Second, MPs may adsorb and carry toxic chemical substances (persistent organic pollutants) which are harmful to humans and animals. And last but not least, plastics get to the food chain and air and reach humans through various routes. Many works in the literature describe the procedure of sampling, handling, identifying and quantifying MPs from different environments. Before to the actual analysis, MPs samples are often first fractionated by sieving, and solutions of various densities are also used to separate potential microplastics from other contaminants. Subsequently, the samples are purified in etching media to remove any organic contaminants. The MP identification and characterization procedure is a five-step process. It concerns the analysis of the size, shape, color and amount of plastic particles (expressed as the number or mass of particles per volume or mass of the sample) usually done by microscopy. The identification of the polymer is done by chemical characterization using usually spectroscopic (IR and Raman), chromatographic or thermal methods (Figure 4).
The article summarizes results of the studies of the Coastal Clean Index (CCI) on selected Polish beaches. In 2022, an attempt was made to estimate the amount of litter on the beach in Ustka. Debris on the beach was collected during a peak season in July and August. An attempt was also made to estimate the daily increase in garbage on the beach. The main part of the research was based on the quality and quantity of litter in beach sediments to the east and west of Ustka. Litter was divided according to a type of material, use, size and origin. The collected material was dominated by a plastic waste. The largest amount of marine litter was collected on the beach, on the eastern side of the Słupia River.
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Modified bituminous binders are widely used in road construction. Various types of modification are known; SBS polymer modification is considered the most advantageous and popular. The article presents the results of research focused on the possibility of modification of paving grade binders in a different manner, i.e. by using processed recycled plastics. The basic requirement in the case of this type of modification is that storage stability of the obtained material is ensured and that performance properties of the material do not deteriorate in comparison to those of the base binder. The work presents chosen test results of materials obtained by blending conventional paving grade bitumen 50/70 and 70/100 with additives produced from PP, PS, LDPE, HDPE (and their combinations). The additives were obtained in the process of pyrolysis, using different production parameters – processing temperature and time. Basic tests were performed on 56 different bitumen-additive blends in order to identify the most promising variants for further wider analysis. A method for objective selection of the best bitumen-additive blends was proposed. The proposed method is not a classic ranking method (attribution of points); it is based on an objective function composed of three component functions, which correspond to individual blend parameters and are assigned adequate weights. The method may be adjusted by selection of weights or use of different component functions. Based on the adopted method, additives with the most advantageous properties in terms of use in asphalt mixture production were identified.
PL
Asfalty modyfikowane są powszechnie stosowane w budownictwie drogowym. Znane są różne metody modyfikacji, a za najlepszą i najczęściej stosowaną uznaje się modyfikację polimerem SBS. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań nad możliwością modyfikacji zwykłych lepiszczy drogowych w inny sposób, tj. przy wykorzystaniu przetworzonych tworzyw sztucznych pochodzących z recyklingu. Warunkiem wyjściowym dla tego typu modyfikacji jest zapewnienie stabilności wytworzonego materiału oraz niepogorszenie jego właściwości funkcjonalnych w porównaniu do lepiszcza bazowego. W pracy zaprezentowane zostaną wybrane wyniki badań doświadczalnych przeprowadzonych na materiałach uzyskanych ze zmieszania konwencjonalnych asfaltów drogowych 50/70 oraz 70/100 z dodatkami wytworzonymi z PP, PS, LDPE, HDPE (oraz ich mieszankami). Dodatki te uzyskano w procesie pirolizy przy różnych technologiach wytwarzania z uwzględnieniem różnych wartości temperatury i czasu przetwarzania. Przeprowadzono badania podstawowe na 56 różnych kompozycjach asfaltu i dodatku w celu wyłonienia potencjalnie najlepszych wariantów do dalszej poszerzonej analizy. Zaproponowano metodę obiektywnego wyboru najlepszych mieszanin asfaltów z dodatkiem. Nie jest to klasyczna metoda rankingowa (przyznawanie punktów), a metoda bazująca na funkcji celu będącej sumą trzech funkcji składowych odpowiadających poszczególnym parametrom z odpowiednimi wagami. Metoda ta może być dość swobodnie kształtowana poprzez dobór wag albo odmienne propozycje funkcji składowych. Na tej podstawie wyłoniono dodatki, które mają najkorzystniejsze właściwości pod względem zastosowania do produkcji mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych.
Opakowania do kiełbas mogą wpływać na wydłużenie ich terminu przydatności do spożycia, jak również zapobiegać m.in. odbarwieniu, utlenianiu, uszkodzeniu oraz pogorszeniu jakości produktów, co może być powodowane, np. bezpośrednim działaniem promieni słonecznych, kontaktem z powietrzem, czynnikami mechanicznymi, czynnikami mikrobiologicznymi. Ze względu na duże zróżnicowanie na rynku kiełbas, konieczne jest stosowanie różnych materiałów opakowaniowych i metod pakowania. Bardzo duże ryzyko zanieczyszczenia kiełbas na każdym etapie produkcji, magazynowania, sprzedaży i konsumpcji sprawia, że opakowania pełnią szczególną funkcję.
EN
There are many types of sausages all over the world, which are one of the main assortments of meat products. Sausage packaging can extend the shelf life and prevent, i.e., discoloration, oxidation, damage and deterioration of the quality of products, which may be caused, for example, by direct sunlight, contact with air, mechanical and microbiological factors. Due to the great diversity in the sausages’ market, it is necessary to use various packaging materials and packaging methods. The very high risk of contamination of sausages at every stage of production, storage, sale and consumption makes the packaging fulfill a special function.
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Próbki kompostu przydomowego rozdrobniono w młynie nożowym, a następnie w młynie planetarno-kulowym i homogenizowano przy prędkości obrotowej 30 500 rpm. Wielkość otrzymanych cząstek badano za pomocą analizatora dynamicznego rozpraszania światła DLS i analizowano jakościowo za pomocą FTIR. Znaleziono cząstki o średniej wielkości 500 nm, zawierające głównie polietylen.
EN
Backyard compost samples were ground in a knife mill and then in a planetary-ball mill and homogenized at 30 500 rpm. The size of the particles obtained was studied using a DLS dynamic light scattering analyzer and analyzed qual. using FTIR. The av. particle size was 500 nm. They mainly contained polyethylene.
In the present paper, the problems connected with the printing technology in relation to manufacture of advertisement materials, including stands, i.e. the so-called product presenting packaging (POS marketing) on plastics have been discussed. The comparative analysis is based, first of all, upon colour aspects but other parameters concerning ready prints as well as their manufacturing process have been also considered. On the grounds of the obtained data, diagrams were plotted and the respective calculations were carried out. After analysis of the results of the conducted measurements, it was concluded that in spite of using the same digital large-format machine, the same UV inks and identical technical arrangements, the overprints differed each other in respect of the quality; it was affected by the type of the employed plastic. The overprints made on a substrate from high-impact polystyrene were characterized by the best quality parameters. Polyvinyl chloride was only somewhat worse material which could be overprinted. On the other hand, acrylic glass was decisively interior in comparison to other plastics and may not satisfy the expectations of the most demanding producers.
PL
W niniejszym artykule poruszane są zagadnienia związane technologią drukowania w odniesieniu do produkcji materiałów reklamowych, w tym standów, czyli tzw. opakowań prezentujących produkt (POS marketing) na tworzywach sztucznych. Analiza porównawcza opiera się przede wszystkim na aspektach kolorystycznych, ale rozpatrywane są również inne parametry dotyczące gotowych wydruków, jak i procesu ich produkcji. Na podstawie uzyskanych danych utworzono wykresy i dokonano odpowiednich obliczeń. Po analizie wyników pomiarów wywnioskowano, że mimo wykorzystania tej samej cyfrowej, wielkoformatowej maszyny, tych samych atramentów UV oraz identycznych ustawień technicznych, nadruki różnią się od siebie jakością, na co wpływ ma rodzaj wykorzystanego tworzywa sztucznego. Nadruki wykonane na podłożu z wysokoudarowego polistyrenu cechują się najlepszymi parametrami jakościowymi. Niewiele gorszym materiałem, który można zadrukować, okazał się polichlorek winylu. Natomiast szkło akrylowe zdecydowanie odstawało pod tym względem od pozostałych tworzyw sztucznych i może nie spełniać oczekiwań najbardziej wymagających producentów.
W ostatnim stuleciu tworzywa sztuczne stały się nieodłączną częścią codziennego życia. Po stagnacji w 2020 r. spowodowanej pandemią COVID-19 światowa produkcja tworzyw sztucznych w 2021 r. znowu wzrosła. Wraz z dynamicznym rozwojem przemysłu tworzyw sztucznych wzrasta również zużycie dodatków do tych tworzyw, w tym plastyfikatorów. Jednak w ostatnim czasie obserwuje się proces zastępowania najpopularniejszych plastyfikatorów, czyli ftalanów przez korzystniejsze toksykologicznie, lecz mniej uregulowane (szczególnie w przypadku maksymalnych dopuszczalnych stężeń w różnych matrycach) alternatywy. Substytutami ftalanu bis(2-etyloheksylu) w skrócie DEHP, najczęściej stosowanego i najbardziej regulowanego ftalanu, są obecnie m. in. adypiniany - głównie adypinian bis(2-etyloheksylu) (DEHA), tereftalany - przede wszystkim tereftalan di-(2-etyloheksylu)(DEHT), kwas diizononylo-1,2-cykloheksonodikorboksylowy (DINCH) czy ftalan diizononylu (DINP). Wiedza na temat występowania i losów środowiskowych plastyfikatorów alternatywnych jest niewielka. Dlatego konieczne jest ich monitorowanie w środowisku, aby uniknąć niekorzystnego, długoterminowego wpływu na faunę i florę.
EN
In the last century, plastics have become an integral part of our everyday life. After stagnation in 2020 caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, global plastics production increased again in 2021. With the dynamic development of the plastics industry, the consumption of additives to these plastics, including plasticizers, is also increasing. However, recently the process of replacing the most popular plasticizers, i.e. phthalates, with more toxicologically favourable, but less regulated (especially in terms of maximum allowable concentrations in various matrices) alternatives has been observed. The substitutes for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, abbreviated as DEHP, the most widely used and regulated phthalate, are currently adipates, among others - mainly bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), terephthalates - primarily di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT), diisononyl-1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid (DINCH) or diisononyl phthalate (DINP). The knowledge of the environmental occurrence and fate of alternative plasticizers is poor, therefore it is necessary to monitor them in the environment in order to avoid their adverse long-term effects on fauna and flora.
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Autor opisuje wpływ światła słonecznego na folie i membrany oraz wyjaśnia, co najbardziej szkodzi tworzywom sztucznym. Przedstawia także obowiązujące normy w kontekście promieniowania UV.
EN
The author describes the effect of sunlight on foils and membranes and explains what harms plastics the most. He also presents the applicable standards in the context of UV radiation.
Nie da się osiągnąć celów recyklingu bez małych instalacji do przetwarzania tworzyw sztucznych. Polska oraz 16 krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej, według European Environment Agency, zagrożone są karami za nieosiągnięcie założonych w strategii Komisji Europejskiej celów recyklingu. To może skutkować bardzo dotkliwymi konsekwencjami. Dyskusję publiczną na ten temat zdominowała jakość selektywnej zbiórki. Tymczasem mało kto dostrzega niedoinwestowanie zakładów przetwarzania odpadów oraz bariery prawne, które dotykają ten rynek.
The paper is of practical importance and describes the construction of a test rig and the measurement method for determining the relative emissivity coefficient of thermosensitive thin polymer coatings. Polymers are high-molecular chemical compounds that produce chains of repeating elements called ‘mers’. The polymers can be natural and artificial. The former ones form the building material for living organisms, the latter – for plastics. In this work, the words plastics and polymers are used as synonyms. Some plastics are thermosensitive materials with specific physical and chemical properties. The calorimetric method mentioned in the title consists of two steps. The first stage, described here, involves very accurately measuring the emissivity of black paint with the highest possible relative emissivity coefficient, which covers the surface of the heater and the inner surface of the chamber. In the second step, the thermosensitive polymer will be placed on the inner surface of the chamber, while black paint with a known emissivity coefficient will remain on the heater. Such a way of determining the properties of thermosensitive polymers will increase the error of the method itself, but at the same time will avoid melting of the polymer coating. During the tests, the results of which are presented in this work, the emissivity coefficient of the black paint was obtained in the range of 0.958–0.965.
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Zwrócono uwagę na jeden z najpoważniejszych problemów zanieczyszczeń wód, a mianowicie na obecność zanieczyszczeń niedostrzegalnych gołym okiem, mikro- i nanocząstek plastików. Badania przeprowadzono z zastosowaniem technologii DLS. Technika ta wykorzystuje działanie wiązki laserowej i można za jej pomocą określić wielkość cząstek. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych pomiarów stwierdzono, że w wybranych wodach powierzchniowych znajdują się mikrocząstki plastików wielkości poniżej 500 nm, a zrzut ścieku oczyszczonego z oczyszczalni ścieków nie wpływa znacząco na ich wielkość.
EN
Water samples taken from the San River were detd. for the presence of plastic nanoparticles using the dynamic light scattering method. Samples taken directly from the river water and after pre-treatment with ultrasound and filtration were analyzed. The presence of particles with a size of 14-500 nm was found and the discharge of treated waste-water did not visibly affect their size.
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Przedstawiono wyniki badań kriogenicznego rozdrabniania odpadowych kabli żelowych pod kątem możliwości rozdziału żelu hydrofobowego od metalu i tworzyw sztucznych. Badania przeprowadzono z podziałem na 3 etapy: proces rozbijania, nagniatania dynamicznego oraz separacji. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły możliwość oddzielenia żelu hydrofobowego od metalu i tworzyw sztucznych z wykorzystaniem metod kriogenicznych. Średni uzysk oddzielonego żelu hydrofobowego wyniósł 73,88%.
EN
Six types of cables contg. approx. 6% of hydrophobic gel were frozen with liq. N2, then crushed into 1-10 mm pieces, dynamic squashed and sieved to sep. the crystallized gel from the surfaces of metals and plastics. The av. gel yield for all the tests performed was 73.88%.
W pracy poruszono zagadnienia związane z biodegradacją tworzyw sztucznych, których usuwanie ze środowiska naturalnego stało się ogromnym wyzwaniem. Opisano proces degradacji polimerów przez mikroorganizmy oraz przedstawiono podstawowe techniki badań pozwalające na zbadanie stopnia rozkładu tworzyw sztucznych.
EN
Plastics are long chain synthetic polymers produced based on fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas. Due to their properties, like lightness, durability, strength, flexibility, and low production costs, they have become indispensable in everyday life. Every year, the amount of polymers produced increases, in 2020 only in Europe 49.1 million tonnes of polymers were produced. With the increasing production of plastics and their widespread use, a global problem with the accumulation of waste in the natural environment has arisen. In Europe, synthetic waste is mostly incinerated (42.6%) and recycled (34.6%). In the natural environment, plastics can be degraded both by abiotic processes and by biodegradation (Fig.5.). The susceptibility to degradation of polymers depends on their physicochemical properties, the length of the polymer chain, and their composition. Long-chain polymers containing only carbon, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, are more resistant to degradation, while in the case of polyurethane and polyethylene terephthalate, the presence of heteroatoms in the chain, e.g. oxygen, causes greater susceptibility to biodegradation. The appearance of polymer waste in the natural environment caused many microorganisms to develop the ability to use plastics as a source of carbon and energy. The evolution of the metabolic systems of cells, which allows obtaining nutrients from polymers, somehow adapts microbes to live in the era of synthetic materials. Microorganisms equipped with the ability to degrade plastic have been characterized in many scientific studies (Tab. 2). The biodegradation of plastics is a complex process that depends on several factors: substrate availability, surface characteristics, morphology, and molecular weight. The first stage of biodegradation is the deposition of microorganisms on the surface of the polymer, which is largely influenced by the hydrophobicity / hydrophilicity of the material. Microorganisms then produce specific extracellular enzymes that break down the main polymer chain into smaller fragments – dimers and monomers. Then the polymer molecules are transported inside the cell and the final products of polymer decomposition are water, CO2, and biomass. Plastics are characterized by high durability and resistance to biodegradation, therefore pre-aging or pre-treatment of synthetic materials is often necessary. The purpose of these treatments is to modify the surface, which increases susceptibility to the action of enzymes secreted by microorganisms. The most commonly used pre-treatment techniques are UV, gamma, high temperature, and nitric acid treatment. These techniques either reduce hydrophobicity or introduce more biodegradable groups on the surface of the polymer. Describing the process of biodegradation of plastics is a technical challenge because it is a long-term process and difficult to study. The most commonly used methods of assessing the biodegradation of a polymer are the examination of the amount of mass lost by polymers, the examination of hydrophobicity and surface changes by imaging techniques such as SEM, and the chemical composition of polymers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
W ciągu ostatnich lat światowa produkcja tworzyw sztucznych szybko się rozwinęła, a powstające z tych tworzyw śmieci stały się jednocześnie jednym z najszybciej rosnących strumieni odpadów komunalnych na świecie. Rozkład tworzyw sztucznych do mikro- i nanodrobin pogłębia dodatkowo problem zanieczyszczenia środowiska tymi materiałami. Ze względu na małą gęstość i mały rozmiar tych cząstek są one łatwo odprowadzane do kanalizacji ściekowej, a następnie do oczyszczalni ścieków, które są ich głównymi odbiorcami przed zrzutem do zbiorników wodnych. Żadna ze stosowanych obecnie technologii oczyszczania ścieków czy uzdatniania wody nie jest przeznaczona do usuwania cząstek tworzyw sztucznych. Efektywność usunięcia mikroplastików z zastosowaniem różnych metod, w tym fizycznych, chemicznych czy biologicznych, daje zróżnicowane wyniki. Najlepsze efekty w zakresie usunięcia mikroplastiku z wody i ścieków uzyskuje się, stosując technologie hybrydowe czy zaawansowane procesy oczyszczania trzeciego stopnia w technologii oczyszczania ścieków.
EN
In recent years, the global production of plastics has developed rapidly, and the waste generated from them has also become one of the fastest growing municipal waste streams in the world. The decomposition of plastics into micro- and nanoparticles additionally aggravates the problem of environmental pollution with these materials. Due to the low density and small size of these particles, they are easily discharged into the sewage system, and then to the wastewater treatment plants, which are their main recipients before discharging them into water reservoirs. Among various wastewater and water treatment technologies that are in use today, none is designed to remove plastic particles. The effectiveness of microplastics removal using a variety of methods, including physical, chemical and biological ones, produces varying results. The best effects in terms of removing microplastics from water and wastewater are achieved by using hybrid technologies or advanced tertiary treatment processes in wastewater treatment technology.
The Citarum River flows through different characteristic of terrestrials with 297 km length and become one of the largest rivers in West Java. It potentially transfers debris from land into the sea. This research aimed to define the Marine Debris (MD) trajectories based on seasonal monsoon. The method used was numerical analysis combined with artificial debris pathways. The simulation controlled by ocean currents, tide, wind pattern, and bathymetry conditions. The MD observations were conducted in four mouth of estuaries across the Muara Gembong areas. These simulations with specific time during two main monsoons (the northwest and southeast Monsoon) period. The results showed that the debris trajectory patterns vary in the two monsoons. The macro debris trajectory showed the waste patterns similar to oceanographic condition, especially the ocean currents pattern. The trajectories of waste from two estuaries flow towards the south and southwest follow the coastal contours. Specifically, in Northwest Monsoon, MD spread to the south and was stranded in the surrounding coast areas. In Southeast Monsoon, MD was forced to the central of Jakarta bay and surrounding islands in the western and southern side of the estuaries. Compared to the Bendera estuary, the MD that comes from Jaya estuary affects the surrounding areas, including in the northern side and southern side.
The paper considers plastic products in terms of energy consumption at two stages of their life cycle, i.e. at the stage of production of virgin polymers and at the stage of processing polymers into a finished product. Energy intake places were indicated and energy needs related to the production of polymer products were assessed. This allowed to indicate which polymer production and processing processes into finished products are particularly energy-intensive. The research shows that the greater the amount of energy accumulated in the plastic during its production, the greater the importance of this plastic in the post-consumer phase as a recyclable material. Recycling of waste plastics allows the use of this energy and reduces the consumption of virgin raw materials. Primary polymers were compared in terms of the energy efficiency index of their production process. This indicator is the quotient of the calorific value of the polymer and the energy consumption in its production. It shows how much of the energy input during the production of primary plastic can be recovered from the thermal processing of the waste plastic. The highest indicator value was obtained for polyethylene and polypropylene. It was found shown that the total energy consumption (converted to primary energy) of the PET virgin polymer production process and its processing into packaging reaches the value of 109.2–115.2 MJ/kg. This is almost five times the calorific value of this polymer.
Artykuł porusza kwestie nazewnictwa i klasyfikacji geosyntetyków. Podaje podstawowe definicje, podziały i symbole. Przedstawia funkcje, jakie mogą pełnić wyroby z tworzyw sztucznych w geotechnice i budownictwie. Zwraca uwagę na problemy z właściwym doborem geosyntetyków.
Polymeric materials and their composites in vehicles have experienced a real boom in the last 30 years, and their application is increasing with a tendency to further growth. The demands on the modern vehicle industry, whether they are trains, planes, or cars, are ever challenging - users want high-performance vehicles, but at the same time they are looking for improved reliability and safety, greater comfort, and low pricing. Changing the proportion of light-weight materials to steel in the construction of new vehicles helps make them lighter and more fuel or electrical energy efficient, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions. There is one family of materials that is responding to the challenge of these potentially conflicting demands: polymer materials. This includes relatively pure chemical materials as well as fibre-filled polymer composites.65 This article presents polymeric materials that are used for the production of vehicle parts today.
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Plastics, due to their numerous advantages, are becoming materials more and more widely used in all branches of industry. The number of products, packaging and waste made of synthetic polymers is constantly increasing, which results in a growing threat to the environment due to long time of decomposition of the manufactured products. The future development of plastic recycling methods appears to be a necessary and significant step in materials processing and environmental protection. During the last two decades, a large number of promising research results on the catalytic pyrolysis process of plastics have been reported. This paper presents an alternative method for synthetic polymers waste processing using the low temperature pyrolysis process. The aim of this method is to manage the waste efficiently, but also to reduce the demand for fossil fuels. Commercial fuels and mixtures of these fuels with the pyrolytic oil obtained in low-temperature pyrolytic process were used for the purpose of this study, The following parameters of the obtained fuel mixtures were tested: density, viscosity, flash point, water content, cetane number, cold filter blocking temperature, cloud pint and lubricity, using following equipment: oscillating densitometer, Stabinger viscometer, Pensky-Martens Closed cup tester, apparatus for coulometric determination of water content by Karl-Fischer method, calorimeter. All tests were carried out in accordance with European standards for crude oil and petroleum products. The obtained results are promising and by contribution of the pyrolytic oil additives it is possible to significantly reduce the share of petroleum products used in the fuels production process and contribute to the beneficial management of artificial waste.
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