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Early Jurassic dinosaur-dominated track assemblages, floristic and environmental changes in the Holy Cross Mountains region, Poland

Pacyna Grzegorz, Ziaja Jadwiga, Barbacka Maria, Pieńkowski Paweł, Jarzynka Agata, Niedźwiecki Grzegorz

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 3

art. no. 29

EN

The Early Jurassic succession of the Holy Cross Mountains region in Poland offers a rare opportunity to study ecosystem complexity during the evolution and diversification of early dinosaurs, especially herbivorous ones. The section consists of continental and coastal deposits containing fossil assemblages spanning nearly 25 My of changes in terrestrial plants and some groups of invertebrates and tetrapods. Based on macrofossils and pollen and spores, the broader characteristics of the flora in this succession are presented. The floral assemblages show typical Early Jurassic characteristics and contain lycopsids, sphenopsids, ferns, cycadaleans, bennettitaleans, gnetaleans and ginkgoaleans, as well as conifers, and are similar to other Hettangian–Toarcian floral successions in Europe, showing the presence of a vast coniferous forest dominated by Hirmeriella in the early Hettangian, replaced by ginkgophyte-dominated floras in younger stages and araucarian conifer-dominated forests in the late Pliensbachian. Dinosaurs are documented mainly from their trace fossils (tracks and coprolites). Six distinct track assemblages (stratigraphically separated ichnoassemblages) of different ages can be identified. Current evidence indicates that while Anomoepus tracks are abundant throughout the long Hettangian–late Pliensbachian interval, medium-sized to large ornithischian tracks do not occur below the lower–middle Hettangian transition zone, associated with the first major marine transgression in the region. Hettangian strata with different theropod tracks (Grallator, Anchisauripus, Eubrontes, Kayentapus, cf. Megalosauripus), small Anomoepus tracks, numerous medium-sized Anomoepus-like tracks, Moyenisauropus tracks, tetradactyl tracks of sauropodomorphs (cf. Pseudotetrasauropus) and oval-shaped tracks of sauropods (Parabrontopodus) significantly contrast with the higher part of the Lower Jurassic succession (upper Pliensbachian Drzewica Formation and middle–upper Toarcian Borucice Formation) containing new types of medium-sized to large theropod tracks (Therangospodus), small and medium-sized bird-like tridactyl tracks (cf. Trisauropodiscus, cf. Anomoepus), exceptionally large, oval-shaped sauropod tracks (Sauropoda indet.), and new types of medium-sized and large ornithischian tracks (cf. Deltapodus, cf. Anomoepus). This points to a noticeable difference between the Hettangian and late Pliensbachian–Toarcian dinosaur ichnofaunas and may facilitate the study of regional and global changes and correlations. Both the palaeofloras and dinosaur trace fossils document ecosystem diversity and ecosystem changes, presented here in review form. The nature of these changes requires more detailed study, but preliminary results suggest the occurrence of rather complex and pronounced transformations in the dinosaur communities of the Holy Cross Mountains region. Based on our observations, the most significant event in Early Jurassic ecosystems took place within the Hettangian (change in floristic composition, the emergence of new groups of dinosaurs), but we also found what we believe to be a record of a major faunal turnover across the late Pliensbachian–middle–late Toarcian interval.

2

Reconstructing the Holocene environments in the Russian sector of the Neman Delta area, Kaliningrad Region

Napreenko Maxim G., Napreenko-Dorokhova Tatiana, Matul Alexandr

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 2

art. no. 32

EN

A history of landscape development in the Russian part of the Neman Delta area during the Holocene, with an emphasis on the formation of forests and wetlands, is deduced based on pollen analysis, radiocarbon dating, a field topography survey, and macrofossil analysis of peat deposits in a coastal mire, the Koz’ye Bog. Several 1,000-2,000-year time lags in vegetational development were revealed here, though they have not been recorded for other landscapes in the Kaliningrad Region and the adjacent areas in the southeastern Baltic. The causes are still not completely clear, but they presumably related to some of the regional patterns of climate development and the submergence of the area during the second Littorina transgression (7,500-7,000 cal. yr BP). It is established that cryophilic open tundra-like vegetation existed here not only in Late Glacial time (Younger Dryas) but up to the mid-Boreal (9,700-9,500 cal. yr BP). A transition from the open landscapes of the Late Glacial to birch and then pine forests occurred here 9,700-8,700 cal. yr BP, whereas the expansion of thermophilic broadleaf species of the nemoral (temperate) association (Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia, Corylus) was recorded only in the period 6,400-3,500 cal. yr BP. Peak expansion of Alnus occurred here only in the late Subboreal (3,500-2,700 cal. yr BP), while in adjacent areas it reached its maximum as early as the Atlantic. The general vegetation dynamics in this area during the Late Glacial and the Holocene could be referred to as a transition from the dominance of pine forests to a wide dispersal of alder carrs. This environmental shift was caused not only by climatic factors but probably also due to the transformation of the hilly coastal terrace into a low-lying plain landscape after flooding during the transgressions of the Baltic.

3

Palaeobotanical record of the Eemian Interglacial succession at the Jagodne site (Garwolin Plain, central Poland)

Bober Aleksandra, Brzozowicz Dorota, Drzymulska Danuta, Żarski Marcin, Suchora Magdalena

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 2

art. no. 34

EN

Our high-resolution data of pollen and macrofossils from 2 cores taken from the Jagodne site (Garwolin Plain) reveals a pollen succession covering the final part of the Late Saalian (Marine Isotope Stage MIS 6) and embracing the Eemian (MIS 5e). The results correspond to Regional Pollen Assemblage Zones (RPAZ). The hornbeam phase (E5 RPAZ) has been subdivided into subzones and compared to the corresponding division of the key profile of the Garwolin Plain, Kozłów K2-19. The comparison revealed a considerable sedimentary hiatus in the E5 RPAZ at Jagodne. This is attributed to significant palaeohydrological changes occurring widely in this zone, and also seen at other Eemian sites in Poland. Another specific feature of the Jagodne site is the early, rapid terrestrialisation of the palaeolake and its transformation into a raised bog, which occurred already at the end of the hornbeam phase. The Sphagnum dominated peatbog developed for a long time as evidenced by a thick peat layer covering also the Early Vistulian. Both pollen and plant macrofossil data correspond well to observed lithological boundaries, providing a consistent record of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate changes. The results obtained contribute to knowledge of palaeoenvironmental changes and palaeoclimate interpretation of that area.

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Hydrological conditions of peatland formation based on a dynamic curve of a biogenic sediments sequence – a new proposal

Lipka K., Zając E.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2018

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no. 37

75--85

EN

The aim of the study was to propose a so called dynamic curve for identification of hydrological conditions of peatland formation. This method facilitates interpretation of accumulation processes based on sequence of biogenic sediments depending on variable hydrological conditions. Eleven types of hydrological conditions (HC) were distinguished and characterized with reference to ecohydrological interrelations governing the formation of peatlands. Each HC type was associated with specific peat type and species rendered in a classification for Central Europe. When employing a synthetic description of the identified HCs, it is possible to use the dynamic curve to provide a graphical representation of a hydration status for a geological profile and a general interpretation of the course of changes in water conditions during peatland development. The discussed method is somewhat simplified but it can be used for general interpretation of hydrological conditions of peatland development and would not require some highly specialized analyses. Such an approach may prove sufficient, particularly in engineering practice.

PL

Celem pracy było przedstawienie propozycji wykorzystania tzw. krzywej dynamicznej do określenia warunków hydrologicznych powstawania torfowisk. Posługując się proponowaną metodą, można w prosty sposób zinterpretować przebieg procesu akumulacji na podstawie sekwencji osadów biogenicznych w zależności od zmieniających się warunków hydrologicznych. Mając na uwadze ekohydrologiczne zależności skutkujące powstawaniem torfowisk, wyróżniono i opisano jedenaście typów warunków hydrologicznych (HC), którym przyporządkowano określone gatunki torfu ujęte w klasyfikacji opracowanej dla obszaru środkowej Europy. Posługując się syntetycznym opisem wydzielonych HC, można, za pomocą krzywej dynamicznej, graficznie zilustrować stan uwodnienia profilu geologicznego oraz zinterpretować przebieg zmian stosunków wodnych w trakcie formowania się torfowiska. Zaproponowana metoda stanowi pewne uproszczenie, niemniej może być stosowana do ogólnej interpretacji warunków hydrologicznych powstawania złóż torfowych z pominięciem niektórych, wysoce specjalistycznych badań. Takie podejście może okazać się wystarczające zwłaszcza w praktyce inżynierskiej.

5

Plant macrofossils from the Czyżów Complex deposits of the Szczerców outcrop, central Poland

Myśkow E., Krzyszkowski D., Wachecka-Kotkowska L., Wieczorek D.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 3

325--336

EN

The paper presents the results of research into the plant macrofossils found in the tectonic Kleszczów Graben, within Mesopleistocene sandy sediments. A number of samples were collected at eight locations from river sediments containing variously sized fragments of plants, mostly from greenish sands overlying Neogene sediments. The structural characteristics of the sediments show a cyclic record of the formation of point bars, their washing out at supercritical conditions, and their aggradation by fine-grained material during flow waning. Based on lithological and structural studies, it has been demonstrated that the sands accumulated in an environment of a meandering river, whose valley bottom was covered with fairly dense vegetation, inhibiting the influx of mineral material to the floodplain from the surroundings – the valley or glacial plateau slopes. The aim of further analysis was to identify the plant genera of the individual macrofossils (about 40 specimens). The most numerous macrofossils were observed in the middle layers of the profile, within sandy megaripple structures, where mostly fragments of Fraxinus and Acer wood were present. In other layers, several fragments of Pinus and three pieces of Populus wood were identified. Additionally, young stems of dicotyledonous plants and fragments of rhytidome (the outer bark of a tree) were found. The results are discussed in combination with considerations on the deposition of the Czyżów Complex in the Bełchatów outcrop, and on the occurrence of local flora.

6

Upper Pleistocene palaeoenvironmental changes at the Zwierzyniec site, Central Poland

Kalińska-Nartiša E., Dzierżek J., Bińka K., Borkowski A., Rydelek P., Zawrzykraj P.

Geological Quarterly

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2016

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Vol. 60, No. 3

610--623

EN

The paper presents the data on an Eemian–Late Glacial sedimentary sequence from the Zwierzyniec site, central Poland. A number of boreholes document one or two organic layers that occur beneath one or two horizons of clayey and silty deposits of ice-dammed lakes. This study demonstrates to which extent the Zwierzyniec site can contribute to a better understanding of the palaeoenvironmental changes during the Eemian–Vistulian time-frame in central Poland. To study it, a multi-proxy approach was applied, involving: palynological and plant macrofossil analysis, study of rounding of quartz grains and morphology of their surface, and investigations of sand mineralogy and till petrography. The results show that a till bed is overlain by a sandy series corresponding to the glacial-interglacial transition. Either one or two distinct peaks of organic accumulation are evidenced by peat horizons. The lower horizon records spectra with hazel and hornbeam, and did, therefore, accumulate in the Eemian. Observed only in some boreholes, the upper peat horizon marks the Brørup (or the lower part of the Rederstall stadial) represented by forest-steppe conditions with patchy mosaics of larch and further transition into sedges and herbaceous taxa. Localized in between the two peat sequences, the sandy horizon marks a long-lasting aeolian transformation with weathering by frost in the Early Vistulian. Again, significant changes of the palaeoenvironmental regime occurred, and are manifested in the one or two horizons of the glaciolacustrine sediments. This corresponded to the last glaciation in the region, when the ice-dammed lakes formed during the Main Stadial.

7

Wiek i historia rozwoju torfowiska w Pakosławicach (południowo-zachodnia Opolszczyzna) na podstawie badań paleobotanicznych

Maj J., Gałka M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 2

110-116

EN

The result of palaeobotanical studies of biogenic sediments from Pakosławice made it possible to establish the age of limnic and peat sediments and reconstruct past plant communities and development phases of the sedimentary/sedentary basin. The investigated mire originated from overgrowth of a shallow lake. The lake formed probably as a result of thermokarst processes (permafrost thawing). Accumulation of gyttja started in the Alleröd to continue in the Younger Dryas and early Holocene (Preboreal and Boreal). The sedentation of peat deposits probably took place in the middle and late Holocene.

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The history of cladiummariscus (l.) Pohl. In the "Klocie Ostrowieckie" reserve (Drawieński National Park). Part I

Gałka M., Tobolski K.

Studia Quaternaria

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2011

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Vol. 28

53-59

EN

The objective of the paleoecological studies undertaken in the "Klocie Ostrowieckie" reserve was mainly to reconstruct the subfossil mire vegetation at a local and regional scale. This article presents the results of palynological and plant macroremain analyses of this site, and belongs to the first published studies of such a type, made in the Drawieński National Park. Based on our studies, five phases in the history of the mire development were determined. The most pronounced feature of that history, was a decline of Cladietum marisci clearly concurrent with a strong yet puzzling expansion of pine stands occurring approximately 1000 years ago.

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Historia rozwoju dwóch torfowisk mszarnych w Borach Tucholskich

Lamentowicz M., Obremska M., Mitchell Edward A.D.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 1

76-80

EN

Our research confirmed the value of kettle-hole mires for reconstructing Holocene environmental changes. The multi-proxy approach in which three palaeoecological methods were used (analyses of testate amoebae, plant macrofossils and pollen) improved the interpretation potential. We studied two Sphagnum mires situated in Tuchola Pinewoods (N Poland). In Tuchola mire 9000 years of environmental changes (groundwater level and pH) were recorded. Water table changes inferred from Tuchola mire show patterns similar to regional hydrological changes recorded in Polish lakes and mires as well as in other European sites. Jelenia Wyspa mire recorded changes in local vegetation and palaeohydrology during the last 1500 years. A rise in the groundwater table, caused by deforestation in the catchment area, allowed Sphagnum to expand. Consequently, the peatland evolved into an oligotrophic mire dominated by peat mosses. Approx. 200 years ago water pH increased and subsequently decreased, the lowest value being associated with the deforestation maximum. Furthermore, the planting of pine probably also caused an acidification of Jelenia Wyspa mire.