Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Wpływ odzysku ciepła odpadowego spalin z kotła energetycznego na prace instalacji mokrego odsiarczania spalin

Rączka Paweł

Rynek Energii

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2023

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Nr 1

21--27

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń wpływu odzysku ciepła jawnego i utajonego spalin wylotowych z kotła energetycznego bloku o mocy 900 MW zasilanego węglem brunatnym na pracę instalacji mokrego odsiarczania spalin (IOS). Obliczenia przeprowadzono na podstawie modelu matematycznego wykorzystującego dane z prawdziwej rośliny. Oprócz pozytywnego wpływu układu odzysku ciepła (HRS) na sprawność cieplną bloku energetycznego oraz wstępnego oczyszczenia spalin z pyłów i gazów kwaśnych, wyniki obliczeń wykazały bardzo istotny wpływ na pracę bloku energetycznego. IOS. Główna zmiana dotyczy masowego przepływu wody stosowanej w absorberze w celu schłodzenia spalin do wymaganej temperatury. Obliczony maksymalny spadek zapotrzebowania elektrowni na wodę uzupełniającą (przy 167,5 MW odzysku ciepła) wynosi 185,9 Mg/h. Gdy do uzupełniania używany jest kondensat HRS, zapotrzebowanie na wodę surową będzie zerowe. Dodatkowo HRS w wyniku kondensacji części pary wodnej zawartej w spalinach powoduje częściowe zasiarczenie spalin w wymienniku HRS. Zmniejsza to obciążenie IOS, w tym mniejsze zapotrzebowanie na sorbent i wodę technologiczną używaną do przygotowania roztworu sorbentu. Strumień spalin kierowany do instalacji i odprowadzany do atmosfery przez chłodnię kominową zmniejsza się o ok. 9%. Wartością dodaną proponowanego rozwiązania jest zabezpieczenie wnętrza pochłaniaczy IOS przed wysoką temperaturą spalin w przypadku awarii zasilania instalacji (blackoutu) lub innej tego typu awarii, odcinającej dopływ prądu do pomp IMOS.

EN

This paper presents the results of calculations of the influence of sensible and latent heat recovery from ﬂue gas of a 900 MW power unit Bieled with lignite on the operation of the wet ﬂue gas desulfurization plant (FGD) The calculations based on the mathematical model using data from the real plant. In addition to the positive Impact of the heat recovery system (HRS) on the thermal efﬁciency of the power unit and the initial cleaning of flue gas from dust and acid gases, the results of the calculations showed a very signiﬁcant impact on the operation of the FGD. The main change concerns the water mass ﬂow used in the absorber to cool the ﬂue gas to the required temperature. The calculated maximum decrease in the demand for make-up water by the plant (with 167.5 MW of hęatgrecovery) is 185.9 Mg/hr. When HRS condensate is used for top-up, the raw water requirement will be zero. In addition, the HRS with condensation of part of the water vapor contained in the ﬂue gas causes partial ﬂue gas dęsulfurization in the HRS exchanger. This reduces the load on the FGD, including the lower need of sorbent and process water used to prepare the sorbent solution. The ﬂue gas stream directed to the installation and discharged to the atmosphere through the cooling tower is reduced by approx. 9%. The added value of the proposed solution IS thc protection of the interior of the FGD absorbers against high ﬂue gas temperature in the event of a system power failure (blackout) or other such failure, cutting off the power supply to FGD pumps.

2

Evolution of shallow post-bog soils developed on Holocene carbonate sediments in NW Poland

Jarnuszewski Grzegorz, Meller Edward, Kitczak Teodor

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 58

99--109

EN

This research presents the characteristics and inferred evolution of post-bog soils developed in the Last Glacial Maximum area of northwestern Poland near the southern Baltic coast. The study involved a total of five sites near existing lakes in NW Poland. In total, 21 soil pits were described and sampled and 17 piezometers were installed. In soil samples chemical and physical properties were determined. During the hydrological year the water level was checked and chemical properties of water were determined, the floristic composition at each location was also carried out. Mineralisation of post-bog soils initiated by dehydration leads to the decomposition of organic surface layers and an increase in CaCO3 content as well as mineral non-lime components at the expense of organic matter. A sequence of five soil types occurs in this landscape: Sapric Histosols (Limnic), Drainic Histosols (Calcaric, Limnic), Histic Gleysols (Murshic), Umbric Gleysols (Hyperhumic), Gleyic Phaeozems (Hyperhumic) that represent individual stages of soil genesis. Differences between the chemical properties of soils are apparent between organic vs organic-mineral and mineral layers. Man-induced drainage of post-bog soils changes their physical parameters. Bulk density increase and water retention decrease. The fluctuation of groundwater determines the moisture content of post-bog soils and affects the species composition of vegetation. Chemistry of groundwater is shaped mainly by the construction of catchment and the nature of its use, however, it is modified as a result of the inflow of macronutrients released during organic matter mineralisation processes and leaching of exchangeable forms from the sorption complex.

3

Intensification of the Wastewater Treatment Process of a Bitumen Plant with the Production of Recycled Water

Serikbayeva Akmaral, Taizhanova Lyailim, Suleimenova Botagoz, Altybayeva Zhansaule, Seidalieva Leila

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

295--301

EN

The increasing demand for water with the industrialisation of the world is becoming a major problem as there is a water shortage all over the earth. Therefore, the water problem is one of the important problems that need to be effectively solved. This paper presents the results of research on wastewater treatment of bitumen production in the Mangystau region, which after physical and chemical treatment methods is sent to natural evaporation fields. As a result of research work, a method of wastewater treatment of bitumen plant was developed, which includes two stages: distillation of water on the solar plant and ozonation in order to oxidize volatile organic matter. Distillation to obtain primary treated water of 70–75% volume was carried out at 33–37 °C ambient temperature and 15–30 kPa rarefaction, at the same time COD of water was reduced by 68%.

4

Ecological Significance of Life Forms of Plant Species of Floristic Complexes of the Ketpen Range

Sadyrova Gulbanu, Sadyrov Gani, Bazarbaeva Tursunkul, Tanybaeva Ainur, Mukanova Gulzhanat, Jamilova Saule

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

263--273

EN

The article provides an analysis of life forms of 9 floristic complexes of the Ketpen ridge on the basis of many years of research materials, where life forms were studied in each floristic complex according to the systems of K. Raunkiaer and I.G. Serebryakov. An analysis of life forms according to the system of K. Raunkiaer established the dominance of hemicryptophytes in cryophilic-meadow (74.8%), petrophilic (72.5%) and deciduous-forest (80.3%) floristic complexes of the Ketpen ridge, which accounted for the total number of species of complexes. The second large group in terms of the number of species corresponded to cryptophytes, which predominate in the cryophilic-meadow (65.3%) and psammophilic (45.9%) floristic complexes. Distribution of species according to life forms according to I.G. Serebryakov demonstrated a clear predominance of polycarpic in the meadow complex amounting to 82.5%, deciduous-forest – 81.7%, psammophilous – 75.9% and steppe – 79.4% floristic complexes of the total number of species of complexes. An analysis of the meadow floristic complex of the Ketpen ridge according to Serebryakov showed that taproot plants account for 128 species or 20.5%, short-rhizome – 18.4%, long-rhizome – 11.3%, turf-rhizomatous – 4.8%. An analysis of the life forms of the psammophilic floristic complex revealed the prevalence of therophytes (40.7%). It was found that the spectrum of life forms according to Raunkiaer and Serebryakov emphasizes the peculiarities of the floristic complexes of the Ketpen ridge.

5

Comparative Anatomical and Morphological Study of Three Populations of Salvia aethiopis L. Growing in the Southern Balkhash Region

Nurmahanova Akmaral, Ibisheva Nazerke, Kurbatova Natalia, Atabayeva Saule, Seilkhan Ainur, Tynybekov Bekzat, Abidkulova Karimi, Childibaeva Assel, Akhmetova Aigul, Sadyrova Gulbanu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

27--38

EN

The manuscript presents the results of morpho-anatomical structure of vegetative organs of Salvia aethiopis L. S. aethiopis L. is a promising medicinal plant of flora of Kazakhstan, which is able to grow under certain soil and climatic conditions. According to its anatomical and morphological features, S. aethiopis L. is a drought-resistant plant that does not tolerate excess moisture. The aim of the study was to investigate the morpho-anatomical structure of S.aethiopis L. plants growing in three different populations of the South Balkhash region of the country. As a result of the study of the morpho-anatomical structure of vegetative organs of the studied plants, the following features of xeromorphic structure of S.aethiopis L. were noted: strong pubescence of all above-ground parts of plants by simple, globular and glandular hairs, well expressed cuticle with small spinules, presence of cuticular thickening of guard cells, large number of stomatal apparatus on lower epidermis. A comparative analysis of the structure of plants of three different populations showed that in the stem of plants of population № 1 the primary cortex and the diameter of the central cylinder are more pronounced in comparison with plants growing in populations № 2 and № 3, which is due to the growing conditions of these populations. In plants of population № 1, an increase in the thickness of the leaf blade as well as inclusions of essential oils, which are localized in single or paired essential oil passages, were noted. In plants of populations № 1 and № 2, the more essential oil passages were observed. The studied plants of population № 1 have the most pronounced thickness of the primary bark than plants of populations № 2 and № 3. The revealed changes in the morpho-anatomical structure of plants are associated with the influence of various environmental and anthropogenic factors depending on the location of the studied plants.

6

Assessment of Phytoremediation of 137Cs Contaminated Soils During the Cultivation of Nectar-Pollinating Plants

Razanov Serhii, Kutsenko Mykola, Klymenko Mykola, Bakhmat Mykola, Klymenko Oleksandr, Bakhmat Oleh, Holubieva Tetiana, Kovalchuk Nataliia, Mazurak Oksana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

316--321

EN

The man-made activity of mankind has led to the emergence of many global problems and caused the deterioration of the quality of the natural environment (air, water, soil). Of particular concern is the contamination of agricultural land with toxicants, in particular, radionuclides, which, entering the soil – plant – human body food chain, can reach toxic levels. Therefore, an important task is the removal of hazardous substances from the soil. Phytoremediation can be one of the effective methods for reducing its pollution. The article examines the effectiveness of phytoremediation of soils contaminated as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in certain territories of Polissia of Ukraine (Korosten district of Zhytomyr region). Nectar-pollinating plants were selected for the research, which was carried out for two years: great globe-thistle (Echinops sphaerocephalus), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), and white melilot (Melilotus albus). The results of the research showed that in the dry vegetative mass of milk thistle, great globe-thistle, and white melilot, the specific activity of 137Cs over the two years of research was in the range from 30.8 Bq/kg to 238.5 Bq/kg, the accumulation coefficient – from 0.135 to 0.985, and the hazard coefficient – from 0.055 to 0.395. The highest indicators of specific activity and accumulation coefficient of 137Cs were observed in the vegetative mass of the white melilot, which amounted to 238.5 Bq/kg and 0.96, respectively, comparatively lower values – 2.3 times and 2.3 times were found in the vegetative mass of milk thistle, 2.8 times and 7.1 times – in the vegetative mass of the great globe-thistle. At this level of accumulation of 137Cs in the vegetative mass of nectarine plants from the soil, on average, over two years of research, 1130550 Bq of this radionuclide was removed from the soil per hectare of agricultural land with milk thistle, 621250 Bq with great globe-thistle, and 2851650 Bq with white melilot. The removal of 137Cs with the vegetative mass of nectarine plants reduced the content of this radionuclide in the soil per 1 kg – from 3.4% to 8% on average over two years of research.

7

Wstrzymanie działalności zakładu lub jego części z uwagi w zakresie gospodarki na zaniedbania wodnej

Gruszecki Krzysztof

Gospodarka Wodna

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2023

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Nr 11

18--22

PL

Najprostszym sposobem ograniczenia negatywnego oddziaływania na środowisko jest zaprzestanie prowadzenia działalności przez podmiot korzystający ze środowiska. Nałożenie takiego obowiązku musi być jednak obwarowane rozwiązaniami gwarantującymi, że jest to rzeczywiście niezbędne do wyeliminowania zagrożeń. W polskim systemie ochrony środowiska rozwiązania mogące stanowić podstawę do nałożenia takiego obowiązku rozproszone są w różnych aktach prawnych. Dlatego też w opracowaniu tym omówione zostały relacje pomiędzy przepisami prawa mogącymi stanowić podstawę wstrzymania działalności podmiotu korzystającego ze środowiska. Przedmiotem szczegółowych rozważań jest natomiast możliwość nałożenia na podstawie art. 343 ust. 1 i 2 ustawy z dnia 20 lipca 2017 r. Prawo wodne (Dz.U. z 2022 r., poz. 2625 z późn. zm.) obowiązku wstrzymania działalności zakładu w przypadku wystąpienia stanu zagrażającego życiu lub zdrowiu ludzi, zwierząt lub środowisku albo prawnie chronionemu interesowi osób trzecich do czasu ich usunięcia. Omówione zostały przesłanki uzasadniające nałożenie obowiązku wstrzymania prowadzonej działalności oraz formy procesowe, w jakich może to mieć miejsce. Ponadto omówiono przesłanki uzasadniające ponowne podjęcie wstrzymanej działalności. Zaproponowano także rozwiązania porządkujące, mogące poprawić skuteczność stosowania omawianych rozwiązań.

EN

The simplest method to mitigate the adverse impact of activity of an entity using the environment is to suspend its operations. Imposing such obligation needs however to be subject to solutions guaranteeing that it is essential in order to eliminate the threat. In the Polish environmental protection system, solutions that may be the basis for inflicting such obligation are scattered among different legal acts. This study discusses therefore relationships between different legal regulations that may constitute the grounds for suspending the operations of an entity using the environment. A detailed analysis is devoted to the possibility to inflict the suspension a plant's operations in the event of the occurrence of a threat to life of health of people, animals, environment or legally protected interest of third persons until it is eliminated, based on Article 343(1) and 343(2) of the Water Act of 20 July 2017 (Journal of Laws of 2022, item 2625 as amended). It discusses premises justifying imposition of the obligation to suspend the operations as well as procedural forms that it may take. It also discusses the premises for resuming the suspended activities. The author proposes some organizing solutions that may improve the effectiveness of application of the discussed solutions.

8

Current Trends in Sorghum Use, Grain Yield and Water Consumption Depending on the Hybrid Composition

Gamayunova Valentina, Honenko Lubov, Baklanova Tetiana, Pilipenko Tetiana

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

211-220

EN

The success of the crop production industry in the southern region of Ukraine always depended on weather and climatic factors. Among the factors of crop formation, the availability of moisture in plants occupied the first place. This dependence has been increasing in recent decades due to changes in the climatic conditions occurring not only in Ukraine, but also around the world. In this situation, it is necessary to improve the known elements of field crop cultivation technology and develop new measures to ensure the stability of the industry as well as reduce its dependence on climatic factors. This should help to obtain stable yield levels in all years, regardless of the significant deviations in temperature, precipitation and other weather factors. The solution of this issue is also becoming relevant in connection with the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, when the area of cultivation of agricultural products partially decreased. Adjustments to the development of measures also arise in connection with a significant reduction in the area of irrigated land. At the same time, it is necessary to select not only more drought-resistant crops for cultivation, but even their varieties or hybrids with a high level of productivity. After all, regardless of the specified state and a certain weakening of the economic capacity of agricultural enterprises, it is still necessary to receive the planned amount of crop production. This will determine not only the state of the agricultural sector, but also the stability of Ukraine as a whole.

9

Wentylacja wyporowa w zakładach produkcyjnych

Romanowski Andrzej

Chłodnictwo i Klimatyzacja

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2023

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nr 4

70--73

PL

Na ile zastosowanie wentylacji wyporowej przyczynia się do poprawy warunków komfortu i jakości powietrza w obiektach produkcyjnych? Co wpływa na jej dobre lub złe funkcjonowanie? Jakimi analizami muszą być poprzedzone decyzje dotyczące doboru urządzeń?

10

Wykorzystanie technologii pulsacyjnego pola elektrycznego w procesie koagulacji lateksu syntetycznego

Dróżdż Tomasz, Tarniowy Adam, Miernik Anna, Zielonka Anna

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 12

237--240

PL

Przetwórstwo oparte na pulsacyjnym polu elektrycznym jest techniką przyjazną dla środowiska, która może być skutecznie stosowana w wielu aplikacjach związanych z przetwarzaniem żywności, takich jak inaktywacja mikroorganizmów czy enzymów, odzyskiwanie związków bioaktywnych, odwadnianie i zamrażanie I wiele innych. Kauczuk naturalny stosowany obecnie w przemyśle pochodzi głównie z przetworzonego mleczka zawierającego lateks, wydzielanego z drzew Hevea brasiliensis, naturalnie występujących w lasach dorzecza Amazonki [3]. Kauczuk naturalny jako unikalny biopolimer o specyficznych właściwościach często nie może być zastąpiony przez alternatywne syntetyczne materiały. Celem badań było określenie wpływu oddziaływania pulsacyjnego pola elektrycznego na proces koagulacji lateksu syntetycznego. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w Laboratorium Eksperymentalnych Technik Badawczych Produktów i Surowców Biologicznych. Zbadano wpływ oddziaływania pulsacyjnego pola elektrycznego o różnych wartościach napięcia elektrycznego i różnej liczbie impulsów elektrycznych na proces koagulacji lateksu syntetycznego. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdzają że oddziaływanie pulsacyjnego pola elektrycznego powoduje proces koagulacji lateksu syntetycznego. Najlepsze efekty procesu koagulacji lateksu syntetycznego, uzyskano po zastosowaniu 400 impulsów oddziaływań PEF oraz 30 kV ustawionego napięcia. Metoda PEF okazała się dobrym zastępstwem tradycyjnej metody koagulacji.

EN

Pulsed electric field-based processing is an environmentally friendly technique that can be used effectively in many food processing applications, such as inactivation of microorganisms or enzymes, recovery of bioactive compounds, dehydration and freezing and many others. Natural rubber used in industry today is mainly derived from processed latex-containing milks secreted from Hevea brasiliensis trees, naturally found in the forests of the Amazon basin [3]. As a unique biopolymer with specific properties, natural rubber often cannot be replaced by alternative synthetic materials. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pulsed electric field interaction on the coagulation process of synthetic latex. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Experimental Research Techniques of Biological Products and Raw Materials. The effect of pulsed electric field interaction with different values of electric voltage and different number of electric pulses on the coagulation process of synthetic latex was studied. The conducted research confirms that the interaction of pulsed electric field causes the coagulation process of synthetic latex. The best results of the coagulation process of synthetic latex, were obtained after the application of 400 pulses of PEF interactions and 30 kV of set voltage. The PEF method proved to be a good substitute for the traditional coagulation method.

11

Concept of integrated municipal waste management in a selected region of the Małopolskie Voivodeship

Przydatek Grzegorz, Reszczyński Wojciech

Journal of Engineering, Energy and Informatics

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2022

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No. 1

17--26

EN

Based on the analysis, it was shown that is possible to increase the local efficiency of waste management by establishing a Municipal Waste Management Plant in the Sądecki Subregion in the Małopolska Voivodeship. This is due to its convenient location and environmental conditions and the proposed solution minimising the negative impact of waste on the environment. In the plant planned for waste management, the weight of mixed waste will be 323.80 Mg per day in majority. On the basis of the forecast, it was shown that the largest decrease in the mass of waste will cover mixed waste and will exceed 800.00 Mg and segregated waste per capita in the amount exceeding 96 kg cap.-1 day-1, which results from a decrease of more than 5,000 in the number of inhabitants. The possibility of producing RDF with simultaneous rational reduction in the amount of deposited waste. The proposed solution should help to reduce the amount of deposited waste.

PL

Na podstawie analizy wykazano, że istnieje możliwość zwiększenia lokalnie efektywności gospodarki odpadami poprzez utworzenia Zakładu Gospodarki Odpadami Komunalnymi w Subregionie Sądeckim na terenie Województwa Małopolskiego. Wynika to z dogodnych uwarunkowań lokalizacyjnych i środowiskowych oraz zaproponowanego rozwiązania minimalizującego negatywne odziaływanie odpadów na środowisko. W zakładzie przewidywanym do zagospodarowania odpadów w przewadze będzie pozostawała masa zmieszanych odpadów 323,80 Mg·dzień-1. Na podstawie prognozy wykazano, iż największy spadek masy odpadów obejmie zmieszane i przekroczy 800 Mg oraz segregowane w przeliczeniu na mieszkańca w ilości przekraczającej 96 kg·M-1·dzień-1, co wynika ze spadku liczby mieszkańców, przekraczającego 5 000. Za korzystaną uznano możliwość produkcji RDF z jednoczesnym racjonalnym ograniczaniem ilości deponowanych odpadów. Zaproponowane rozwiązanie powinno ograniczyć ilość deponowanych odpadów.

12

Fate and Transfer of Heavy Metals in Constructed Wetland Mesocosms Subjected Different Hydraulic Regime

Mohammed Alya A., Al Chalabi Ahmed S., Sahei Angham O.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 12

44--49

EN

A constructed wetland may consume different levels of pollution in different types of wastewater. The focus of this study was the removal of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd) by plants and their fate in constructed wetland mesocosms. With hydraulic regime manipulation, heavy metals were retained in the ferric dewatered sludge either by adsorption to the carboxylate groups and iron oxy-hydroxide under anaerobic conditions or by co-precipitation with iron oxy-hydroxide under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, most heavy metals accumulate in the bottom layer and decrease when moving to the top one. In turn, under aerobic conditions, most of the heavy metals accumulate in the bottom and top layers. Plants play a minor role in heavy metal removal. About 16% of total heavy metals added to the ferric dewatered treatment sludge were taken up by plants. Roots accumulated roughly 64% of the total lead take up by plants, 66% of the chromium, and 63% of the cadmium, respectively, and passed 36%, 34%, and 37% of the aboveground tissues for harvesting. As a conclusion of this study, when constructed wetland is used, the role of hydraulic regime, substance used, and vegetation should not be ignored in the process of wastewater purification in constructed wetland.

13

Evaluation and Correlation of Sentinel-2 NDVI and NDMI in Kyiv (2017–2021)

Strashok Oleksandra, Ziemiańska Monika, Strashok Vitalii

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

212--218

EN

For the last 20 years researchers have tried to create new approaches of managing urban ecosystem by using remote sensing methods. The authors estimated the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and moisture index (NDMI) indices of Kyiv and propose an approach which can be used for estimation vegetation of other cities. The aim of the study was to assess the indicators of NDVI and NDMI in Kyiv for the last 5 years. The authors consider the NDVI index as an important ecostabilizing component of the urban ecosystem, as well as an indicator of the well-being citizens in a modern city. The study used space images of the Sentinel-2 satellite system with resolution of 10×10 m and 10×20 m. The images were decrypted using the Sentinel Hub platform which updates the data-base daily. The paper presents the results of correlation analysis using Statistica-6.0 software and demonstrate the close relationship (r = 0.73, r2 = 0.55) between NDVI and NDMI. Thus, the statistical results of the study confirm a strong correlation between photosynthetic activity of plants and indicators of their water content by satellite imagery which allows using modern satellite technologies to assess the functional state of the urban vegetation. The changes in the length of active vegetative growth period were identified by NDVI and NDMI. The results of the research expand the directions of the methods of monitoring the condition of the urban vegetation cover in the aspect of applied landscape research.

14

Dobór maszyny TBM, instalacja oraz drążenie tunelu

Vardar Mert, Mikulski Patryk

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2022

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R. 78, nr 3-4

145--148

PL

W artykule przedstawiono krótki opis wyboru maszyny TBM Slurry/Mix (tarcza zawiesinowa) zastosowanej w budowie drogowego tunelu w Świnoujściu, a także opis i działanie zaplecza TBM.

EN

The article presents a brief description of the selection of the Slurry/Mix TBM used in the construction of the road tunnel in Świnoujście, as well as description of TBM plants and gantries.

15

Selected aspects of the choice of live steam pressure in PWR nuclear power plant

Laskowski Rafał, Smyk Adam, Jurkowski Romuald, Ancé Julien, Wołowicz Marcin, Uzunow Nikołaj

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2022

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Vol. 43, no 3

85--109

EN

In commercially available generation III and III+ PWR (pressurized water reactor) reactors, pressure of steam produced in steam generators varies in a relatively wide range from 5.7 to 7.8 MPa. Therefore, it is important to ask which value of steam pressure should be used for a specific unit, taking into account different location conditions, the size of the power system and conditions of operation with other sources of electricity generation. The paper analyzes the effect of steam pressure at the outlet of a steam generator on the performance of a PWR nuclear power plant by presenting changes in gross and net power and efficiency of the unit for steam pressures in the range of 6.8 to 7.8 MPa. In order to determine losses in the thermal system of the PWR power plant, in particular those caused by flow resistance and live steam throttling between the steam generator and the turbine inlet, results concerning entropy generation in the thermal system of the power plant have been presented. A model of a nuclear power plant was developed using the Ebsilon software and validated based on data concerning the Olkiluoto Unit 3 EPR (evolutionary power reactor) power plant. The calculations in the model were done for design conditions and for a constant thermal power of the steam generator. Under nominal conditions of the Olkiluoto Unit 3 EPR power unit, steam pressure is about 7.8 MPa and the steam dryness fraction is 0.997. The analysis indicates that in the assumed range of live steam pressure the gross power output and efficiency increase by 32 MW and 0.735 percentage point, respectively, and the net power output and efficiency increase by 27.8 MW and 0.638 percentage point, respectively. In the case of all types of commercially available PWR reactors, water pressure in the primary circuit is in the range of 15.5−16.0 MPa. For such pressure, reducing the live steam pressure leads to a reduction in the efficiency of the unit. Although a higher steam pressure increases the efficiency of the system, it is necessary to take into account the limitations resulting from technical and economic criteria as well as operating conditions of the primary circuit, including the necessary DNBR (departure from nucleate boiling ratio) margin. For the above reasons, increasing the live steam pressure above 7.8 MPa (the value used in EPR units that have already been completed) is unjustified, as it is associated with higher costs of the steam generator and the high-pressure part of the turbine.

16

Identifying region specifc seasonal crop for leaf borne diseases by utilizing deep learning techniques

Jayagopal Prabhu, Rajendran Sukumar, Mathivanan Sandeep Kumar, Sathish Kumar Sree Dharinya, Raja Kiruba Thangam, Paneerselvam Surekha

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 6

2841--2854

EN

India economy depends on agriculture with severe climatic changes and a heavy infestation of diseases depleting food crop yield substantially. Rapid identification and real-time infestation feedback that affects plants are accomplished through computer vision and IoT, thereby providing a reliable system for farmers to increase the season’s growth yield. With LSTM, CNN provides an efficient way of identifying diseases specific leaf in plants through image recognition techniques. An extensive collection of plant leaf images is trained to recognize season-specific diseases like early blight and late blight, leaf mold, and yellow leaf curl. The proposed CNN model identifies the infestation with high accuracy and precision with significantly fewer training epochs. The proposed model provides an efficient way of identifying leaf borne infestation pertained to a particular agricultural region. Furthermore, there is a need to increase and improve different region-specific infestations that arise due to climatic and seasonal changes.

17

Compost produced with addition of sewage sludge as a source of Fe and Mn for plant

Gondek Krzysztof, Mierzwa-Hersztek Monika, Kopeć Michał, Spałek Iwona

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2021

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Vol. 28, nr 2

259--275

EN

Direct application of sewage sludge to soil is controversial due to, among others, its highly variable composition, odour, and risks for health. The obtained composts with the addition of sewage sludge were tested for the contents and availability of manganese and iron. Once composts were applied to the soil, their effect on the content and availability of Mn and Fe in soil and bioaccumulation in the plant were determined. The addition of sewage sludge enriched composts with manganese and iron, but did not increase the content of water-extracted forms of Mn and Fe. The compost with addition of biochar had more organic matter-bound forms of Mn and Fe. Composts amended with sewage sludge had lower effect on the amount of Poa pratensis L. biomass than maize straw compost. The content of Mn and Fe in Poa pratensis L. was in the range permissible for biomass used as fodder. Smaller addition of all composts to the soil significantly increased the content of mobile manganese forms; however, neither the type nor the dose had effect on the content of iron mobile forms. There was no significant differences in the content of organic matter-bound forms of Mn and Fe in soil after the application of composts.

18

Wpływ stymulacji sadzeniaków (Solanum tuberosum L.) w polu magnetycznym na wybrane parametry wegetacji roślin ziemniaka

Jakubowski Tomasz

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2020

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R. 96, nr 1

166--169

PL

Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu stymulacji sadzeniaków (Solanum tuberosum L.) w zmiennym polu magnetycznym na wybrane parametry wegetacji roślin ziemniaka bardzo wczesnej odmiany Red Sonia (typ ogólnoużytkowy). Sadzeniaki ziemniaka stymulowano w zmiennym polu magnetycznym z wykorzystaniem cewki powietrznej bez rdzenia magnetycznego (solenoidu). Stosowano pole magnetyczne o indukcji w zakresie 20-80 mT oraz czas ekspozycji 1-30 s. Zakresem badań objęto wschody roślin oraz liczbę i długość łodyg roślin ziemniaka. Uzyskane wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej. Wyniki badań wskazują, że pole magnetyczne zastosowane w odniesieniu do sadzeniaków modyfikuje liczbę pędów rośliny ziemniaka. Nie wykazano statycznie istotnego wpływu pola magnetycznego na tempo wschodów roślin oraz długość łodyg.

EN

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of stimulation of seed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in a variable magnetic field on selected vegetation parameters of potato plants of the very early Red Sonia variety (general use type). Potato seed was stimulated in a variable magnetic field using an air coil without a magnetic core (solenoid). A magnetic field with an induction in the range of 20-80 mT and an exposure time of 1-30 s were used. The scope of research included plant emergence and the number and length of potato plant stems. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. The research results indicate that the magnetic field applied to seed potatoes modifies the number of shoots of the potato plant. There was no statistically significant effect of the magnetic field on the rate of plant emergence and stem length.

19

Risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in water, sediment and plants in the Nile River in the Cairo region, Egypt

Al-Afify Afify D.G., Abdel-Satar Amaal M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2020

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Vol. 49, No. 1

1--12

EN

Samples of water, sediment and two native plants (Eichhornia crassipes and Ceratophyllum demersum), collected seasonally from eight sites, were analyzed to investigate the level of contamination with metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd) in the Nile River in the Cairo region, using heavy metal pollution and contamination indices in the case of water, and the geoaccumulation index, the pollution load index, the enrichment factor and the potential ecological risk factor in the case of sediment. The results clarified that the levels of metals among three compartments were in order: sediments > plants > water. The Nile water in Cairo is not critically polluted by the studied metals and the metal pollution index for most sites does not exceed the critical limit (< 100). Sediment samples showed a clear accumulation of Mn, Ni and Cd when compared with benchmarks cited by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), especially during low flow seasons. The contribution of Cd to the ecological risk assessment was about 80%, while the contribution of Ni was about 10%, reflecting that these elements originated primarily from anthropogenic sources. Eichhornia crassipes and Ceratophyllum demersum have a higher accumulation capacity for Mn, Cu and Fe compared to the other studied metals.

20

Phytoremediation as an approach to clean up contaminated soil, including petroleum product contamination

Kubińska Natalia

Nafta-Gaz

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2020

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R. 76, nr 5

322--330

EN

Contamination of the natural environment with crude oil and its byproducts is an increasing problem which requires immediate and effective action. With the higher demand for hydrocarbons, the amount of resources being extracted, transported, and stored has grown significantly. The main types of removal involve mechanical, chemical, and biological methods. Currently, the most commonly used biological approach relies on microbial – mainly bacterial – abilities to degrade toxic substances. However, studies indicate a significant impact of phytoremediation processes on contamination disposal. Several phytoremediation strategies are applied to remove various xenobiotics from the environment, namely, phytostabilization, phytodegradation, phytoevaporation, phytoextraction, and phytostimulation. More and more attention is being paid to the cooperation between plants and other organisms, primarily bacteria and fungi. The identification of microorganisms that play a key role in supporting the proper development, growth, and functioning of plants in a hostile environment is very important. The use of natural interdependencies occurring in the plant–microorganism system can be an excellent alternative to the more invasive remedial options (mechanical or chemical) available. The effectiveness of phytoremediation treatment depends mainly on factors such as environmental conditions, the species of plant and microorganisms, and the type of contamination. Biological treatment is recognized by many scientists as one of the most valuable trends in contemporary environmental protection and ecosystem renewal. Due to the proven harmfulness of some hydrocarbons, it is very important to find and develop the most efficient and cost-effective methods of cleaning up different habitats. Phytoremediation can be used as an independent process or as a complementary element to other remediation methods.

PL

Zanieczyszczenie środowiska przyrodniczego ropą naftową oraz produktami jej obróbki stanowi coraz większy problem, zmuszający do podejmowania natychmiastowych skutecznych działań. Wraz ze zwiększonym popytem na ropę oraz jej pochodne ilość związków wydobywanych, przetwarzanych, transportowanych oraz magazynowanych również wyraźnie wzrosła w ostatnich dekadach. Do głównych metod rekultywacji skażonego środowiska należą metody mechaniczne, chemiczne oraz biologiczne. Obecnie jednym z najczęściej stosowanych podejść biologicznych jest wykorzystanie naturalnych zdolności mikroorganizmów, głównie bakterii, do rozkładu substancji toksycznych, jednakże liczne badania wskazują na znaczną efektywność również procesów fitoremediacji w usuwaniu różnego rodzaju ksenobiotyków. Fitoremediacja obejmuje rozmaite techniki, mianowicie: fitostabilizację, fitodegradację, fitoewaporację, fitoekstrakcję oraz fitostymulację. Coraz większą uwagę poświęca się zagadnieniu współpracy pomiędzy roślinami a innymi organizmami, przede wszystkim bakteriami i grzybami. Identyfikacja mikroorganizmów pełniących kluczową rolę we wspieraniu prawidłowego rozwoju, wzrostu oraz funkcjonowania roślin w nieprzyjaznym otoczeniu jest bardzo istotnym aspektem badań. Wykorzystanie naturalnych współzależności występujących pomiędzy rośliną a mikroorganizmami może stanowić doskonałą alternatywę dla znacznie bardziej inwazyjnych metod stosowanych obecnie (np. mechanicznych lub chemicznych). Efektywność zabiegów fitoremediacji w dużej mierze zależy od takich czynników jak: rodzaj skażenia, czynniki środowiskowe, typ roślin oraz mikroorganizmów. Metody biologicznego oczyszczania skażonego środowiska uznawane są przez wielu naukowców za jeden z najważniejszych kierunków we współczesnej ochronie środowiska oraz odnowie ekosystemów. Ze względu na udowodnioną szkodliwość niektórych węglowodorów znalezienie i opracowanie coraz bardziej skutecznych oraz opłacalnych ekonomicznie rozwiązań remediacji zróżnicowanych siedlisk jest niezwykle istotnym trendem biotechnologii i ochrony środowiska. Fitoremediacja może być stosowana jako niezależny zabieg, a także jako element uzupełniający innych strategii rekultywacyjnych.