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1

Wpływ zielonej infrastruktury na jakość powietrza w środowisku zbudowanym

Rawski Kamil L.

Builder

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2024

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R.28, nr 1

32--35

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza aspektów związanych z planowaniem zielonej infrastruktury w miastach. Pod uwagę wzięto w szczególności takie kryteria, których uwzględnienie ma przyczynić się do poprawy jakości powietrza poprzez usuwanie różnego typu zanieczyszczeń. Praca obejmuje przegląd wyników badań na temat wykorzystania roślin do oczyszczania powietrza na różnych płaszczyznach: poprzez usuwanie szkodliwych związków chemicznych, wychwytywanie cząstek pyłów zawieszonych oraz wpływ na cyrkulację powietrza. Na podstawie zebranych danych opracowano zestaw wytycznych, które docelowo mogą posłużyć jako narzędzie do bardziej efektywnego planowania zieleni miejskiej. Całość została zwieńczona spisem przykładowych roślin, które mogą być wykorzystane do przygotowania optymalnego doboru gatunkowego w zależności lokalizacji projektu.

EN

The subject of this article is the analysis of aspects related to the planning of green infrastructure in cities. In particular, author have taken into account such criteria, that are expected to contribute to the improvement of air quality through the removal of various types of pollutants. The paper includes a review of research results on the use of plants for air treatment at different levels: through the removal of harmful chemical compounds, the capture of particulate matter and the effect on air circulation. On the basis of the collected data, a set of guidelines was developed, which can ultimately serve as a tool for more effective urban greenery planning. Author also propose the list of exemplary plants that can be used to prepare an optimal species selection depending on the project location.

2

Zastosowanie Lotus corniculatus w badaniach biodegradacji TPH i WWA wspomaganej fitoremediacją

Wojtowicz Katarzyna, Steliga Teresa

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 7

443--454

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z etapową bioremediacją gleby zanieczyszczonej substancjami ropopochodnymi. Badania procesu bioremediacji gleby G6 wykonywano w dwóch etapach. W etapie I przeprowadzono biodegradację zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych na drodze inokulacji biopreparatem B1, opracowanym na bazie niepatogennych mikroorganizmów autochtonicznych. Badania prowadzono metodą pryzmowania ex situ przez okres 3 miesięcy w ściśle kontrolowanych warunkach temperaturowych. W II etapie badań wstępnie oczyszczoną glebę poddano procesowi biodegradacji (inokulacja biopreparatem B2) wspomaganej fitoremediacją w warunkach ex situ (metoda wazonowa) przez okres 6 miesięcy. W badaniach fitoremediacji wykorzystano komonicę zwyczajną (Lotus corniculatus), należącą do grupy naftofitów. Eksperymenty prowadzono w trzech układach: układ 1 – gleba G6-3 + komonica zwyczajna, układ 2 – gleba G6-3 + biopreparat B2 + komonica zwyczajna, układ 3 – gleba G6-3 + biopreparat B2 z dodatkiem γ-PGA (kwas γ-poliglutaminowy) + komonica zwyczajna. Oceny efektywności I i II etapu bioremediacji dokonano na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz chromatograficznych i testów toksykologicznych. Zrealizowane badania wykazały, że efektywność I etapu bioremediacji gleby G6 wynosiła 41,67% dla TPH (całkowita zawartość węglowodorów) i 34,73% dla WWA (wielopierścieniowe węglowodory aromatyczne). Największą efektywność II etapu bioremediacji odnotowano w układzie 3, natomiast najniższą – w układzie 1. W wyniku II etapu bioremediacji wspomaganego fitoremediacją za pomocą komonicy zwyczajnej po 6 miesiącach badań osiągnięto spadek stężenia TPH w badanych układach o: 13,32% (układ 1), 39,65% (układ 2) oraz 51,79% (układ 3), natomiast efektywność II etapu biodegradacji WWA wynosiła 8,00% w glebie G6-3(1), 37,10% w glebie G6-3(2) oraz 51,34% w glebie G6-3(3). Wykonane testy toksykologiczne z zastosowaniem Phytotoxkit™, Ostracodtoxkit F™ oraz Microtox®SPT wykazały spadek właściwości toksycznych gleby po przeprowadzeniu procesu oczyszczania. Uzyskane wyniki analiz chromatograficznych i toksykologicznych wykazały, że wykorzystanie fitoremediacji w II etapie remediacji pozwala na zwiększenie efektywności procesu biodegradacji TPH i WWA.

EN

: The article presents issues related to the staged bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum substances. The study of the G6 soil bioremediation process was conducted in two stages. In stage I, the biodegradation of petroleum-derived pollutants was carried out by inoculation with biopreparation B1, developed on the basis of non-pathogenic autochthonous microorganisms. The tests were performed using the ex-situ piling method, for a period of 3 months, under strictly controlled temperature conditions. In the second stage of the research, the pre-cleaned soil was subjected to biodegradation (inoculation with biopreparation B2), assisted by phytoremediation, in ex-situ conditions (pot method), for a period of 6 months. In phytoremediation studies, bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) belonging to the group of naphthophytes was used. The experiments were carried out in three systems: system 1 – soil G6-3 + trefoil, system 2 – soil G6-3 + biopreparation B2 + trefoil, system 3 – soil G6-3 + biopreparation B2 with the addition of γ-PGA (γ-polyglutamic acid) + trefoil. The effectiveness of the first and second stages of bioremediation was assessed on the basis of chromatographic analyses and toxicological tests. The conducted research showed that the efficiency of the first stage of G6 soil bioremediation was 41.67% for TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons) and 34.73% for PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). The highest efficiency of the 2nd stage of bioremediation was noted in system 3, and the lowest in system 1. As a result of the 2nd stage of bioremediation, supported by phytoremediation with bird's-foot trefoil, after 6 months of research, the concentration of TPH in the tested systems decreased by: 13.32% (system 1), 39.65% (arrangement 2) and 51.79% (arrangement 3), while the efficiency of the second stage of PAH biodegradation was 8.00% in soil G6-3(1), 37.10% in soil G6-3(2) and 51.34% in G6-3(3) soil. The conducted toxicological tests applying PhytotoxkitTM Ostracodtoxkit FTM and Microtox®SPT showed a decrease in the toxic properties of soil after the cleaning process. The obtained results of chromatographic and toxicological analyses showed that the use of phytoremediation in the second stage of remediation allows us to increase the efficiency of the biodegradation of TPH and PAHs.

3

Removal of Cadmium (II) by Adsorption Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Dried Biomass

Rosidah, Rahayu Sata Yoshida Sri, Susanti Evi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

246--253

EN

Using water hyacinth as a phytoremediation agent produces abundant biomass due to periodic harvesting in the system. One of the alternative uses of water hyacinth biomass can be a bio-sorbent to absorb metal contamination in the waters. This study aims to determine the quality of activated water hyacinth bio-sorbent, potentially reducing metal cadmium (Cd). The research was conducted from January to April 2022. The results showed that the parameters of water content, iodine absorption, and methylene blue in water hyacinth bio-sorbent had met the quality standard of activated carbon based on SNI No. 06-3730-1995. In contrast, the ash content still did not. In water, hyacinth stem bio-sorbents (stems + ZnCl2 and stems 300 °C + ZnCl2) obtained higher ash content (25.87 and 73.30%) than the ash content of water hyacinth root and leaf bio-sorbent with the same activation treatment. The optimum adsorption capacity (Qe) for the roots + ZnCl2 occurred at a contact time of 45 minutes which was 8.13 mg/g with an absorption efficiency (Ef) of 34.20%. For the root 300 °C + ZnCl2, the optimum adsorption capacity and absorption efficiency occurred at a contact time of 8 hours, namely 9.08 mg/g and 38.66%, respectively. The optimum adsorption capacity and absorption efficiency of the leaves + ZnCl2 occurred at a contact time of 4 hours, namely 7.63 mg/g and 32.12%, respectively. Meanwhile, at the leaves 300 °C + ZnCl2, the optimum adsorption capacity and absorption efficiency occurred at a contact time of 8 hours with a value of Qe = 11.84 mg/g and Ef = 49.35%.

4

Recent Progress of Phytoremediation-Based Technologies for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Yuliasni Rustiana, Kurniawan Setyo Budi, Marlena Bekti, Hidayat Mohamad Rusdi, Kadier Abudukeremu, Ma Peng Cheng, Imron Muhammad Fauzul

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

208--220

EN

Phytoremediation is considered of a cost effective and environmentally friendly technology and has been used successfully for the remediation of soils and water contaminated with various pollutants. Specifically for full scale application to treat industrial wastewater, phytoremediation is used as sole technology for different types of wetlands. However, phytoremediation of polluted water in wetland type reactor has been mostly studied as black box. The method to measure the performance is only based on pollutant removal efficiency and there is very limited information available about of the pollutant removal mechanisms and process dynamics in these systems. Thus, the aim of this chapter was to briefly review basic processes of phytoremediation, its mechanisms and parameters, and its interaction between rhizo-remediation and microbe-plant. In addition, this chapter also elaborated phytoremediation challenges and strategies for full-scale application, its techniques to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants by aquatic plants in water, and some examples of applications in industries.

5

Potential of Neptunia oleracea L. as a Phytoremediation Agent for Petroleum Liquid Waste

Hardestyariki Dwi, Fitria Syarifa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

88--94

EN

This present study to determine the potential of Neptunia oleracea as a phytoremediation agent for petroleum liquid waste in terms of various parameters such as physical temperature, and chemical parameters, namely pH, sulfide, and ammonia. Crude oil liquid waste is a hazardous waste if discharged directly into the environment, especially water. In this research, a method of biological treatment of petroleum liquid waste was used by utilizing aquatic plants, namely Neptunia oleracea. Phytoremediation is a way to treat waste that still contains contaminants thus levels can be minimized and even accumulated by various types of plants. This phytoremediation technique uses a simple bioreactor with various concentrations of petroleum liquid waste, namely control (0% waste), 10% waste, 20% waste, and 30% waste. The results of this study can be seen that the Neptunia oleracea plant is able to survive in petroleum liquid waste with a treatment time of approximately 3 weeks. In testing the levels of ammonia and sulfide after treatment showed fluctuating results from week to week. This is a response from Neptunia oleracea which uses these compounds in its metabolic processes. The ability of Neptunia oleracea to reduce sulfide and ammonia levels indicates that this plant can be used as a phytoremediation agent for petroleum liquid waste.

6

Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Treatment by Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Scirpus validus through Constructed Wetlands

Sial Taufique Ahmed, Teewno Abdul Majid, Memon Sheeraz Ahmed, Mahar Rasool Bux, Korai M. Safar

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

303--314

EN

A sustainable performance evaluation of pilot-scale was carried through horizontal sub-surface Constructed Wetlands system for treating the leachate from constructed Municipal Solid Waste Landfill at Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro. The CWs were planted with Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Scirpus validus with sand and gravel. The leachate had been treated with two different cycles, first cycle was performed in the winter season whereas second cycle in summer, to differentiate the performance with seasonal variation. Chemical parameters of leachate pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids TSS, Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), Total Phosphate PO43- (TP) and heavy metals, Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) were tested with intervals of certain weeks. The tests result showed that all parameters experienced a considerable reduction in their concentrations. Significant reduction efficiencies were recorded for parameters, BOD with 53–82%, COD with 32–46%, TSS with 59–75%, NH3-N with 90–92%, NO3-N with 85–87%, and TP with 48–64%, and heavy metals Pb and Cu with 28–48% respectively in four weeks of the first cycle by all three plants. Whereas, in the second cycle, the removal efficiencies of BOD 78–93%, COD 63–76%, TSS 52–83%, NH3-N 90–91% and NO3-N 91–92% and heavy metals Pb and Cu with 21–58% respectively in five weeks were observed by all three plants. Along with the experimentation, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals UN SDGs are also highlighted. This study helps achieving tremendous SDGs accompanying treatment of leachate.

7

Improving Wastewater Quality System Using the Internet of Things-Based Phytoremediation Method

Noerhayati Eko, Suprapto Bambang, Rahmawati Anita, Mustika Soraya Norma

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

254--262

EN

Water is an important part of all living things, including humans, animals, and plants, but concern for clean water is decreasing due to numerous human activities, which cause pollution. Water pollution is characterized by changes in physical, chemical and biological contents due to the wastes generated from the actions of living things, such as water irrigation. Therefore, this research aimed to overcome irrigation wastewater pollution using the Internet of Things (IoT)-based phytoremediation method, water hyacinth, apu-apu, and lotus. It was carried out using a tool monitoring system based on IoT technology with parameters for measuring pH, temperature, and water turbidity through the internet network. The results showed that the acidity level increased by 7–8 with a decrease in COD using water hyacinth, apu-apu, and lotus by 41.55%, 32.77%, and 32.91%, respectively. The BOD level using water hyacinth, as well as apu-apu and lotus decreased by 37.82%, and 31.54%, respectively. The decrease in phosphate level using water hyacinth, apu-apu and lotus was by 3.55%. Finally, the decrease in nitrate level using water hyacinth plants, apu-apu and lotus was 13.83%, 9.61% and 19.61%, respectively.

8

Exploring the Phytoremediation Capability of Athyrium filix-femina, Ludwigia peruviana and Sphagneticola trilobata for Heavy Metal Contamination

Aveiga Ana, Banchón Carlos, Sabando Roxanna, Delgado María

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

165--174

EN

Heavy metals are one of the leading environmental pollutants that are hazardous to the health of humans, soils, plants, and aquatic life. This study investigated the potential of Athyrium filix-femina, Ludwigia peruviana, and Sphagneticola trilobata for phytoextraction of Al, Ag, Cd, Cr, Ga, and Sr. To evaluate the heavy metal uptake by the plants, a pot experiment was conducted using uncontaminated soil mixed with a heavy metal solution. At the end of thirty days of planting, the bioconcentration and translocation factors were calculated. Cd accumulated to a greater degree in the shoots of A. filix-femina and L. peruviana than in their roots (8% and 12% respectively). Conversely, S. trilobata accumulated 27% more Cd in its roots than in its shoots. In all three plant species, roots had significantly higher heavy metal concentrations than shoots. These findings demonstrate that L. peruviana, A. filix-femina, and S. trilobata have high potential for phytoextraction and bioaccumulation of Cd, Sr, Ag, and Ga. The herbaceous nature of these plants, coupled with their deep roots and rapid growth rates, make them promising candidates for phytoremediation in heavy metal-contaminated soils.

9

Assessment of Phytoremediation of 137Cs Contaminated Soils During the Cultivation of Nectar-Pollinating Plants

Razanov Serhii, Kutsenko Mykola, Klymenko Mykola, Bakhmat Mykola, Klymenko Oleksandr, Bakhmat Oleh, Holubieva Tetiana, Kovalchuk Nataliia, Mazurak Oksana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

316--321

EN

The man-made activity of mankind has led to the emergence of many global problems and caused the deterioration of the quality of the natural environment (air, water, soil). Of particular concern is the contamination of agricultural land with toxicants, in particular, radionuclides, which, entering the soil – plant – human body food chain, can reach toxic levels. Therefore, an important task is the removal of hazardous substances from the soil. Phytoremediation can be one of the effective methods for reducing its pollution. The article examines the effectiveness of phytoremediation of soils contaminated as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in certain territories of Polissia of Ukraine (Korosten district of Zhytomyr region). Nectar-pollinating plants were selected for the research, which was carried out for two years: great globe-thistle (Echinops sphaerocephalus), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), and white melilot (Melilotus albus). The results of the research showed that in the dry vegetative mass of milk thistle, great globe-thistle, and white melilot, the specific activity of 137Cs over the two years of research was in the range from 30.8 Bq/kg to 238.5 Bq/kg, the accumulation coefficient – from 0.135 to 0.985, and the hazard coefficient – from 0.055 to 0.395. The highest indicators of specific activity and accumulation coefficient of 137Cs were observed in the vegetative mass of the white melilot, which amounted to 238.5 Bq/kg and 0.96, respectively, comparatively lower values – 2.3 times and 2.3 times were found in the vegetative mass of milk thistle, 2.8 times and 7.1 times – in the vegetative mass of the great globe-thistle. At this level of accumulation of 137Cs in the vegetative mass of nectarine plants from the soil, on average, over two years of research, 1130550 Bq of this radionuclide was removed from the soil per hectare of agricultural land with milk thistle, 621250 Bq with great globe-thistle, and 2851650 Bq with white melilot. The removal of 137Cs with the vegetative mass of nectarine plants reduced the content of this radionuclide in the soil per 1 kg – from 3.4% to 8% on average over two years of research.

10

Łąki kwietne w pasie zieleni

Wolski Karol

Drogi Publiczne

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2023

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nr 1

40--46

PL

W ostatnich kilku latach modne i lobbowane stają się „łąki kwietne”. Pojawiają się one niemal we wszystkich terenach zieleni ogrodach naturalistycznych, parkach, w tym w pasach drogowych w miastach czy nawet na autostradach. Np. w Krakowie w zieleni miejskiej istnieje już kilkadziesiąt ha łąk kwietnych, głównie w parkach. Te łąki zakłada się także w Poznaniu, we Wrocławiu, w Białymstoku, w Warszawie nawet przed Pałacem Kultury i Nauki. Łąki kwietne bez wątpienia są zbiorowiskami roślinnymi o większej bioróżnorodności i są o wiele cenniejsze przyrodniczo niż zwykłe trawniki. Niektóre źródła podają, że są miejscem bytowania nawet 300 gatunków drobnych zwierząt: owadów, płazów, gadów, ptaków, drobnych ssaków. Swoją niszę znajdują tutaj zwłaszcza zapylacze.

11

Study on the removal efficiency of antibiotics in coastal wetlands by Suaeda and Nelumbo nucifera

Ma Junwen, Cui Yubo, Kuang Peijing, Ma Chengdong, Zhang Mingyue, Chen Zhaobo, Zhao Ke

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no 2

59--65

EN

This study mainly focused on the current situation of antibiotic pollution in coastal wetlands by screening for four common antibiotics (norfloxacin – NOR, ofloxacin – OFL, azithromycin – AZM, and roxithromycin – RXM) and two coastal wetland plants (Suaeda and Nelumbo nucifera), to determine the removal of antibiotic pollution by phytoremediation technology and its mechanism. We aimed to provide ideas for the remediation of antibiotics in coastal wetlands and their mechanisms of action in the context of intensive farming. The results showed that both plants had remediation effects on all four antibiotics, the phytoremediation of NOR and OFL was particularly significant, and the remediation effect of N. nucifera was better than that of Suaeda . The removal rates of the four antibiotics by Suaeda and N. nucifera at low antibiotic concentrations (10–25 μg/L) reached 48.9–100% and 77.3–100%, respectively. The removal rates of the four antibiotics at high antibiotic concentrations (50–200 μg/L) reached 7.5–73.2% and 22–84.6%, respectively. Moreover, AZM was only detected in trace amounts in the roots of N. nucifera, and RXM was not detected in either plant body.

12

Sensitivity of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. to selected metals and its suitability for phytoremediation of waters contaminated with metals. A mesocosm study

Gałczyńska Małgorzata, Wróbel Jacek, Bednarz Katarzyna

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 55

67--77

EN

Anthropogenic pollution leads to increased concentrations of metals in the freshwater and macrophyte. Aquatic plants substantially contribute to the structure, function as well as and service provision of aquatic ecosystems. Our microcosm experiments were to test the possibility of the physiological response of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae to metal (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe at three level of concentration) contaminated waters. Biomass was analysed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. At the same time contents of photosynthetic pigments in leaves were estimated spectrophotometrically. We found that this macrophyte had the ability to grow in contaminated waters, but the effects of high concentration of isolated metals in water will indicate changes consisting in the disappearance of a significant part of biological populations were which manifested in alteration of the content of photosynthetic pigments as well as this plant’s growth. We show that generally stress of Zn and Cu influenced the drop of dry biomass which was connected with a positive correlation between the amount of dry biomass and the content of chlorophyll a and carotenoids, or only carotenoids, respectively. The highest stress of Pb and Fe (third concentrations of these metals) also influenced the drop of biomass. We concluded that none of Cd concentrations were toxic to this plant, but the effect of Mn stress was not unequivocal. Moreover, plant growth was stimulated by low Fe concentrations (first concentration) demonstrating the hormesis effect. When plants were exposed to this metal, there was no evidence of damage to the photosynthetic processes.

13

Potential of Two Vegetable Plants in Reducing Lead Contamination in Soil

Lestari Mahayu Woro, Rosyidah Anis

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

320--326

EN

Phytoremediation is the technique of using green plants to remove toxic pollutants from heavy metal contaminated soil through degradation and detoxification mechanisms. Therefore, this research examines the potential of two types of vegetable crops, namely Crassocephalum crepidioides and Amaranthus sp., in reducing Pb contamination in polluted soil. The treatments tested were planting media in polybags dosed with 0.3 and 6 g/polybag of Pb 1 week before planting. The method used was a randomized block design, with each treatment being repeated three times. Furthermore, each treatment consists of three sample plants. The growth evaluation started 6 days after planting and was performed every 6 days. The evaluation was conducted on plant height, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, Pb levels in roots and shoots, and Translocation Factor (TF). The results showed that the higher the Pb in the media, the lower the rate of change in plant height, leaf area, biomass, and chlorophyll content. Additionally, C. crepidioides and Amaranthussp. absorb Pb in the soil with a phytoextraction mechanism, thereby remediating heavy metal contaminated soil, as indicated by the TF value > 1. In conclusion,soil remediation should be performed using C. crepidioides, considering that it is less popular as a vegetable in Indonesia.

14

Phytoremediation as a Barrier to Heavy Metal Distribution in Open Dumping Landfill in Peatlands

Marsum, Anwar Taufik, Slamet, Khayan, Wardoyo Slamet

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 6

112--117

EN

Landfills with the open dumping method cause many environmental pollution problems, such as pollution, soil, surface water, and groundwater. Pollution cleaning technology (remediation) to reduce the harmful effects in the locations contaminated with heavy metals can be implemented by means of several methods, including using phytoremediation as a barrier to heavy metal contamination in order to preventing contamination distribution to the environment. Ferns (phytoremediation) on the side of the open dumping landfill were investigated as phytoremediation, inhibiting the distribution of heavy metals into the environment. The descriptive-analytic research method was used to analyze the ability of ferns in an open dumping landfill in peatland areas as a barrier to metal contamination distributed to the environment. The results show that ferns can bind heavy metals, such as Hg and Pb, produced from open dumping landfill activities to prevent the distribution of heavy metals to the environment around the landfill. Ferns are able to block the distribution of heavy metals into the environment, especially Pb and Hg. The ability of ferns to become potential plants in peatland areas requires further testing of other heavy metals.

15

Optimization of Acetaminophen and Methylparaben Removal within Subsurface Batch Constructed Wetland Systems

Mutar Zahraa Hasan, Mohammed Ahmed A., Al-Baldawi Israa Abdulwahab

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 1

228--239

EN

The response surface methodology accompanied by Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed in this study to optimize the Alternanthera spp-based phytoremediation process for the individual removal of acetaminophen and methylparaben. Two operational variables, including concentration (A) (20, 60,100 mg/L) and sampling time (B) (7, 14, 21, and 35 days) were involved in the study for removal efficiency (Y) as response. CCD had required a total of 18 experiments for each compound. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to verify the adequacy of the proposed mathematical models and revealed good agreement with the experimental data. The observed R2 values (0.9732 and 0.9870), adjusted R2 (0.9620 and 0.9816) and predicted R2 (0.9383 and 0.9721) for AC and MP, respectively, indicated that the developed models were significant at the 95% probability level. Concentration factor was found to be insignificant in the mathematical models; in contrast, sampling time was found to be of a crucial role. The removal of AC and MP were 89.23% and 64.48% under optimum conditions of A = 100 mg/L and B = 35 days respectively. The validation test confirmed the predicted results obtained by Central Composite Design, as the removals achieved under optimum conditions were 91.04% and 59.17% for AC and MP, respectively, which were in good agreement with the results proposed by the theoretical design.

16

Evaluation of Hyper-Tolerance of Aquatic Plants to Metal Nanoparticles

Оlkhovych Olga, Taran Nataliia, Hrechishkina Svitlana, Voitsekhivska Olena, Panuta Olga, Voitsekhivskyi Volodymyr, Belava Victoriia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

249--259

EN

The estimation of the protein content and amino acid composition under the influence of metal nanoparticles (Mn, Cu, Zn, Ag) for seven species of aquatic macrophytes: Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl.ExWilld.), Pistia stratiotes L., Salvinia natans L., Elodea canadensis Michx., Najas guadelupensis (Spreng.) Magnus, Vallisneria spiralis L. and Riccia fluitans L. was conducted. The plants were exposed during 7 days on the experimental solutions of metal nanoparticles at the rate of 1 g of plant per 100 ml of the mixture of stock colloidal solutions of metal nanoparticles (Mn – 0.75 mg/l, Cu – 0.37 mg/l, Zn – 0.44 mg/l, Ag+, Ag2O – 0.75 mg/l) diluted 200 times. In the five investigated species, reduction of the protein content was observed. However, this indicator remained stable only in P. stratiotes (52 mg/ml) and, conversely, increased in V. spiralis (46 mg/ml to 51 mg/ml). The content of the studied amino acids in N. guadelupensis decreased by 46% (from 112.05 mmol/g to 60.15 mmol/g), in R. fluitans – by 44% (from 104.06 mmol/g to 58.25 mmol/g), in S. natans – by 23% (from 90.08 mmol/g to 69.59 mmol/g), in E. canadensis – by 10% (from 143.92 mmol/g to 129.4 mmol/g), and in P. stratiotes as well as in L. laevigatum – by 8% (from 210.65 mmol /g to 193.77 mmol/g and with 155.0 mmol/g to 142.60 mmol/g), but in V. spiralis, on the contrary, increased by 7% (from 91.31 mmol/g to 97.59 mmol/g). Changes in the composition and content of amino acids for each species of aquatic plant were analyzed. It was suggested that the studied plants, which belong to different families, have different defense mechanisms, according to which the amino acid composition of plants varies.

17

Effectiveness of Floating Treatment Wetlands with Cyperus papyrus Used in Sub-Humid Climate to Treat Urban Wastewater: A Case Study

Benrahmane Loubna, Mouhir Latifa, Kabbour Amal, Laaouan Mohamed, El Hafidi Mustapha

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

157--168

EN

The wastewater from small communities and rural areas, usually discharged in an unsuitable manner, requires an appropriate treatment. The floating treatment wetland has revealed a great potential due to good performance, low cost and low maintenance means of improving water quality over a broad range of applications. The aim of this article was to present the results of the adaptation period (57 days) of a macrophyte plant “Cyperus papyrus” and its potential for treating wastewater generated by the campus of the National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE) of Rabat. Two hydraulic retention times were applied: 2 and 4 days. Pilot experimental setups (two tanks) were installed: one tank where the macrophyte, being the subject of the study, was installed and the other served as a control. The macrophyte plants were suspended in floating mat, keeping the plant roots permanently in contact with the water and removing pollutants via several processes. During the adaptation of the plant which concerned four parameters: the evolution of the density, the height of the stems, the number of shoots as well as the state of health of the plants, a period of adaptation to the medium of implantation of fifty-seven days was observed. Along this adaptation phase, the results showed that: plant density increased from 9 to 29 units; the heights of the four identified stems of Cyperus papyrus increased from 15, 6, 11 and 8 cm to 73, 43, 30 and 24 cm, respectively; the appearance of 72 shoots and the plant has completed the adaptation phase in good health (absence of disease Symptoms). The treated water obtained from outlet and wastewaters were analyzed for various water quality parameters, such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Suspended Solids (SS). The floating treatment wetlands system is able to remove 37.8% of COD; 47.6% of BOD5and 74.4% of SS for HRT of 2 days and 63.7% of COD; 78.4% of BOD5 and 89.1% of SS for HRT of 4 days. Moreover, it was found that the purification efficiency in terms of these three pollution parameters is all the more important as the hydraulic retention time is high.

18

Effectiveness and Adaptability of Water Hyacinth (Eichornia Crassipes) Mart. Solm in its Role in Reducing COD and BOD Levels in Petroleum Liquid Waste

Hardestyariki Dwi, Fitria Syarifa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

26--29

EN

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness and ability of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes Mart. Solm) in reducing the COD and BOD levels in petroleum liquid waste. Petroleum liquid waste is one type of waste that pollutes the environment if it is not treated first. In this study, the biological treatment techniques were carried out using the phytoremediation techniques. Phytoremediation is an effort to reduce and improve the quality of waste by using plant agents so that the levels of pollutants contained in the waste can be reduced. The phytoremediation techniques are carried out using a simple bioreactor with various concentrations of petroleum liquid waste, namely control (0% waste), 10% waste, 20% waste, and 30% waste. The results of this study showed that the water hyacinth plant was able to tolerate liquid petroleum waste, which was indicated by the water hyacinth plant being able to survive up to a concentration of 30% for approximately 2 months. On the basis of the measurement of BOD and COD of petroleum liquid waste before phytoremediation was carried out, it was 20 mg/l and 10.04 mg/l, respectively. At 10% effluent concentration, the BOD and COD values decreased to 4.11 mg/l and 14.7 mg/l, respectively. At 20% effluent concentration, the BOD and COD values also showed a decrease to 3.73 mg/l and 9.14 mg/l, respectively. At 30% effluent concentration, the BOD and COD values showed a decrease to 3.73 mg/l and 1.22 mg/l, respectively. The ability of the water hyacinth plant to reduce the BOD and COD values can show its effectiveness to be used as a phytoremediation agent for petroleum waste.

19

Adsorption of Mercury and Zinc in Agricultural Soils by Sphagneticola trilobata

Aveiga Ana, Pinargote Cruz, Peñarrieta Fabián, Teca Jorge, Alcántara Francisco

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 3

230--235

EN

Given the imminent deterioration of environmental quality, the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soil is one of the main concerns worldwide. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the adsorption potential of mercury and zinc by Sphagneticola trilobata. After 60 days, the distribution of heavy metals in the roots and the leaves of the plants was determined. As a result, the plant adsorbed mercury between 43.49 and 59.22%, and zinc between 32.68 and 64.37%. According to the bioconcentration and translocation factors of Sphagneticola trilobata obtained in the present work, the phytostabilizing capacity of mercury and zinc is like Eichhornia crassipes and Sorghum bicolor.

20

Influence of Compost and Chemical Fertilizer on Multi-Metal Contaminated Mine Tailings Phytostabilization by Atriplex nummularia

Laghlimi Meriem, Elouadihi Nouhad, Baghdad Bouamar, Moussadek Rachid, Laghrour Malika, Bouabdli Abdelhak

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 6

204--215

EN

Heavy metals in mine tailings induce severe environmental contamination of terrestrial ecosystems. They are hazardous to human health and must be cleaned up. However, ex-situ procedures are costly and soil-destroying. Phytoremediation approaches might be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option. Phytostabilization of mine tailings, which employs plants, is a commonly used technique for preventing the spread of contaminants and particles from the site. Nutrient-deficient mine tailings must be amended to increase plant growth and phytoremediation performance. This study aims to investigate the tolerance of Atriplex nummularia to high heavy metal levels (Pb, Zn, and Cu) and the effects of compost and chemical fertilizer on biomass generation and heavy metal uptake. Halophyte species have been commonly employed for the phytoremediation of soil polluted with heavy metals. A pot experiment was undertaken with four treatments: T1 (agricultural soil), T2 (mine tailings), T3 (mine tailings mixed with compost), and T4 (mine tailings with chemical fertilizer). Results showed that both amendments demonstrated a significant beneficial effect on growth and biomass production. For all treatments, metals mostly accumulated in the roots, with only a small amount transferred to the shoots. Compost application resulted in a higher Pb concentration in roots than chemical fertilizer. The results of this study suggest that Atriplex nummularia can be used in phytostabilization for these types of mine tailings. However, long-term field data is needed to improve understanding of the Atriplex nummularia tolerance to high concentrations of heavy metals, as well as their uptake and translocation to aerial components.