Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Wpływ wodoru na przemiany fazowe gazu kondensatowego w kontekście wielkoskalowego magazynowania

Warnecki Marcin, Wojnicki Mirosław, Kuśnierczyk Jerzy, Szuflita Sławomir

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 1

93--96

PL

Polska jako trzeci (po Niemczech i Niderlandach) producent szarego wodoru w Europie ma kompetencje do ambitnej transformacji energetycznej z wykorzystaniem zielonego wodoru. Zielony wodór może wspierać elastyczność sieci elektroenergetycznych poprzez magazynowanie nadwyżki energii elektrycznej z OZE. Istotne jest zbadanie krajowych możliwości wielkoskalowego magazynowania wodoru w podziemnych strukturach geologicznych. Przedstawiono wyniki badań termodynamicznych nad zjawiskami zachodzącymi w dojrzałym złożu gazu kondensatowego podczas wprowadzania doń wodoru w celu magazynowania. Analizowano diagram fazowy, punkty rosy oraz krzywe kondensacji frakcji węglowodorowych. Badania te przyczyniają się do zrozumienia wpływu wodoru na parametry gazów węglowodorowych w złożu i pomogą w rozwijaniu efektywnych rozwiązań w zakresie magazynowania energii odnawialnej.

EN

Condensate gas contg. 75 mole % of MeH and subsequent hydrocarbon fractions were modeled. The gas mixing process was carried out using PVTsim software. The simulations were performed based on the SoaveRedlich-Kwong gas equation of state. The phase diagram, dew points and condensation curves of hydrocarbon fractions were analyzed. This research contributes to understanding the impact of H₂ on hydrocarbon gas parameters and will help in developing effective solns. for storing renewable energy.

2

Numerical Modelling of Phase Diagrams of Copper Alloys for Optimization of Semi-Solid Forming

Madetko Arkadiusz, Sołek Krzysztof, Drożdż Paweł

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 2

689--696

EN

Processing of metal alloys in semi-solid state is a way of producing many near net-shape parts and nowadays is commercially successful. Particular behaviour of alloys in the partially liquid state, having non-dendritic microstructure, is a base for thixoforming processing. Processing materials in the semi-solid state concerns alloys with relatively wide solidification range. Thermodynamic modelling can be used as a one of a potential tools that allow to identify alloys with proper temperature range. It means that the key feature of alloys suitable for thixoforming is a widely enough melting range, allowing for precise control of material temperature. The data gathered from thermodynamics calculations can also pay off in the industrial thixoforming processes design. The goal of this paper is to identify copper alloys which can be successfully shaped in the semi-solid state. Apart to thermodynamic calculations, the observations on high temperature microscope was carried out. During experiments the solidus, liquidus and also deformation temperatures can be determined. An experimental work allows confirming results obtained within the confines of thermodynamic calculations and firstly to determine the deformation temperatures which are the optimal for shaping processes. The basic achievement of this work is an identification of copper alloy groups possible for shaping in the semi-solid state. At the first part of the paper, the basic criteria of suitable alloys were described. Next, both the solid fraction curves for copper alloys with different alloying elements using ProCAST software and the phase diagrams were determined to identify the solidification temperature ranges of these alloys. In the second part of these paper, the identification of the deformation temperatures was carried out with use of high temperature microscope observation.

3

Wyspowy diagram fazowy dla nanokryształów

Tomaszewski Paweł E.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2022

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[Z] 76, 3-4

145--155

EN

The new form of the phase diagram is proposed for nanocrystals. This diagram shows the regions of the calcination temperature required to obtain the nanocrystals of given range of crystallite size. This explains why the temperature induced phase transitions are not possible in some crystals. However, the change of crystallite size can induce the phase transition.

4

Microstructure Formation of Al-5 mass%Mg Alloy Melts by Interaction with Silica

Kim Sun-Ki, Ha Seong-Ho, Kim Bong-Hwan, Yoon Young-Ok, Lim Hyun-Kyu, Kim Shae K., Kim Yong-Jig

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 4

947--950

EN

Dissolution of Si in Al-5 mass%Mg alloy melt by the reduction of SiO2 and its effect on microstructure formation of the alloy after solidification were investigated. Al-5 mass%Mg alloy without silica powder had approximately 0.05 mass%Si as an impurity. No significant difference in Si content was observed after the reaction with silica for 10 min, while the Si content increased up to about 0.12 mass% after 30 min. From the microstructure analysis and calculation of Scheil-Gulliver cooling, it was considered that as-cast microstructures of Al-5 mass%Mg-1 mass% SiO2 alloys had the distribution of eutectic phase particles, which are comprised of β-Al3Mg2 and Mg2Si phases. Based on the phase diagrams, only limited amount of Mg can be selectively removed by silica depending on the ratio of Si and Mg. Addition of silica of more than approximately 1.5 mass% in Al-5 mass%Mg alloy led to the formation of spinel and removal of both mg and Al from the melt.

5

Influence of Si Addition on Oxide Growth of Al-6 mass%Mg Alloy Melts

Yoon Young-Ok, Ha Seong-Ho, Shah Abdul Wahid, Kim Bong-Hwan, Lim Hyun-Kyu, Kim Shae K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 3

695--698

EN

Influence of Si addition on oxide layer growth of Al-6 mass%Mg alloys in molten state was investigated in this study. After melt holding for 24 h, the melt surface of only Si-free alloy became significantly bumpy, while no considerably oxidized surface was observed even with 1 mass%Si addition. There was no visible change on the appearance of melt surfaces with increasing Si content. As a result of compositional analysis on the melt samples between before and after melt holding, the Si-added alloys nearly maintained their Mg contents even after the melt holding for 24 h. On the other hand, the Mg content in the Si-free alloy showed a great reduction. The bumpy surface on Si-free alloy melt showed a large amount of pores and oxide clusters in its cross-section, while the Si-added alloy had no significantly grown oxide clusters on the surfaces. As a result of compositional analysis on the surfaces, the oxide clusters in Si-free alloy contained a great amount of Mg and oxygen. The oxide layer on the Si-added alloy was divided into Mg-rich and Mg-poor areas and contained certain amounts of Si. Such a mixed oxide layer containing Si would act as a protective layer during the melt holding for a long duration.

6

Formation and Thermodynamic Analyses of Inclusions in Ti-Containing Steel Weld Metals with Different Al Contents

Wang Bingxin, Jiang Yingtian

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 1

171--180

EN

Ti-containing steel weld metals with Al contents of 0.01-0.085% were prepared. The effects of Al contents on the inclusions evolution were investigated by means of thermodynamic calculations coupled with electron probe micro-analyses and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the inclusions in the 0.01% Al weld metal are mainly composed of ilmenite withsome amounts of (Mn-Si-Al)-oxide and titanial_spinel. When Al content is increased up to 0.035%, a more amount of corundum and a small amount of pseudobrookite are formed. In 0.085% Al weld metal, the (Mn-Si-Al)-oxide disappears completely, and the inclusions contain a substantial amount of corundum, in addition to a minimal amount of pseudobrookite. Ti3O5, MnTi2O4 and MnTiO3 are the primary constituents of pseudobrookite, titanial_spinel and ilmenite, respectively. Titanial_spinel and ilmenite have higher amounts of Mn, but lower Ti levels compared with pseudobrookite. In the case of presence of a considerable amountsof titanial_spinel and ilmenite, Mn-depleted zone is formed in matrix around the inclusions.

7

Effect of Cu Addition on Oxide Growth of Al-7 mass%Mg Alloy at High Temperature

Ha Seong-Ho, Shah Abdul Wahid, Kim Bong-Hwan, Yoon Young-Ok, Lim Hyun-Kyu, Kim Shae K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 3

699--702

EN

Effect of Cu addition on oxide growth of Al-7 mass%Mg alloy at high temperature was investigated. As-cast microstructures of Al-7 mass%Mg and Al-7 mass%Mg-1 mass%Cu alloys showed α-Al dendrites and area of secondary particles. The 1 mass%Cu addition into Al-7 mass%Mg alloy formed Mg32(Al, Cu)49 ternary phase with β-Al3Mg2. The total fraction of two Mg-containing phases in Cu-added alloy was higher than the β-Al3Mg2 fraction in Cu-free alloy. From measured weight gains depending on time at 500°C under an air atmosphere, it was shown that all samples exhibited significant weight gains depending on time. Al-7mass%Mg1mass%Cu alloy showed the relatively increased oxidation rate when compared with Cu-free alloy. All the oxidized cross-sections throughout the entire oxidation time showed coarse and dark areas regarded as oxides grown from the surface to inside, but bigger oxidized areas were formed in the Al-7mass%Mg-1mass%Cu alloy containing higher fraction of Mg-based phases in the as-cast microstructure. As a result of compositional analysis on the oxide clusters, it was found that the oxide clusters contained Mg-based oxides formed through internal oxidation during a long time exposure to oxidizing environments.

8

Characterization of Ca Precipitation in Al-Mg Alloys Containing a Trace of Ca During Homogenization

Ha Seong-Ho, Shin Young-Chul, Kim Bong-Hwan, Yoon Young-Ok, Lim Hyun-Kyu, Lim Sung-Hwan, Kim Shae K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 4

959--962

EN

In this study, precipitation of Ca in Al-Mg alloys containing a trace of Ca during homogenization was investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and calculated phase diagrams. TEM result indicated that the Ca-based particles found in the examined sample are Ca7Mg7.5Si14. From the calculation of Scheil-Gulliver cooling, it was found that the Ca was formed as Al4Ca and C36 laves phases with Mg2Si and Al13Fe4 from other impurities phase during solidification. No Ca-Mg-Si ternary phase existed at the homogenization temperature in the calculated phase diagram. From the phase diagram of Al-Al4Ca-Mg2Si three-phase isothermal at 490°C, it was shown that Ca7Mg6Si14 phase co-exists with Al, Mg2Si and Al4Ca in the largest region and with only Al and Mg2Si in Al4Ca-poor regions. It was thought that the Ca7Mg6Si14 ternary phase was formed by the interaction between Mg2Si and Al4Ca considering that the segregation can occur throughout the entire microstructures.

9

The character of the structure formation of model alloys of the Fe-Cr-(Zr, Zr-B) system synthesized by powder metallurgy

Duriagina Z. A., Romanyshyn M. R., Kulyk V. V., Kovbasiuk T. M., Trostianchyn A. M., Lemishka I. A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 100, nr 2

49--57

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the work is to synthesize and investigate the character of structure formation, phase composition and properties of model alloys Fe75Cr25, Fe70Cr25Zr5, and Fe69Cr25Zr5B1. Design/methodology/approach: Model alloys are created using traditional powder metallurgy approaches. The sintering process was carried out in an electric arc furnace with a tungsten cathode in a purified argon atmosphere under a pressure of 6·104 Pa on a water cooled copper anode. Annealing of sintered alloys was carried out at a temperature of 800°C for 3 h in an electrocorundum tube. The XRD analysis was performed on diffractometers DRON-3.0M and DRON-4.0M. Microstructure study and phase identification were performed on a REMMA-102-02 scanning electron microscope. The microhardness was measured on a PMT-3M microhardness meter. Findings: When alloying a model alloy of the Fe-Cr system with zirconium in an amount of up to 5%, it is possible to obtain a microstructure of a composite type consisting of a mechanical mixture of a basic Fe2(Cr) solid solution, solid solutions based on Laves phases and dispersive precipitates of these phases of Fe2Zr and FeCrZr compositions. In alloys of such systems or in coatings formed based on such systems, an increase in hardness and wear resistance and creep resistance at a temperature about 800°C will be reached. Research limitations/implications: The obtained results were verified during laser doping with powder mixtures of appropriate composition on stainless steels of ferrite and ferrite-martensitic classes. Practical implications: The character of the structure formation of model alloys and the determined phase transformations in the Fe-Cr, Fe-Cr-Zr, and Fe-Cr-B-Zr systems can be used to improve the chemical composition of alloying plasters during the formation of ferrite and ferrite-martensitic stainless steel coatings. Originality/value: The model alloys were synthesized and their phase composition and microstructure were studied; also, their microhardness was measured. The influence of the chemical composition of the studied materials on the character of structure formation and their properties was analysed.

10

Phase diagram and ridge logistic regression in stable gene selection

Khani Elahe, Mahmoodian Hamid

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 40, no. 3

965--976

EN

Microarray analysis is widely used for cancer diagnosis and classification. However, among a large amount of genes in microarray data, only a small fraction of them is effective for making a highly reliable model. There are two major challenges in this regard: Thus, one of the challenging tasks is how to identify significant genes from thousands of them in datasets that can improve the generated model and the other one is how to select the subset of genes with minimum dependency to the samples in datasets which is termed as stability of selected sets. Different approaches have been presented in previous works. In this study, we propose a new algorithm for gene selection based on the phase diagram method which has been proposed earlier. Ridge logistic regression has been used to estimate the probability of genes that are most likely to belong to a set of stable genes with high classification capability. In order to consider the stability issue, a method is proposed for the final selection of selected sets. The B632+ error estimation method has been applied to evaluate the performance of the model. The proposed method was applied to four cancer datasets and obtained results are compared with other validation methods and the results show that the selected genes have superiority in terms of the number of genes, degree of stability and classification accuracy.

11

Analizy PVT jako skuteczne narzędzie w rękach inżyniera naftowego. Część II: przemiany fazowe płynów węglowodorowych

Wojnicki M., Warnecki M., Szuflita S., Kuśnierczyk J.

Nafta-Gaz

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2018

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R. 74, nr 12

919--926

PL

Określenie relacji między ciśnieniem, objętością i temperaturą (PVT) płynów węglowodorowych jest niezbędne do szacowania zasobów, prowadzenia symulacji złożowych, prognozowania wydobycia, poznania hydrauliki przepływu, ustalania warunków separacji cieczy i gazu, projektowania instalacji wydobywczych oraz przesyłowych. Znajomość przemian fazowych i umiejętność korzystania z przedstawiających je diagramów fazowych wpisuje się w podstawowe kompetencje specjalistów odpowiedzialnych za prawidłowe zagospodarowanie i eksploatację złóż węglowodorów. Umiejętność predyktywnej analizy zachowania fazowego płynów węglowodorowych jest niezwykle istotna w inżynierii naftowej i gazowniczej z dwóch głównych powodów. Po pierwsze, zachowanie fazowe płynów węglowodorowych rozpatrywane jest w skrajnie zróżnicowanym zakresie ciśnień – od ciśnienia atmosferycznego do ciśnienia przekraczającego 1000 bar, i temperatur – od ultraniskich (–170°C w przypadku LNG) do nawet 200°C. W tym zakresie płyn węglowodorowy może występować w jednej z trzech głównych faz, to jest stałej, ciekłej i gazowej, lub – co gorsza – w dowolnej ich kombinacji. Dlatego tak istotne jest zrozumienie interakcji między przepływającym płynem a poszczególnymi elementami systemu wydobywczego, obejmującego złoże, rury wydobywcze, separatory, pompy, kompresory, rurociągi transmisyjne itp. Po drugie, podczas wydobycia często zajmujemy się płynami węglowodorowymi o skomplikowanych składach chemicznych, w przypadku których zależność między składem a właściwościami termodynamicznymi jest bardzo silna. W publikacji, będącej drugą częścią serii pt.: Analizy PVT jako skuteczne narzędzie w rękach inżyniera naftowego, omówiono teoretyczne podstawy przemian fazowych węglowodorowych płynów złożowych. Przedstawiono diagramy fazowe dla poszczególnych typów płynów węglowodorowych wraz z nakreśleniem przebiegu przemian fazowych zachodzących podczas ich eksploatacji. Omówiono parametry charakteryzujące dany typ płynu złożowego oraz ich zmienność związaną między innymi z przemianami fazowymi zachodzącymi w trakcie wydobycia. Przedstawiono również zasadność wykorzystania diagramów fazowych w konkretnych przypadkach złożowych.

EN

Determination of the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) of hydrocarbon fluids is necessary for conducting reservoir simulations, resource estimations, production forecasting and production and transmission installation design. The knowledge of phase transformations and the ability to use the phase diagrams depicting them is part of the basic competences of specialists responsible for the proper development and exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits. The ability of predictive analysis phase behavior of hydrocarbon fluids is extremely important in oil and gas engineering for two main reasons. Firstly, the phase behavior of hydrocarbon fluids is considered in a extremely wide range of pressures – from atmospheric pressure to exceeding 1000 bar and temperatures – from ultra-low (–170°C in the case of LNG) to even 200°C. Within these ranges, the fluid can transcend the three principal phases, namely gas, liquid, and solid, and worse yet, any combination of these. That is why it is so important to understand the interaction between the flowing fluid and individual elements of the production system including the reservoir, tubing, separators, pumps, compressors, transmission pipelines, etc. Secondly, during production we are often dealing with hydrocarbon fluids with a complex chemical composition, where the relationship between their composition and thermodynamic properties is very strong. This paper, which is the second part of the series titled: PVT analyses as an effective tool in the hand of the petroleum engineer, discusses the theoretical basis of the hydrocarbon reservoir fluids phase behaviour. Phase diagrams for individual types of hydrocarbon fluids along with a sketch of the phase changes taking place during their production are presented. The parameters characterizing a given type of reservoir fluid and their variability related to, among others, phase changes occurring during production are discussed. The importance of using phase diagrams in specific reservoir cases are also presented.

12

Tin-Copper-Lead Alloy Produced by Horizontal Centrifugal Casting

Vahdat S. E.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 1

131--137

EN

Horizontal centrifugal casting is an effective method for the production of hollow metal with good mechanical properties, low defect, cast to size and relatively cheap. The ability of a metal to satisfy the above requirements highly depends on its microstructure. In this study, the relationship between microstructural parameters such as grain size and the amount of phases with bulk hardness of SnCu4Pb3 is concerned in three areas of the product. Consequently, to achieve the desired hardness of the product in a particular area, the interaction of two factors of the microstructure including, grain size and particles amount of the hard intermetallic compositions (Cu6Sn5) should be noted.

13

Phase Diagrams of the MeNQ/HN and HN/NQ Binary Systems

Tian M.-M., Li H.-R., Chen L., Ju X., Shu Y.-J.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2015

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Vol. 12, no. 2

271--286

EN

An equation for a binary phase diagram with two eutectic points was deduced from the Van’t Hoff equation. The melting points of hydrazinium nitrate/ nitroguanidine (HN/NQ) samples with different ratios, ranging from 0 to 1 mole fraction, were explored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results revealed the presence of two eutectic points in the phase diagram of the HN/NQ binary system. The dependence of temperature on the composition (T-X phase diagram) of HN/NQ was depicted based on the equation described by the DSC data. The phase diagram of MeNQ/HN, with only one eutectic point was constructed by substituting experimental data of the compositions and their corresponding temperatures into the Van’t Hoff equation. The phase diagram with two or more eutectic points indicated the formation of new stable compounds with appropriate ratios of the two components; no new substance appeared in the system with only one eutectic point. Thus, the HN/NQ binary system showed the presence of a new substance, which is probably the HN/NQ co-crystal. No new substance was detected in the MeNQ/HN binary system. The results of the X-ray diffraction patterns agree with the findings from the phase diagrams.

14

Thermodynamic Assessment Of The Bi-In-Zn System

Onderka B., Dębski A., Gąsior W.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 2A

567--575

EN

A thermodynamic description of the entire ternary Bi-In-Zn system was obtained by the CALPHAD modelling of the Gibbs energy of the liquid phase. The experimental data on the phase equilibria and the thermodynamic properties published and complemented by the authors’ own experiments were taken into account. In order to verify the phase equilibria in the Bi-In-Zn system, 15 different samples were studied in the temperature range of 300-900 K by the DTA technique during heating and cooling cycles. Coexisting phases and their composition were analyzed by the SEM and EDX techniques for 9 distinct samples after their thermal equilibration at 373 K and 473 K. Assessment and selected phase equilibrium calculations were performed with ThermoCalc and Pandat softwares, and compared with experimental data. The obtained results reproduce well the experimental data on both the phase equilibria and the thermodynamic properties in the optimized system.

PL

Z pomocą metody Calphad opracowano termodynamiczny model energii swobodnej Gibbsa fazy ciekłej w układzie fazowym Bi-In-Zn, co pozwoliło na termodynamiczny opis tego układu jako całości. Zastosowano własne i literaturowe dane eksperymentalne dotyczące równowag fazowych i właściwości termodynamicznych faz układu trójskładnikowego. W celu weryfikacji uzyskanego opisu wykonano pomiary DTA w zakresie temperatury 300-900 K dla 15 próbek stopów o różnych składach w kolejnych cyklach nagrzewania i studzenia. Równowagę fazową badano analizując technikami SEM i EDX skład fazowy i wzajemną rozpuszczalność składników wygrzewanych izotermicznie stopów w temperaturze 373 K i 473 K. Optymalizację parametrów modelowych i obliczenia termodynamiczne w układzie Bi-In-Zn wykonano za pomocą oprogramowania ThermoCalc i Pandat. Porównując obliczone równowagi fazowe i funkcje termodynamiczne z danymi doświadczalnymi stwierdzono bardzo dobrą zgodność wielkości eksperymentalnych z właściwościami topologicznymi i termodynamicznymi zoptymalizowanego układu.

15

Opracowanie diagramów fazowych oraz charakterystyka morfologiczna składników strukturalnych stopów Fe-(0,1% C)-(3¸8% Al) stanowiących bazę nowej grupy stali konstrukcyjnych

Adamczyk M., Garbarz B., Marcisz J., Burian W., Zalecki W.

Prace Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza

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2011

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T. 63, nr 2

64-66

PL

Celem pracy było opracowanie metastabilnego diagramu fazowego układu Fe-(0,1% C)-(3¸8% Al) oraz scharakteryzowanie morfologii i identyfikacja składu chemicznego składników strukturalnych powstających w stopach z tego układu, stanowiącego bazę dla nowej grupy gatunkowej niskowęglowych stali konstrukcyjnych. Realizacja projektu pozwoliła na poszerzenie stanu wiedzy niezbędnej do ukierunkowania dalszych badań prowadzonych z tego zakresu w IMŻ, na opracowanie założeń technologii wytwarzania wyrobów ze stali zawierających jako główny pierwiastek stopowy glin w ilości do 8 % masowych.

EN

The purpose of the work was to develop the metastable phase diagram of Fe-(0.1% C)-(3¸8% Al) system and characterise morphology and identify chemical composition of the structural components existing in alloys from this system, which is the basis for a new grade group of low-carbon constructional steels. The project implementation enabled the state of knowledge necessary to orient further investigations in this field conducted at the Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy to be extended and the assumptions for technology for manufacturing products of steels containing aluminium as the main alloying element in the amount of up to 8 mass % to be developed.

16

Phase Diagram of Diblock Copolymer Melt in Dimension d = 5

Dzięcielski M., Lewandowski K., Banaszak M.

Computational Methods in Science and Technology

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2011

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Vol. 17, No. 1-2

17-23

EN

Using the self-consistent field theory (SCFT) in spherical unit cells of various dimensionalities, D, a phase diagram of a diblock, A-b-B, is calculated in 5 dimensional space, d = 5. This is an extension of a previuos work for d = 4. The phase diagram is parameterized by the chain composition, f, and incompatibility between A and B, quantified by the product chi N. We predict 5 stable nanophases: layers, cylinders, 3D spherical cells, 4D spherical cells, and 5D spherical cells. In the strong segregation limit, that is for large chi, the order-order transition compositions are determined by the strong segregation theory (SST) in its simplest form. While the predictions of the SST theory are close to the corresponding SCFT extrapolations for d = 4, the extrapolations for d = 5 significantly differ from them. We find that the S5 nanophase is stable in a narrow strip between the ordered S4 nanophase and the disordered phase. The calculated orderdisorder transition lines depend weakly on d, as expected.

17

Metody interpretacji widm mas związków nieorganicznych i ich zastosowania w wybranych badaniach termodynamicznych

Kapała J.

Prace Naukowe Wydziału Chemicznego Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Monografie

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2010

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Nr 6, nr 6

103-103

PL

W pracy przedstawiono i przedyskutowano problemy występujące podczas interpretacji widm mas związków nieorganicznych otrzymanych metoda KEMS (Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry). Prezentowane sposoby rozwiązania problemów, głównie autorskie, przedstawione są w kilku częściach. Metody dzielą się na dwie główne grupy. Pierwsza grupa dotyczy różnych aspektów oceny jakościowej i ilościowej jonizacji i fragmentacji nieorganicznych cząsteczek gazowych. Opisano i szczegółowo objaśniono serię metod określenia pochodzenia jonów w widmie mas. Metody opisane w pracy zastosowano z sukcesem do ustalenia pochodzenia jonów w rzeczywistych widmach mas zmierzonych podczas badania różnych układów związków nieorganicznych. Druga grupa rozwiązań merytorycznych dotyczy interpretacji termodynamicznych widm mas, w których pochodzenie jonów jest już rozstrzygnięte. Te autorskie metody dotyczą matematycznego modelowania funkcji mieszania roztworów, funkcji tworzenia nieorganicznych związków chemicznych oraz zastosowania ich w obliczaniu wykresów fazowych metodą CALPHAD {CALculation of Phase Diagrams).

18

Prawidłowości występujące w diagramach fazowych układów potrójnych Tl-Te-M

Sztuba Z.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2009

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[Z] 63, 9-10

803-818

EN

The aim of this work was to present regularities in the phase equilibria in the Tl2Te-MxTey systems, where M stands for metals belonging to periods IV–VI and groups 11–15 of Periodical Table. Additionally, the Tl2Te-As2Te3, Tl2Se-Bi2Se3 and Tl2Te-Tl2Se systems were considered. The phase diagrams are presented in a simple form in Fig. 1 for the following systems: Tl2Te-Cu2Te [1], Tl2Te-ZnTe [2], Tl2Te-CdTe [3], Tl2Te-HgTe [4–6], Tl2Te-In2Te3 [7, 8], Tl2Te-PbTe [9], Tl2Se-Tl2Te [10], Tl2Se-Bi2Se3 [11], Tl2Te-Ga2Te3 [12], Tl2Te-Ag2Te [13], Tl2Te-SnTe [14], Tl2Te-Sb2Te3 [15], Tl2Te-Bi2Te3 [16], Tl2Te-GeTe [17] and Tl2Te-As2Te3 [18]. The state of phase equilibria illustrated by the phase diagram depends on the tendency to chemical compounds formation by the components of a system. This tendency can be observed in the number of compounds formed, their melting points and the type of melting process (congruent or noncongruent). The tendency to compounds formation or at least the melting points of the compounds formed increases with increase of the atomic number of the metal within a group of systems containing as the second component tellurides of metals from a given group in the Periodic Table. There is no correlation between type of phase diagram and metal position in a given period. Thus, increasing the number of outer shell electrons for consecutive elements M of the same group does not affect the tendency to the chemical compounds formation. Regardless of the compounds number – terminal solid solutions have been observed only in some telluride systems. The data in Table 1 show that solid solutions are formed when the value of relative difference between thallium and metal M radii is smaller than 10%. All salt systems arranged in decreasing order of their ionic potentials ratios μ_Tl/μ_M are presented in Table 2. While this ratio decreases the tendency to congruent compounds formation increases abruptly from 1 to 2 at the value of a ratio equal to 0.21, exactly as in the case of typical salts [20]. The influence of molecular stability coefficients on the number of compounds existing in the system (Table 3) has been discussed. The greater difference is between the values of molecular stability coefficients the more compounds are formed. The impact of a common anion change on the shape of phase diagrams for the systems Tl2Te-Bi2Te3 [16] and Tl2Se-Bi2Se3 [11] as well as the regularities in the chalcogenide systems with a common cation has been described. All compounds being components of the systems presented in this work are listed in Table 4.

19

Ternary System V2O5 – MoO3 – Ag2O Diagram

Wenda E., Bielański A.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2008

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Vol. 82, nr 9

1705-1705

EN

The paper reviews an extensive study on the V2O5 – MoO3 – Ag2O system and presents the phase diagram of this system not described earlier in the literature.

20

Phase Behavior and Solubilization of Microemulsion System Formed by Aliphatic Polyethenoxy Ether and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate

Chen J. F., Gao Y. Ch., Li H. L., Chai J. L., Yang X. D., Qin C. K.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2008

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Vol. 82, nr 5

1067-1076

EN

The phase behavior and solubilization of the quaternary system AEO-9/AS/n- butanol /alkane/NaCl solution were investigated with delta-gamma and epsilon-beta fishlike phase diagrams. Two kinds of diagrams were plotted and compared in their shapes, HLB plane equations and solubilization power representations. Their HLB plane equations were used to calculate the composition of the hydrophile-lipophile balanced interfacial layer. It is found that the synergism between AEO-9 and AS in the inter facial layer in solubilization power exists. The influences of oil and aqueous medium on the epsilon-beta fishlike phase diagram were also discussed.