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1

Proposed precision analysis of water quality monitoring embedded loT network

Boonsong Wasana, Inthasuth Tanakorn, Zulkifli Che Zalina

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 9

175--178

EN

Regarding the essential need for water in agriculture, water resource conservation is becoming a more critical issue that farming developers will consider. The quality instrument used for water monitoring in Farming is one factor to assist an agricultural section in achieving a high impact on their production. This article is presented the precision analysis of water quality monitoring embedded Internet of Things (IoT) Network whereby the proposed invention is a wireless embedded water monitoring system with multi-sensor. The highlight of a measuring instrument is its precision. This study demonstrates its calibration regarding the positive potential of the hydrogen ions (pH). The procedures of precision calibration are related to programming and actual measurement in several tests. The results found that the pH sensor with IoT communication only has a significantly lower erroneous of 0.77%.

PL

Jeśli chodzi o podstawowe zapotrzebowanie na wodę w rolnictwie, ochrona zasobów wodnych staje się coraz ważniejszą kwestią, którą będą rozważać deweloperzy rolnictwa. Instrument jakości używany do monitorowania wody w rolnictwie jest jednym z czynników pomagających sekcji rolniczej w osiągnięciu wysokiego wpływu na ich produkcję. W artykule przedstawiono precyzyjną analizę wbudowanej sieci Internet of Things (IoT) do monitorowania jakości wody, w której proponowanym wynalazkiem jest bezprzewodowy wbudowany wieloczujnikowy system monitorowania wody. Najważniejszym elementem przyrządu pomiarowego jest jego precyzja. To badanie demonstruje jego kalibrację w odniesieniu do dodatniego potencjału jonów wodorowych (pH). Procedury kalibracji dokładności są związane z programowaniem i rzeczywistym pomiarem w kilku testach. Wyniki wykazały, że czujnik pH z komunikacją IoT ma tylko znacznie niższy błąd wynoszący 0,77%.

2

Effect of pH value on effectiveness of biopolymer-based treatment of bauxite mine slurry

Meng Jian Ping, Li Shanmei, Yan Rongtao, Wei Changfu

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 3

art. no. 167949

EN

Effective dehydration and flocculation of mine slurries or sludge is important for nonferrous metal industries and environmental engineering. However, the mechanisms for the flocculation of slurry remain largely unclear. This paper presents the results of a series of flocculation tests, which was conducted on the slurry suspensions treated by xanthan gum (flocculant) at different pH values. It is shown that the settlement rate of mine slurry particles can be accelerated by adding xanthan gum, and the maximum sedimentation rate was obtained at a pH value of 5.9, and the final volume of flocs is significantly increased due to the addition of the flocculant. In addition, the settlement rates of xanthan gum-treated slurry suspensions at the pH values of 3, 5 and 7 decrease slightly compared with the reference slurry suspensions with pH=5.9, and the slurries remained stable as suspensions at the pH value of 9 and 11. The zeta potential measurement and SEM image analysis show that flocculation occurs primarily due to electrostatic attraction between slurry particles and the flocculants, and the bridging effect between the carboxylic groups in the side chains of xanthan gum molecule and the suspension particles.

3

Study of the effectiveness of the new inhibitor in different aggressive media

Gurbanov Huseyn R., Talybov Gulahmad M., Adygezalova Mehpara B., Zhang Yu X.

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 7

478--483

EN

The corrosion protection effect of the new S-1 reagent in media with the pH values of 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, as well as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide added separately and combined to the mentioned media, was first tested under laboratory conditions. The protective effect of reagent S-1 was weak in the corrosion medium without hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. However, as the acidity of the medium and the concentration of the reagent increases, the corrosion protection efficiency of the inhibitor also increases. The highest effect is observed at pH = 2.0 and reagent concentration of 30 mg/l. The corrosion protection effect of the reagent reaches 97% under these conditions. In the media with pH = 4.0 and pH = 6.0 without carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, the protective effect of the inhibitor at the optimal concentration of 30 mg/l is 66% and 64%, respectively. In the medium with added carbon dioxide, the protective effect of inhibitor S-1 decreases at pH = 2.0 and, on the contrary, increases at the values of pH = 4.0 and pH = 6.0. Also, as the pressure of carbon dioxide in the medium increases, the protective effect of inhibitor S-1 increases. When hydrogen sulfide is added to the medium, it causes an increase in the corrosion rate and the protection efficiency of inhibitor S-1. However, in the medium without inhibitor, the increase of hydrogen sulfide concentration only up to CH2S = 400 mg/l is accompanied by an increase in the corrosion rate at all values of pH. The addition of 1000 mg/l of hydrogen sulfide to the corrosion medium leads to the decrease in the corrosion rate in the medium without inhibitors and a slight decrease in the protective effect at the concentration of the inhibitor Cinh = 10 mg/l. As the concentration of inhibitor S-1 increases in the medium with the addition of carbon dioxide and hydrogen, its corrosion protection effect also increases. In the range of Cinh = 10–30 mg/l, when PCO2 = 0.5 atm and CH2S = 200 mg/l, the protective effect is estimated at 38–99%, and when CH2S = 1000 mg/l, it is estimated at 17–79%. At PCO2 = 1.0 atm, the value of protective effect is 22–95% and 14–76%, and finally at PCO2 = 2.0 atm, the value of the corrosion protection effect of inhibitor S-1 is estimated at 44–92% and 15–75%, respectively. The coexistence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in an aggressive medium leads to an increase in the protective effect of inhibitor S-1 compared to the medium containing only carbon dioxide, and reduces it in comparison to the medium with hydrogen sulfide. An increase in carbon dioxide pressure in the presence of hydrogen sulfide causes a decrease in the protective effect of inhibitor S-1. The protective effect of inhibitor S-1 is lower in the medium with hydrogen sulfide concentration of 1000 mg/l compared to a concentration of 200 mg/l. This case is also observed in the carbon dioxide free medium.

PL

Działanie antykorozyjne nowego odczynnika S-1 w agresywnych mediach o pH 2,0; 4,0; 6,0, a także dwutlenku węgla i siarkowodoru dodawanych osobno lub łącznie do tych mediów, zostało najpierw zbadane w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Działanie ochronne odczynnika S-1 było słabe w środowisku korozyjnym bez siarkowodoru i dwutlenku węgla. Jednak wraz ze wzrostem kwasowości medium i stężenia odczynnika wzrasta również skuteczność inhibitora w ochronie przed korozją. Najlepsze działanie antykorozyjne odnotowano przy wartości pH = 2,0 i stężeniu odczynnika 30 mg/l. Skuteczność ochronna odczynnika wynosi wówczas 97%. W medium o pH = 4,0 i pH = 6,0 bez dwutlenku węgla i siarkowodoru skuteczność ochronna inhibitora przy optymalnym stężeniu 30 mg/l wynosi odpowiednio 66 i 64%. W medium z dodatkiem dwutlenku węgla działanie ochronne inhibitora S-1 maleje przy wartości pH = 2,0 i odwrotnie wzrasta przy wartościach pH = 4,0 i pH = 6,0. Ponadto, wraz ze wzrostem ciśnienia dwutlenku węgla w środowisku wzrasta skuteczność ochronna inhibitora S-1. Dodanie siarkowodoru do medium powoduje wzrost tempa korozji i skuteczności ochronnej inhibitora S-1. Jednak w medium bez inhibitora wzrostowi stężenia siarkowodoru nawet do tak niskiej wartości jak CH2S = 400 mg/l towarzyszy wzrost tempa korozji przy wszystkich wartościach pH. Dodanie 1000 mg/l siarkowodoru do medium korozyjnego prowadzi do zmniejszenia tempa korozji w medium bez inhibitorów i nieznacznego zmniejszenia działania ochronnego przy stężeniu inhibitora Cinh = 10 mg/l. Wraz ze wzrostem stężenia inhibitora S-1 w medium z dodatkiem dwutlenku węgla i siarkowodoru, zwiększa się również jego działanie antykorozyjne. W zakresie Cinh = 10–30 mg/l, gdy PCO2 = 0,5 atm i CH2S = 200 mg/l, skuteczność ochronną szacuje się na 38–99%, natomiast przy CH2S = 1000 mg/l na 17–79%. Dla PCO2 = 1,0 atm skuteczność ochronna wynosi od 22–95% do 14–76%, a przy PCO2 = 2,0 atm skuteczność antykorozyjną inhibitora S-1 szacuje się odpowiednio na 44–92% i 15–75%. Jednoczesne występowanie dwutlenku węgla i siarkowodoru w agresywnym medium zwiększa skuteczność ochronną inhibitora S-1 w stosunku do medium zawierającego tylko dwutlenek węgla i zmniejsza ją w porównaniu do medium z siarkowodorem. Wzrost ciśnienia dwutlenku węgla w obecności siarkowodoru powoduje zmniejszenie skuteczności ochronnej inhibitora S-1. Ulega ona także zmniejszeniu w środowisku o stężeniu siarkowodoru 1000 mg/l w porównaniu do stężenia 200 mg/l. Ten przypadek obserwuje się również w środowisku bez dodatku dwutlenku węgla.

4

The Influence of Abiotic Factors on Organisms-Hydrobionts of Activated Sludge

Baimukasheva Shynar, Issayeva Akmaral U., Antkowiak Wojciech, Aitimova Ainazhan, Altybayeva Zhansaule, Syrlybekkyzy Samal, Suleimenova Botagoz, Koishina Akmaral

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

125--133

EN

Rational use of water resources is one of the urgent problems for arid regions of Kazakhstan. The biocenosis of activated sludge of urban wastewater treatment plants in Zhanaozen periodically encounters stressful situations associated with violation of the operating mode of equipment or emergency discharges of toxicants into the wastewater treatment plant system. It has been established that with sharp fluctuations in the physicochemical parameters of aqueous solutions, protozoal organisms are primarily eliminated from the composition of activated sludge. This pattern was noted with an increase in the content of ammonium nitrogen, phosphorus, monoethanolamine and pH fluctuations in wastewater. Under the conditions of a 10-month period of active insolation in Western Kazakhstan, the species diversity of the algoflora of activated sludge correlates with the duration of daylight hours; it was found that diatoms predominate in the autumn-winter period of the year, whereas blue-green and green algae predominate in the spring-summer period.

5

Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants During Revegetation of Coal Mine Spoil Tips and Surrounded Territories

Kucher Larisa, Krasnoshtan Igor, Nedilska Uliana, Muliarchuk Oksana, Manzii Olena, Menderetsky Vadim, Boroday Vira, Beregniak Evgeniy, Voitsekhivskyi Volodymyr, Myronycheva Olena

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

234--245

EN

Coal mining in Donbas is a global problem as it causes the destabilization of ecological landscapes. Spoil tips, covering almost 52% of the territory, alter the topography of the land, affect the ecosystem, and decrease soil fertility. The soils become degraded and are unsuitable for agricultural use. The occupation of the Donetsk region by the Russian Federation has suspended the observation and research of man-made influence on this territory, which is a major concern for the scientific community. To reduce the negative impact of spoil tips, it is necessary to slow down the process of pyrite oxidation and the formation of toxic substances, as well as the migration of heavy metals due to erosion. Biological reclamation with grass and woody plants can help in achieving this goal. Another urgent issue is the constant supervision and assessment of the suitability of the bedrock of coal mines for agricultural use. The study investigated the total and mobile content of heavy metals in the rock samples from the “South Donbaska-1” mine, ordinary chernozem (background soil), and vegetation growing on the spoil tip. The results showed that the content of Co, Cr, Cu, and Fe in the rock of the spoil tip is higher than in the background soils. The content of heavy metals gradually decreases as the distance from the spoil tip increases. The content of Pb in ordinary chernozem and rock is practically the same, indicating its active migration. An analysis of the biomass of plant samples growing on the spoil tip showed that the content of Co, Cu, and Zn was within the limits of the threshold limiting values. However, the content of other studied elements exceeded the permissible norms. The research results provide information on the ecological state of the spoil tip and can be used for recreational as well as reclamation works in these areas.

6

Heavy Metals Contamination of Local and Imported Rice in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

Wahyuningsih Nur Endah, Setiawan Henry, Nabiha Puteri Inandin, Kartasurya Martha Irene, Azam Mahalul

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

49--60

EN

This study defined the heavy metal concentration in rice, a commonly consumed staple food in Indonesia that is domestically produced and also imported from other countries due to its high demand. A total of six rice samples, comprising of four domestic and two foreign were randomly taken from Semarang stores and analyzed using the Atomic Absorbance Spectrometer (AAS). The laboratory results revealed that three varieties of rice, two from Indonesia (MW and PW; 0.561 and 0.456 mg/kg, each), and one from the United States (B; 0.307 mg/kg), exceeded the Indonesian dietary standard for lead (Pb) (SNI). Furthermore, the concentration of chromium (Cr) in two rice that are imported (B, 0.241 mg/kg and J, 0.723 mg/kg) were greater than the 0.2 mg/kg threshold established by the Chinese government. However, all samples had acceptable levels of As and Hg, and none had detectable levels of Cd. In terms of pH levels, domestically produced rice had a wider range (3.88–5.78) compared to imported rice (4.96–5.68). Although locally grown and imported rice had acceptable levels of LCR, only one local rice sample and two imported rice samples exceeded the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) as well as Hazard Index (HI) values. In conclusion, consuming heavy metals contamination rice on a regular basis poses carcinogenic as well as non-carcinogenic health risks.

7

Effect of Coal Mining Waste and Its Mixtures with Sewage Sludge and Mineral Wool on Selected Properties of Degraded Anthropogenic Soil

Żukowska Grażyna, Myszura-Dymek Magdalena, Roszkowski Szymon, Bik-Małodzińska Marta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

340--350

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of coal mining waste and its mixtures with municipal sewage sludge and waste rock wool from cover crops on the formation of selected properties of degraded anthropogenic soil. Under the conditions of a pot experiment, coal mining waste and its mixtures with 2.5 and 5% sewage sludge and mixtures supplemented with 1% addition of waste rockwool from cover crops were introduced (in a ratio of 1:1) into the degraded anthropogenic soil. White mustard was grown on the substrates in the first year and maize in the second year. The pH, EC, and sorption properties were determined in soil samples taken before of the plants and after their harvest. The results showed that the addition of coal mining waste and its mixtures with municipal sewage sludge and waste rock wool improved the soil pH and sorption properties. The management of coal mining waste and waste optimising its properties for the production of fertilizing agents can be an effective strategy within a circular economy, which at the same time will increase the efficiency of the management of degraded and poor-quality soils.

8

The Study of the Germination Behavior of Forage Species on Substrates Taken from the Soil of Awleigatt National Park in Mauritania

Abidine Mohamed Mahmoud, Cheikh Lemane Mohamed, Dallahi Youssef, Baba Mohamed Lemine, Mahmoud El Weila Mohamed, Soulé Ahmedou, Vadel Ahmedou

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

257--269

EN

Awleigatt National Park (ANP) is a zoological site ensuring both the conservation and restoration of biodiversity on a national scale. In this perspective, the ANP has set as one of its ambitious objectives the autonomy in fodder needs. The objective of this work was to study the adaptability of three forage species (Medicago sativa, Acacia senegal and Dolichos lablab) to the edaphic conditions of the NAP. The adopted approach was to characterize three types of representative ANP soil substrates in order to develop an interpolation map of EC conductivity and pH data. Subsequently, the germination behavior of the three species was studied in the laboratory on three substrates taken from the study area (Dune, Dune flank and Interdune) in the absence and presence of NaCl (0, 50 and 100 Mm). The obtained results show that the soils are basic and the electrical conductivity is higher in the inter-dune substrate. The mapping of the study area corroborates the experimentally obtained data. Germination behavior shows that germination is best on dune and dune flank substrates. The addition of high concentrations of NaCl (100mM) shows that Dolichos lablab is the most resistant to salinity. Medicago sativa and Acacia senegal show low germination capacity both in the absence and in the presence of NaCl, most likely reflecting a low embryonic longevity of the seeds used. The parameters deduced from the germination kinetics curve show that the adverse effect of salinity in the three species is observed at all three germination phases (TL, GSS and CG). As a result, the effect of salinity on germination of all three species is both osmotic and toxic.

9

Survival of Bacterial Pathogen Isolated from Urine in Surface Water in Sebou River Estuary (Morocco)

Ech-Chayeb Kaouatar, Auajjar Nabila, Lihi Khadija, Attarassi Benaissa

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 3

71--78

EN

Hospital effluents are one of the main sources of contamination of groundwater and rivers if they are collected by urban networks and sent to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), without prior treatment. These effluents are potential vectors of resistant pathogenic bacteria and could contribute to the spread of these strains in the environment. The Sebou River is used as a receptacle for domestic water treatment from the city of Kenitra. The main of the study is to analyze the effect of pH (8.2, 7.5, and 6.5) at a temperature of 22°C on the behavior of three pathogenic bacteria isolated from urine in filtered and sterilized water Sebou River. The water of Sebou River was inoculated with the three bacterial strains tested by a concentration that varied from 106–108 CFU/mL, then incubated for 30 days. The results of the obtained analyses showed that the pH affects the survival of the tested bacterial strains. For some strains, the alkaline pH at 22°C is a beneficial effect that prolongs survival. The main finding from the study was that the three strains of Escherichia coli at a pH of 8.2 have a better survival that reaches the 7th day and then declines. On the other hand, with a strain of Klebsiella pneumoni and Staphylococcus aureus at pH 7.5, the action effects are harmful; it limits survival to 72 hours and causes a rapid decrease in the number of bacteria. We have shown in our experiments that bacteria survive much better at low temperatures and basic pH.

10

Effects of Pore Fluid’s pH on the Physico-Mechanical Behavior of High Plasticity Silt

Dahal Bhim Kumar, Pokharel Santosh, Basnet Saroj, Dahal Uttam, Sah Shivam Kumar, Neopane Sneha, Adhikari Sinam, Timalsina Susmita

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

202--215

EN

Acid rain and water pollution are alarming threats, necessitating the study of their influences in different environmental aspects. This study investigates the effects of pore water’s pH on the behavior of high plasticity silt. Samples with varied pore fluid pH were tested for Atterberg limits, unconfined compressive strength on the 9th, 18th, and 27th curing days. Particle size distribution and zeta potential were assessed on the 27th day on strength tested samples. The test showed that the soil properties change with the pH of the pore fluid and the days the sample were cured for. The particle size distribution revealed that higher silt and clay fractions were present in acidic and alkaline conditions respectively. Liquid limit varied irregularly with different pH conditions. On all test days, the plastic limit increased under acidic and alkaline conditions compared to neutral conditions. The Unconfined compressive strength and zeta potential were observed to be low in the acidic and alkaline conditions compared to the neutral condition. The result infers that the dissolution of cementitious elements in acidic and alkaline conditions reduces the long-term strength of the soil. These findings encourage geotechnical engineers to evaluate the pH characteristics of the pore fluids during geotechnical analysis.

11

Effect of crystallinity and surface silanol groups on rheological properties of different sepiolites

Çınar Mustafa, Gülgönül Ilhan, Ozdemir Orhan, Çelik Mehmet S.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 5

art. no. 153947

EN

In this study, differences in the rheological properties of three different types of brown sepiolites (K1, K2, and K3) along with one beige (B) sepiolite with different physicochemical properties were explained based on their crystallinity and level of surface silanol groups. Towards this aim, SEM images, XRD and chemical analyses, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and water absorption tests were conducted along with surface area measurements and time-dependent pH profiles. The pH profiles at 3% by wt. revealed that each sepiolite sample attained the equilibrium at different times. These differences showed a parallel behavior with the degree of crystallinity. While sepiolite with better crystallinity (K1) was rather slow in reaching the equilibrium pH, the sepiolites with poor crystallinity (B and K3) reached their equilibrium pH more quickly. The rheological studies conducted with different sepiolites at 3% solids concentration exhibited time-dependent flow of the Bingham plastic model and thixotropic. Differences observed in the rheological behavior of sepiolites were found to correlate with the fiber size, CEC, surface area, and water absorption. The results further indicated that sepiolites with low crystallinity or high level of surface silanol groups (K3 and B sepiolites) show the best rheological properties.

12

Seasonal carbonate system vis-à-vis pH and Salinity in selected tropical estuaries: Implications on polychaete diversity and composition towards predicting ecological health

Sarathy Palanivel Partha, Bharathidasan Veeraiyan, Murugesan Perumal, Selvaraj Palanichamy, Punniyamoorthy Rengasamy

Oceanologia

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2022

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No. 64 (2)

346--362

EN

Salinity and pH play a fundamental role in structuring spatial patterns of physical properties, biota, and biogeochemical processes in the estuarine ecosystem. In this study, the influence of salinity-pH gradient and carbonate system on polychaete diversity in Ennore, Uppanar, Vellar, and Kaduvaiyar estuaries was investigated. Water and sediment samples were collected from September 2017 to August 2018. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were employed to define ecological status. Temperature, salinity, pH, and partial pressure of carbon-di-oxide varied between 21 and 30°C; 29 and 39 ppt; 7.4 and 8.3; and 89.216 and 1702.558 µatm, respectively. PCA and CCA results revealed that DO, chlorophyll, carbonate species, and sediment TOC have a higher influence on polychaete community structure. Forty-two species such as Ancistrosyllis parva, Cossura coasta, Eunice pennata, Euclymene annandalei, Lumbrineris albidentata, Capitella capitata, Prionospio cirrifera, P. pinnata, P. cirrobranchiata, and Notomastus sp. were found dominantly in all estuaries. Shannon index values ranged between 1.619 (UE-1) and 3.376 (VE-2). Based on these findings, high levels of carbonate species and low pH have a greater impact on polychaete diversity and richness values. The results of the AMBI Index revealed that stations UE-1, UE-2, UE-3 in Uppanar, EC-1, EC-2 in Ennore indicate “moderately disturbed”, while other stations are under the “slightly disturbed” category. This trend was quite evident in M-AMBI as well.

13

Water Quality Assessment of Anchar Lake, Srinagar, India

Ashraf Samiyah, Kaur Simarjot, Singla Sandeep

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 1

88--115

EN

The aim of this study was to ascertain the current condition of the Anchar lake water body in the Indian state of J&K in terms of water quality using some main parameters such as pH, TDS, EC, DO, and nitrates content. For the years 2019 and 2020, samples were obtained for two seasons: summer and winter. The quantitative analysis of the experimental results indicates a general increasing trend and considerable variance in nitrates content, as well as a gradual decrease in pH, indicating that the lake's acidity is increasing, but only within the basicity range, with real values approaching neutrality: TDS and EC content suggest a very favorable situation, but when the overall parameters are tested, they show a defect. Since the sampling sites were well aerated, the dissolved oxygen content showed a growing pattern, and as a result, this metric proved to be useless in deciding the overall scenario in the lake. In the winter, the longitudinal trend line indicates a 10% decrease in pH, while in the summer, it shows a 4.4 percent decrease in pH. In winters, the longitudinal trend line reveals a 6.7 percent growth in nitrate content, while summers see a marginal decline. In the winter, the longitudinal trend line shows a 7% rise in dissolved oxygen, while in the summer, it shows a uniform trend.

14

Multi-molecule imaging and inter-molecular imaging in nuclear medicine

Shimazoe Kenji, Uenomachi Mizuki

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2022

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Vol. 18, no. 1

127--134

EN

Multi-molecule imaging and inter-molecular imaging are not fully implemented yet, however, can become an alternative in nuclear medicine. In this review article, we present arguments demonstrating that the advent of the Compton positron emission tomography (Compton-PET) system and the invention of the quantum chemical sensing method with double photon emission imaging (DPEI) provide realistic perspectives for visualizing inter-molecular and multi-molecule in nuclear medicine with MeV photon. In particular, the pH change of InCl3 solutions can be detected and visualized in a three-dimensional image by combining the hyperfine electric quadrupole interaction sensing and DPEI. Moreover, chemical states, such as chelating, can be detected through angular correlation sensing. We argue that multi-molecule and chemical sensing could be a realistic stream of research in future nuclear medicine.

15

Effect of Water pH on Domestic Machine Washing Performance of Delicate Textiles

Çakmakçı Nilüfer, Candan Cevza, Arslan Başak İlkiz

Autex Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 2

225--223

EN

In order to investigate the effect of washing water pH on textile damage for delicate garments, the study was conducted such that a customer survey was first applied to randomly selected users to analyze domestic washing machine using habits of Turkish consumers. Based on the findings of the survey, the experimental study was designed in two successive phases to investigate the dimensional and mechanical behavior of certain types of delicate textiles against varying washing conditions by taking in particular, water properties, namely pH, hardness, and temperature into account, and accordingly to determine the optimized washing conditions for such textiles. Firstly, tergotometer was employed as a washing machine simulator. Within the light of the results obtained, the experimental work of the second phase of the study was conducted, which involved a domestic washing machine as a real-life scenario. All of the results, including the correlation between the data sets obtained from the tergotometer and domestic washing machine trials, were statistically analyzed using Minitab 17. The study produced some important findings regarding the effect of washing water pH on delicate textiles, in addition to an algorithm for improving the present washing program, minimizing textile damage for mainly wool and silk garments.

16

Wpływ procesu aktywacji na właściwości bentonitów

Ryłko Kinga, Skorupa Natalia, Sobczyk Natalia, Lenar Nikola

Analit

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2022

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Nr 12

36--48

PL

Bentonit, pod względem geologicznym, zaliczany od jest do skał pochodzenia wulkanicznego. Jest to ił wykazujący silne pęcznienie oraz cechujący się unikalnymi właściwościami fizycznymi. Parametry te wynikają z wysokiej zawartości montmorylonitu (minerał ilasty należący do grupy smektytu). Podczas aktywacji zachodzi proces kontrolowanej wymiany jonów. Wspomniane jony wapnia, znajdujące się początkowo w międzypakietowej przestrzeni montmorylonitu, zastępowane są jonami sodu, które wprowadza się z aktywatorem. Proces aktywacji bentonitu powoduje polepszenie jego właściwości - zwiększoną zdolność pęcznienia czy też podwyższoną zdolność wiązania. W niniejszym artykule skupiono się na zbadaniu podstawowych właściwości bentonitów oraz ich zmiany pod wpływem procesu aktywacji. Badania pH, przeprowadzone przy użyciu elektrody szklanej, wykazały, że stężenia jonów wodorowych były znacznie wyższe i stabilniejsze w czasie w przypadku bentonitu aktywowanego. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników przewodnictwa mierzonego metodą konduktometrii można zaobserwować wzrost jego wartości wraz z upływem czasu. Tendencja ta była obserwowalna w przypadkach obu bentonitów, z tą różnicą, że wartości przewodnictwa bentonitu aktywowanego przyjmowały kilkukrotnie wyższe wartości w porównaniu z tym niepoddanym aktywacji. Analiza otrzymanych wartości wykazała, że bentonit aktywowany pęczniał 4-krotnie bardziej niż ten nieaktywowany. Zarówno współczynnik pęcznienia, jak i zawartość wody wyznaczone zostały eksperymentalnie. Po usunięciu, w procesie suszenia, wody adsorpcyjnej oraz międzypakietowej, bentonit aktywowany zawierał dwa razy mniej wody niż ten niepoddany aktywacji węglanem sodu.

EN

Bentonite is classified as a rock of volcanic origin. It is a clay that shows strong swelling and has unique physical properties. These parameters are caused by the high content of montmorillonite (a clay mineral belonging to the smectite group). During activation, a process of controlled ion exchange takes place. The calcium ions, initially located in the inter-pack space of montmorillonite, are replaced by sodium ions with activator. The activation process of bentonite results in an improvement of its properties - increased swelling capacity or binding capacity. This article focuses on the examination of the basic properties of bentonites and their changes under the effect of the activation process. Studies of pH, conducted using a glass electrode, showed that the concentration of hydrogen ions was much higher and more stable over time for the activated bentonite. The results obtained after conductometric measurements show the incensement of conductivity with time. This trend was visible in the cases of both bentonites, with the difference that the conductivity values of the activated bentonite assumed significantly higher compared to values obtained to inactivated one. Analysis of the obtained values showed that the activated bentonite swelled 4 times more the inactivated one. Values of swelling coefficient and water content were determined experimentally. After removal of adsorption and inter-pack water (during the drying process), the activated bentonite contained twice less water than the one not activated by adding sodium carbonate.

17

Ocena wpływu aktywacji bentonitu na jego właściwości sorpcyjne

Niziurska Natalia, Skokoń Magdalena, Ściślak Szymon, Wieczorek Wojciech, Fendrych Katarzyna

Analit

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2022

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Nr 12

23--35

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące oceny wpływu aktywacji bentonitu na jego zdolności sorpcyjne. W tym celu analizie poddano betonit surowy pochodzący ze słowackiego złoża Jelśovy Potok oraz betonit poddany procesowi aktywacji z wykorzystaniem Na2CO3. Materiał do badań stanowiły próbki bentonitu pobrane podczas wyjazdu technologicznego na terenie firmy CERTECH w Niedomicach. Proces aktywacji skutkuje wzrostem ilości wyługowanych z bentonitu rozpuszczalnych w wodzie składników oraz wzrostem pHPZC, tj. wartości pH przy którym powierzchnia zawiesiny bentonitu wykazuje w wodzie elektryczny ładunek zerowy. Ponadto proces aktywacji sodowej bentonitu skutkuje niemal 4-krotnym wzrostem wartości pojemności kationowymiennej CEC, która kształtuje się na poziomie 353.3 meq/100 g bentonitu aktywowanego. Analiza składu ilościowego oraz fazowego, dokonana w oparciu o wyniki uzyskane za pomocą odpowiednio spektroskopii fluorescencji rentgenowskiej XRF oraz dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej XRD, potwierdziła skuteczność zastosowanej procedury aktywacji bentonitu. Pomiary z wykorzystaniem spektroskopii FT-IR ujawniły pozostałość węglanu w strukturze materiału po procesie aktywacji. Badania mikrostrukturalne z wykorzystaniem skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej SEM wskazuje, iż proces aktywacji wpływa na różnice w rozmiarze ziaren bentonitu aktywowanego (126 μm) w stosunku do bentonitu surowego (512 μm). Wzrost rozwinięcia powierzchni swobodnej bentonitu aktywowanego wpływa korzystnie na jego zdolności sorpcyjne.

EN

This work presents results of research related to assessment of activation of bentonite on its sorption properties. Samples originated from Slovak deposit Jelśovy Potok, and bentonite activated with Na2CO3. Bentonite was aquired during field trip to CERTECH located in Niedomice, Poland. Process of activation leads to increase of amount of water soluble substances leached from bentonite and an increase in pHPZC. A specific value of pH in which surface of the bentonite displays zero electrical charge. Additionally, activation of bentonite results in almost 4 times increase of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), which is around 35.3 [meq/100g] of activated bentonite. Quantitive and phase analysis was conducted through results of XRF and XRD methods, and they showed clear effectiveness of bentonite activation. FT-IR analysis revealed residues of carbonates inside structures of bentonite, a byproduct of activation. SEM microscopy showed visible change to particulate size due to activation of bentonite. Activated bentonite had praticles sized 126 [μm] whilst raw bentonite had particles 512 [μm] in size. Siginificant increase in bentonite free surface is beneficial to its sorption abilities.

18

Use of sulfate-reducing bacteria and different organic fertilizer for bioremediation of ex-nickel mining soils

Bakhtiar, Sukoso, Saida

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2021

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Vol. 30, No. 4

561--572

EN

The microbiological activity associated with exmining soil remediation can be considered useful to accelerate the contaminant degradation. The use of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and organic matter exhibits potential in improving ex-nickel mining soil quality. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of SRB in several organic fertilizers to reduce sulfate and nickel ions, and to increase pH of soil from nickel in mining areas. This study used the bacteria collection of the Soil Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muslim Indonesia. Those were previously isolated from two cultivating pond of milkfish in the Kuri area of Maros Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The soil samples were collected from ex-mining areas of the Vale Indonesia Enterprise in Soroako, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Those were mixed with organic fertilizers, generated from sugarcane sludge, manure, and Quickstick (Gliricidia sepium) leaves, each with 50 and 100 g doses. The 5 kg soil samples were put into a pot and mixed evenly with organic fertil- izers. A general linear model (GLM) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was adopted to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that the application of SRB and fertilizer was effective in reducing concentration of sulfate and nickel. Among the three types of organic fertilizers, manure was effective in reducing sulfate and nickel concentrations, while Quickstick fertilizer was the more effective in stabilizing pH level. Fertilizer doses exhibited a significant effect on decreasing sulfate and nickel concentrations, but it exhibited no significant effect on stabilizing pH levels. At 10 days after treatment (DAT), the sulfate concentration decreased from 2,530 ppm to 1,443 ppm in treatment of SRB and manure with dose of 50 g and 1,363 ppm with that of 100 g. At the end of the observation (30 DAT), those were decreased to 1,217 ppm in treatment of SRB and manure with doses of 50 g and 1,167 ppm with that of 100 g. Among the three types of organic fertilizers used, Quickstick demonstrates the more effective reduction rate. At 10 DAT, pH increased in SRB treatment by 7.06 at a concentration of 50 g and 7.01 at a concentration of 50 g. At the end of the observation (30 DAT), the pH became 6.67 at a concentration of 50 g and 6.82 at a concentration of 50 g. The nickel concentration decreased from an origin concentration to 1,950 ppm in treatment of SRB and manure with doses of 50 g and 1,690 ppm with that of 100 g. Thus, the application of manure fertilizer and the addition of SRB is recommended for bioremediation of sulfate and nickel from ex-mining soil.

19

Impact of raw and purified wastewater reuse from the Dar El-Gueddari treatment plant on the soil

Njimat Smail, Elfettahi Fouad, Griou Hajar, El Brouzi Mohammed Y., Aboulouafa Mohammed, Ibn Ahmed Said

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 49

121--128

EN

The study has been carried out at two experimental sites. It aims to assess the impact of the reuse of raw wastewater, purified and diluted with conventional water on the physicochemical quality of soils compared to irrigated soils with conventional drilled water and non-irrigated soil. The obtained results show that the electrical conductivity EC and sodium gradually increase in all the plots irrigated with wastewater. Additionally, a slight increase in the pH levels at the first site and a slight decrease in the second site was seen, but at both sites the soils remained alkaline. The infiltration rate of water slide decreases in relation to the amount of irrigation, especially in plots irrigated by raw and treated wastewater. For the same plots, the values of organic matter increased, and the values obtained for the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) became high in the third year and reached 17.0% and 16.7% respectively.

20

Features of the surface water oxygen regime in the Ukrainian Polesie Region

Aristarkhova Ella O., Fedoniuk Tetiana P., Romanchuk Ludmila D., Latushynskyi Sergii V., Kot Iryna V.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 49

104--110

EN

The research analyzed seasonal changes of the oxygen regime and related indicators on the example of water objects of the Ukrainian Polesie Region. The region shows different directions of economic use. Zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton–Buchanan) and the Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch) were used as test objects to investigate survival responses. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in water, pH values and temperatures were determined by standard methods. Based on research results, the main problems were determined pertaining to the oxygen regime of investigated waters, i.e. the increase in temperature and toxicity of the aquatic environment in the summer. A rather dangerous decrease in DO concentration, almost up to the levels of maximum allowable concentration (MAC) (4.10 mg∙dm–3 in group E1 and 6.07 mg∙dm–3 in group E2), was observed in August and it was typical for the reservoirs with a slow water movement. Flowing river waters (group E3) were eliminated due to their better aeration compared to other groups. The correlation analysis based on the presented data revealed a high and average degree of probable correlation between the DO concentration and water temperature, as well as an average degree of correlation with general toxicity determined on sensitive species of D. rerio, and in group E1 on the persistent species C. auratus gibelio as well. The interrelations and equations of the rectilinear regression can be used to predict the oxygen regime of the waters investigated and other surface waters having similar problems.