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EN
This article proposes an unequivocal method of labeling and numbering the cladding modes propagating in single-mode optical waveguides with tilted periodic structures. The unambiguous determination of individual propagating modes in this type of optical fiber is crucial for their use in sensory systems. The selection of the appropriate spectral range and mode determines the sensitivity and measuring range of tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) sensors. The measurement methods proposed by individual research teams using TFBGs as transducers are usually based on the selection of specific modes. Unification of the labeling of modes and their numbering enables comparison of the basic metrological parameters of individual measurement methods and reproduction and verification of the proposed sensors and methods in the laboratories of other scientific and research centers.
EN
The purpose of the undertaken research work is to analyze the torsional strength of standard samples with a circular cross-section, produced additively using the SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) technique – sintering PA2200 polyamide powders. The studies conducted so far have not included a static torsion test, the results of which are crucial for parts such as machine shafts, hubs, couplings, etc. Hence the idea of conducting the research in question. The samples were made in different settings relative to the machine's working platform and subjected to post-processing in two variants – by water-soaking and furnace-heating – in order to determine the influence of the orientation of the model in the manufacturing process and the type of post-processing on torsional strength. The produced samples were additionally subjected to a preliminary dimensional and shape verification due to the significant impact of the accuracy of the models in the SLS process on the operation of the above-mentioned machine parts. Based on the analysis of the test results, it was found that the highest torsional strength was determined for the furnace-heated samples. In addition, the highest mapping accuracy was found for models positioned vertically in relation to the machine's working platform.
3
Content available remote Zastosowania przemysłowe optycznych współrzędnościowych maszyn pomiarowych
PL
W artykule przedstawiono krótką charakterystykę optycznych współrzędnościowych maszyn pomiarowych. Zwrócono uwagę na najważniejsze zalety współrzędnościowych pomiarów optycznych wielkości geometrycznych i wymieniono niektóre obszary zastosowania optycznych współrzędnościowych systemów pomiarowych w przemyśle.
EN
The paper presents a brief characteristics of optical coordinate measuring machines. The most important advantages of the optical coordinate measurements of geometrical quantities are highlighted and some areas of application of optical coordinate measuring systems in industry are mentioned.
EN
In this paper, a Mecanum wheel omnidirectional robotic platform made for taking measurements in harsh and dangerous conditions is introduced. Due to the necessity of highly accurate displacement of the platform for measuring the conditions at the exact measurement point and due to known Mecanum wheel slippage and relatively poor position accuracy, a calibration procedure for minimizing positioning error had to be implemented. For this task, a highly accurate stereographic digital image correlation (DIC) system was used to measure platform displacement. A series of parameters, namely linear maximum velocity and acceleration/deceleration values, were taken into account during the calibration procedure to find the best combination allowing precise movement of the robot. It was found that low acceleration values were the main causes of the robot’s poor positioning accuracy and could cause the robot’s motors to stall. Max speed values proved to have little effect on the robot’s positioning.
EN
Maintenance of assets and equipment in power plants is essential for their safety and is required to help the plant stay active. In this paper, the specimens manufactured from a pipe of X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) power engineering steel in the as-received state and after operating for 80 000 h at internal pressure of 8.4 MPa and temperature of 540ºC were subjected to tests using electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) under static loading of up to 2.5 kN. Such a procedure enables assessment of strain and stress distribution maps to compare material integrity in the as-received state and after exploitation in its elastic range. The measurements conducted showed no effect of long time operation on the mechanical response of P91 steel under the power installations conditions since the field strain distributions for each type of specimen were found to be similar.
PL
W publikacji przedstawiono metodykę przeprowadzania pomiarów optycznych dostosowaną do zastosowań medycznych. Ze względu na specyficzne wymagania zaproponowane zostały rozwiązania ułatwiające i przyspieszające proces digitalizacji modeli o skomplikowanej budowie. Przygotowano i wykonano za pomocą metod szybkiego prototypowania dodatkowy uchwyt mocujący, poszerzający możliwości standardowego urządzenia pomiarowego. Przedstawiono również możliwości usprawnienia procesu pomiarowego oraz obróbki wyników numerycznych przez automatyzację wybranych zadań i zastosowanie zaawansowanych funkcji w programach inspekcyjnych.
EN
The publication presents methodology for performing optical measurements adapted to medical applications. Due to the specific requirements were proposed solutions to facilitate and accelerating the process of digitizing models with a complex structure. Using rapid prototyping methods, an additional mounting bracket has been prepared which extends the capabilities of a standard measuring device. It also presents the possibility of streamlining the process of measuring and processing of numerical results by automating some tasks and functions in the application of advanced inspection programs.
EN
In this study, detailed investigations of scavenged prechamber engine combustion are performed experimentally in a Rapid Compression Expansion Machine (RCEM), which allows optical access into the main chamber. OH* chemiluminescence measurements combined with pressure measurements are used to study the effect of varying ignition timing on combustion and cycle-to-cycle variations. The variation of ignition timing (pressure at ignition) showed an optimum ignition point for a given injection duration. Earlier ignition resulted in weaker but more reactive jets, coupled to increased cyclic variations. Later ignition did not significantly affect heat release rate, but increased cyclic variation.
EN
High-latitude fjords, very vulnerable to global change, are impacted by their land and ocean boundaries, and they may be influenced by terrestrial water discharges and oceanic water inputs into them. This may be reflected by temporal and spatial patterns in concentrations of biogeochemically important constituents. This paper analyses information relating to the total suspended matter (TSM) concentration in the Porsanger fjord (Porsangerfjorden), which is situated in the coastal waters of the Barents Sea. Water samples and a set of physical data (water temperature, salinity, inherent optical properties) were obtained during two field expeditions in the spring and summer of 2014 and 2015. Bio-optical relationships were derived from these measurements, enabling optical data to be interpreted in terms of TSM concentrations. The results revealed significant temporal variability of TSM concentration, which was strongly influenced by precipitation, terrestrial water discharge and tidal phase. Spatial distribution of TSM concentration was related to the bathymetry of the fjord, dividing this basin into three subregions. TSM concentrations ranged from 0.72 to 0.132 g m−3 at the surface (0–2 m) and from 0.5 to 0.67 g m−3 at 40 m depth. The average mineral fraction was estimated to be 44% at surface and 53% at 40 m.
PL
Jednym ze źródeł błędów, mających wpływ na niepewność pomiarów struktury geometrycznej powierzchni, jest szum pomiarowy (zwany szumem dynamicznym), będący kombinacją szumu wewnętrznego przyrządu pomiarowego oraz oddziaływania środowiska zewnętrznego. W artykule porównano szum pomiarowy dla przyrządów bazujących na różnych metodach pomiaru struktury geometrycznej powierzchni, wykorzystywanych podczas realizacji projektu nr PBS2/A6/20/2013 „Badania i ocena wiarygodności nowoczesnych metod pomiarów topografii powierzchni w skali mikro i nano”, objętego Programem Badań Stosowanych i finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju.
EN
One of the sources of errors affecting the uncertainty of measurements of the surface texture is the measurement noise, called dynamic noise, which is a combination of the internal noise of the measuring instrument and the influence of the external environment. The article presents the comparison of measurement noise for instruments using various methods of measuring the surface texture that were used during the implementation of the project No. PBS2/A6/20/2013/NCBiR/24/10/2013 “Research and evaluation of reliability of modern methods of surface topography measurements in micro and nano scale”.
PL
Przedstawiono analizę porównawczą dokładności dwóch optycznych systemów pomiarowych umożliwiających odtworzenie geometrii ostrzy narzędzia skrawającego. Do digitalizacji geometrii ostrzy narzędzia wykorzystano: mikroskop różnicowania ogniskowego Infinite Focus G4 firmy Alicona i skaner z niebieskim światłem strukturalnym Comet LƎD 2 firmy Zeiss.
EN
The comparative analysis of two different optical measuring systems enabling the reconstruction of the cutting edges geometry is presented. For research uses: focus-variation microscope Alicona G4 and professional 3D scanner Zeiss Comet LƎD 2.
PL
Przestawiono możliwości zastosowania różnych metod pomiaru do oceny wymiarowo-kształtowej i stereometrii powierzchni radiatora frezowanego za pomocą mikrofrezu precyzyjnego VHM z powłoką DLC.
EN
The paper presents the possibilites of aplication the individual measurement methods for evaluation of the dimensional-shape accuracy and surface stereometry of the radiator milled with precision VHM with DLC coating.
PL
Omówiono prace dotyczące przygotowania i realizacji badań eksperymentalnych próbek drukowanych metodą osadzania topionego materiału – FDM (fused deposition modelling), w tym metodykę pomiarów optycznych odkształceń z wykorzystaniem fotogrametrii oraz zastosowanie tej metody w próbie statycznego rozciągania. Porównano wyniki uzyskane na maszynie wytrzymałościowej i z pomiarów z wykorzystaniem metody fotograficznej, dotyczące własności mechanicznych materiału próbki wykonanej techniką druku FDM. Głównym celem prac było przygotowanie optycznej metody pomiarowej do badań materiałów niejednorodnych o dużych odkształceniach, zobrazowanie pól odkształceń oraz analiza zachowania się takich materiałów w złożonych stanach obciążeń.
EN
This paper presents results of works, which concerned on proper sample preparation, testing methodology and analysis of material properties with application of optical displacement measurements. Later author compare result of measurements in performed tests and present 3D FDM printed material characteristic result. The goal was to prepare optical non-contact measurements methodology for examining properties of anisotropic and high deformable materials in complex loads condition.
PL
W artykule przestawiono wpływ rodzaju zastosowanej obróbki i właściwości optycznych materiału, z którego wykonany jest mierzony element, na ilość punktów niezmierzonych podczas wykonywania pomiarów stereometrii powierzchni metodą koherentnej interferometrii korelacyjnej.
EN
The paper presents an influence of the applied machining method and optical properties of the material of investigated element on the number of points that were not measured during measurements of surface stereometry with the use of coherence correlation interferometry.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problematykę podwyższenia dokładności wytwarzania prototypów metodą PolyJet. W tym celu wykonano modele badawcze w postaci prymitywów geometrycznych oraz poddano je pomiarom kontrolnym. W kolejnym kroku przeprowadzono korekty geometrii, ponownie wytworzono modele i wykonano pomiary w celu weryfikacji poprawności przyję- tych założeń.
EN
The article presents the problem of increasing the accuracy of prototyping by PolyJet. To this aim a test models in the form of geometric primitives, and subjected to measurement control. In the next stage, carried out the correction of geometry, re-produced models and measurements in order to verify the correctness of the assumptions
EN
The article presents problems related to manufacturing complex geometry of turbine wheel in relation to FDM, Poly Jet and MEM methods. The basis for conducting the analysis was the process of modeling model geometry using 3D-CAD software, from which using selected additive RP methods the study models were manufactured. Using the optical measuring scanner Atos II Triple Scan and special diagnostic software the analysis were conducted to check geometry inaccuracies of study models obtained from particular RP methods. Conducted studies show for particular RP methods the most problematic areas of geometry with the highest inaccuracy in relation to base model. On their basis there is a possibility for further investigation connected with defining solution for elimination or minimalization of 3D-CAD model geometry inaccuracy generated during process of manufacturing by using RP methods.
EN
This article compares the accuracy of spiral bevel gear teeth obtained using the classical method and MEM as well as PolyJet methods. Gear models designed in a CAD software environment using hybrid modelling were used as the baseline. Steel gear teeth were performed by grinding. Measurements were taken on a P40 coordinate machine with the use of an Atos II Triple Scan optical scanner. On the basis of data from measurements, relevant accuracy analyses for the obtained geometry were performed and compared for each method of fabrication.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano ideę i sposób prowadzenia inspekcji geometrii i wymiarów przy zastosowaniu fotogrametrycznych systemów pomiarowych. Przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z wykorzystaniem specjalistycznego oprogramowania dostarczanego wraz z oferowanymi na rynku systemami. Zaprezentowano podstawowe funkcje służące do bazowania chmury punktów na modelu CAD i inspekcji przyrządów używanych przy produkcji statków powietrznych w PZL Mielec.
EN
The paper presents concept and basic issues related to the use of the geometry and dimension inspection using photogrammetric measurement systems. Paper presents issues associated with the use of specialized software supplied with the systems offered on the market. The basic functions for referencing of points cloud on the CAD model and inspection instruments used in the manufacture of aircraft PZL Mielec has been presented.
18
Content available remote Analiza i porównanie dokładności wybranych przyrostowych metod wytwarzania
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problematykę związaną z dokładnością wybranych przyrostowych technik wytwarzania. Celem zdefiniowania dokładności wytwarzanej geometrii dla metod FDM, MEM oraz PolyJet wykonano wzorcowy model badawczy złożony z różnych cech geometrycznych. Na jego podstawie przeprowadzono pomiary optyczne, które umożliwiły określenie błędów geometrii i opracowanie analizy porównawczej dla analizowanych metod szybkiego prototypowania.
EN
The article presents the problems connected with the accuracy of selected incremental manufacturing techniques. To define the accuracy of generated geometry for FDM, PolyJet MEM and made reference research model consisting of various geometric features. On the basis of optical measurements were carried out, which enabled determination of fault geometry and a comparative analysis of the analyzed methods for Rapid Prototyping.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe zagadnienia związane z wykorzystaniem optycznego skanera 3D ATOS™ III Triple Scan oraz systemu fotogrametrycznego TRITOP™ do kontroli jakości części oraz wspomagania montażu struktur lotniczych. Zaprezentowano ideę i sposób prowadzenia pomiarów przy zastosowaniu optycznego skanera 3D wykorzystującego fazową metodę oświetlania obiektu mierzonego.
EN
The paper presents basic issues related to the use of the optical 3D scanner ATOS III Triple Scan™ and the TRITOP™ photogrammetric system for parts quality control and aircraft structures assembly support. The concept and measurement method using an optical 3D scanner with phase illumination method of a measured object has been presented.
20
Content available remote Optical properties of the Al2O3/SiO2 and Al2O3/HfO2/SiO2 antireflective coatings
EN
Investigations of bilayer and trilayer Al2O3/SiO2 and Al2O3/HfO2/SiO2 antireflective coatings are presented in this paper. The oxide films were deposited on a heated quartz glass by e-gun evaporation in a vacuum of 5 × 10 -3 [Pa] in the presence of oxygen. Depositions were performed at three different temperatures of the substrates: 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C. The coatings were deposited onto optical quartz glass (Corning HPFS). The thickness and deposition rate were controlled with Inficon XTC/2 thickness measuring system. Deposition rate was equal to 0.6 nm/s for Al2O3, 0.6 nm – 0.8 nm/s for HfO2 and 0.6 nm/s for SiO2. Simulations leading to optimization of the thin film thickness and the experimental results of optical measurements, which were carried out during and after the deposition process, have been presented. The optical thickness values, obtained from the measurements performed during the deposition process were as follows: 78 nm/78 nm for Al2O3/SiO2 and 78 nm/156 nm/78 nm for Al2O3 /HfO2/SiO2. The results were then checked by ellipsometric technique. Reflectance of the films depended on the substrate temperature during the deposition process. Starting from 240 nm to the beginning of visible region, the average reflectance of the trilayer system was below 1 % and for the bilayer, minima of the reflectance were equal to 1.6 %, 1.15 % and 0.8 % for deposition temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C, respectively.
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