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EN
Different types and quantities of freight cars will affect the marshalling forms of freight trains. In order to investigate the influence of the marshalling forms on the aerodynamic performance of freight trains under crosswind, three types of freight cars such as box cars, gondola cars and tank cars, were selected to marshal with locomotives. This paper used Detached Eddy Simulation method (DES) based on the SST k-ω turbulent model to simulate the aerodynamic performance of the freight train under crosswind. The wind speed, wind angle and train running speed were set as 25m/s, 45° and 100km/h respectively. The influence of different marshalling forms on the aerodynamic performance of the freight train such as aerodynamic drag and lateral force were calculated and compared. The results showed that the marshalling forms have significant effect on the aerodynamic drag and the maximum difference of the aerodynamic drag can reach 20.5%. Furthermore, the variations of the lateral force of the whole train and the locomotive are not apparent. The maximum difference is only 4.3% and 4.1% respectively. However, the changes of marshalling forms have obvious influence on the lateral force of each carriage. The maximum difference of the lateral force of the box car, gondola car and tank car is 17%, 20.1% and 24.1% respectively. The essential reason why the marshalling forms has a significant impact on the aerodynamic performance of the freight train is that there are obvious differences in the volume and shape structure of each railway carriage. The large volume of box cars and the cavity structure of gondola cars make their position a key factor affecting the aerodynamic performance of freight trains. Among the six different marshalling forms selected in this paper, the best marshalling form is: locomotive--gondola car--box car--tank car. Both the aerodynamic drag of the train and the lateral force of the boxcar are the smallest by taking this marshalling form.
EN
The paper presents application of Particle Image Velocimetry for determination of an airfoil’s drag coefficient in wind tunnel tests. The purpose of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using PIV as an alternative to pressure rake measurements, especially at high angles of attack. The integral momentum concept was applied for determination of fluid drag from experimental low speed wind tunnel data. The drag coefficient was calculated from velocity and pressure rake data for intermediate angles of attack from 5° to 10°. Additionally, the experimental results were compared to panel method results. After validating the procedures at low angles of attack, the drag coefficient was calculated at close to critical angles of attack. The presented study proved that PIV technique can be considered as an attractive alternative for drag coefficient determination of an airfoil.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie metody anemometrii obrazowej (PIV) do wyznaczenia współczynnika oporu profilu lotniczego. Celem badań było sprawdzenie możliwości zastosowania metody PIV jako alternatywy do pomiarów ciśnieniowych za pomocą sondy grzebieniowej, w szczególności dla dużych kątów natarcia. Opór profilu wyznaczono poprzez określenie straty pędu w śladzie z danych uzyskanych w eksperymentalnych badaniach tunelowych. Współczynnik oporu wyznaczono dla katów natarcia od 5° do 10° przy wykorzystaniu danych ciśnieniowych oraz prędkości uzyskanych metodą anemometrii obrazowej. Dodatkowo wyniki uzyskane z danych eksperymentalnych porównano z wynikami uznanymi metodą panelową. Po walidacji procedur dla średnich kątów natarcia metodykę zastosowano do wyznaczenia współczynników oporu dla kątów natarcia bliskich krytycznemu kątowi natarcia profilu. Przedstawione badania potwierdziły skuteczność zastosowania metody anemometrii obrazowej, jako alternatywy pomiarów ciśnieniowych, do wyznaczenia oporu profilu lotniczego w badaniach tunelowych.
EN
A coast-down test is carried out in cases when there is a need for the exact expression of the forces acting on a road vehicle during its coast-down. These forces act mainly against the vehicle’s movement due to air and tyre rolling resistance. Knowledge of the course of these forces throughout the vehicle’s movement range is also a requirement when measuring fuel consumption with a roller performance dynamometer. The reason is that this device has to load the rollers by force or performance corresponding to the given vehicle, while testing it during various driving cycles. For approval purposes, the requirements for this type of test are described in the applicable regulations, i.e., UNECE Regulations No. 83 and No. 101, or the newly developed Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). Slovak Technical Standard STN 30 0556 also contains detailed procedures for carrying out the test. The authors of this paper have taken into account both types of technical regulations in order to conduct coast-down tests on chosen vehicles. The results are usable in terms of measuring fuel consumption on a roller dynamometer. Furthermore, the vehicle’s economic performance in normal operation mode can be also assumed with these results.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań lamp różniących się geometrią i powierzchnią boczną. W przypadku lampy mającej liczne elementy wystające i skomplikowaną bryłę wykazano zwiększenie siły oporu aerodynamicznego oraz zależność od intensywności turbulencji.
EN
The article presents the results of the tests conducted in the wind tunnel on two street lamps. Lamps varied in geometry and a side surface. A large increase of the aerodynamic drag force and a dependence on the intensity of turbulence was observed in the case of a lamp with numerous protruding elements and a complicated shape.
PL
W artykule omówione zostały granice oraz przykładowe metody minimalizacji oporu aerodynamicznego.
EN
In the paper limitations and exemplary methods of aerodynamic drag force minimization in different kinds of vehicles are described. Changes of value of aerodynamic drag coefficient during years are presented. Conclusions about future possible new solutions in different kinds of vehicles are formulated.
EN
The research study investigates fuel consumption of a passenger car depending on aerodynamic resistance and related aspects. Introduction and next chapter describe all the resistance kinds affecting a passenger car while in-motion. Subsequent part outlines particular aspects such as aerodynamic resistance, aerodynamic resistance coefficient, car velocity and air temperature in terms of their effect on fuel consumption of selected passenger car. The most important chapter compares fuel consumption while a passenger car is in-motion on an expressway with closed and open windows with fuel consumption on a first class road infrastructure.
EN
Bionics has been widely used in many fields. Previous studies on the application of bionics in locomotives and vehicles mainly focused on shape optimisation of high-speed trains, but the research on bionic shape design in the electric locomotive field is rare. This study investigated a design method for streamlined electric locomotives according to the principles of bionics. The crocodiles were chosen as the bionic object because of their powerful and streamlined head shape. Firstly, geometric characteristic lines were extracted from the head of a crocodile by analysing the head features. Secondly, according to the actual size requirements of the electric locomotive head, a free-hand sketch of the bionic electric locomotive head was completed by adjusting the position and scale of the geometric characteristic lines. Finally, the non-uniform rational B-splines method was used to establish a 3D digital model of the crocodile bionic electric locomotive, and the main and auxiliary control lines were created. To verify the drag reduction effect of the crocodile bionic electric locomotive, numerical simulations of aerodynamic drag were performed for the crocodile bionic and bluff body electric locomotives at different speeds in open air by using the CFD software, ANSYS FLUENT16.0. The geometric models of crocodile bionic and bluff body electric locomotives were both marshalled with three cars, namely, locomotive + middle car + locomotive, and the size of the two geometric models was uniform. Dimensions and grids of the flow field were defined. And then, according to the principle of motion relativity, boundary conditions of flow field were defined. The results indicated that the crocodile bionic electric locomotive demonstrated a good aerodynamic performance. At the six sampling speeds in the range of 40–240 km/h, the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the crocodile bionic electric locomotive decreased by 7.7% on the average compared with that of the bluff body electric locomotive.
PL
Do zbadania możliwości dostarczania powietrza do wyrobisk górniczych otworami wielkośrednicowymi konieczna jest znajomość ich oporów. W artykule, z uwagi na brak dotychczas doświadczeń i wyników badań krajowych na ten temat, zajęto się oporami aerodynamicznymi otworów wielkośrednicowych. Ten parametr ma istotne znaczenie dla wykorzystania tych otworów do prowadzenia powietrza do lub z wyrobisk dołowych.
EN
In order to investigate the possibility of fresh air delivery to mining excavations by means of large-diameter boreholes it is necessary to know the specific resistance of these excavations. Because no research results and no practical experiences of Polish mines in this regard are presented in the literature, the problem of aerodynamic resistance of large diameter boreholes is investigated in this paper. This parameter is crucial to determine the possibility of utilising this type of boreholes for fresh air delivery into underground excavations.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono rozważania, dotyczące możliwości zmniejszenia oporu aerodynamicznego autobusu miejskiego, poprzez pokrycie wybranych elementów nadwozia materiałem o strukturze porowatej. W pracy przybliżono zjawiska zachodzące w warstwie przyściennej w trakcie opływu powierzchni wyposażonej we wgłębienia. Ponadto, przedstawiono koncepcyjną modyfikację wybranych stref karoserii autobusu miejskiego, w celu ograniczenia oporu aerodynamicznego.
EN
This paper discusses the possibility of reducing the aerodynamic drag of a city bus by covering the selected body elements with a porous structure. The paper presents the phenomena occurring in the boundary layer during the flow of a surface equipped with dimples. In addition, a conceptual modification of selected city bus body elements was performed in aim to reduce aerodynamic drag.
PL
Strefy wirów powodujące fluktuację ciśnienia na tylnej powierzchni poruszającego się pojazdu, stanowią jedną z głównych przyczyn oporu aerodynamicznego. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono rozważania dotyczące możliwości zmniejszenia oporu aerodynamicznego autobusu miejskiego, poprzez wykorzystanie deflektorów powietrza w tylnej strefie nadwozia. W pracy przedstawiono również koncepcyjny model deflektora powietrza, dostosowanego do karoserii przykładowego współczesnego autobusu miejskiego.
EN
Swirl zones causing pressure fluctuations on the rear surface of a moving vehicle are one of the major causes of aerodynamic drag. In this paper, author presented the possibility of reducing the aerodynamic drag of a city bus by using air deflectors in the rear bodywork. The paper also presents a conceptual model of an air deflector adapted to the body-work of an exemplary contemporary city bus.
EN
Aerodynamic drag plays an important role in high-speed trains, and how to reduce the aerodynamic drag is one of the most important research subjects related to modern railway systems. This paper investigates a design method for large-scale streamlined head cars of high-speed trains by adopting NURBS theory according to the outer surface characteristics of trains. This method first created the main control lines of the driver cab by inputting control point coordinates; then, auxiliary control lines were added to the main ones. Finally, the reticular region formed by the main control lines and auxiliary ones were filled. The head car was assembled with the driver cab and sightseeing car in a virtual environment. The numerical simulation of train flow field was completed through definition of geometric models, boundary conditions, and space discretization. The calculation results show that the aerodynamic drag of the high-speed train with large-scale streamlined head car decreases by approximately 49.3% within the 50-300 km/h speed range compared with that of the quasi-streamlined high-speed train. This study reveals that the high-speed train with large-scale streamlined head car could achieve the purpose of reducing running aerodynamic drag and saving energy, and aims to provide technical support for the subsequent process design and production control of high-speed train head cars.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono analizę wpływu warunków atmosferycznych na poziom oporów aerodynamicznych autobusu miejskiego na przykładzie Mercedesa Conecto użytkowanego przez Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne w Lublinie. Warunki brzegowe do obliczeń opracowano na podstawie danych z Krajowego Instytutu Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej oraz serwisów pogodowych.
EN
This paper presents an analysis of the impact of weather conditions on the level of aerodynamic drag of a city bus on the example of Mercedes Conecto model exploited by the Municipal Transport Company in Lublin. The boundary conditions for the calculation were based on data from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management and weather services.
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki symulacji numerycznej, przeprowadzonej w celu wyznaczenia stosunku składowej siły oporu aerodynamicznego wynikającej ze spiętrzenia molekuł powietrza na czołowej części nadwozia do siły wynikającej z istnienia obszaru obniżonego ciśnienia w strefie bezpośrednio za poruszającym się autobusem miejskim. Analizę przeprowadzono dla typowych warunków użytkowych wykorzystując numeryczną mechanikę płynów.
EN
This paper presents results of the numerical analysis conducted to determinate the ratio of the aerodynamic drag component resulting from the zone of a low pressure in the area located directly behind the city bus model and drag component resulting from the pressure increase on the front surface of the vehicle. The analysis was conducted in CFD software for typical condition of use of a city bus.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy zjawiska obniżenia ciśnienia w śladzie aerodynamicznym za poruszającym się pojazdem oraz wpływu tego ciśnienia na opór aerodynamiczny. Praca stanowi wprowadzenie do analizy numerycznej przepływu powietrza w otoczeniu pojazdu, mającej na celu wyznaczenie stosunku siły oporu wynikającej ze strefy obniżonego ciśnienie w strefie za autobusem miejskim i siły oporu wynikającego z ciśnienia na powierzchni czołowej pojazdu.
EN
The paper presents the results of the analysis of the phenomenon of pressure decrease that takes place directly behind a moving vehicle and its impact on the aerodynamic drag. This work is an introduction to the numerical analysis aimed to determinate the ratio of drag force resulting from zone of low pressure in area directly behind the city bus and drag force resulting from pressure increase on the front surface of the vehicle.
EN
Computational determination of aerodynamic resistance for high truss structures like telecommunications towers is the subject of this study. Normalized procedures were presented with an example of an existing structure concerning the total wind coefficient. The results of calculations along with their broad elaboration and interpretation have been presented. Analyses and calculations were conducted for a tower of height equal to 84 metres and of a triangular cross section. The structure is characterized by round full rods as the legs of the tower and hot-rolled angle bars as the bracing. Two computational approaches were applied providing the results for each of them. The achieved results allow for stating that selection of a computational standard procedure should be adequate to an analysed structure and its characteristic features. The information included in the article is particularly useful in case of the determination of carrying capacity of existing tower structures on the basis of Eurocode standards.
EN
This paper focuses on the aerodynamic drag force that acts on a long cylinder standing up to aerodynamic wind in the critical regime of the fluid flow. The core problem addressed here is how surface roughness of a high level and further increase of that level affects the drag. The research is based on computer simulations using the Discrete Vortex Method. A meshless version of the method was applied in order to let the boundary layer form freely in the way of a direct computer simulation. Fundamental ideas behind the Discrete Vortex Method, the original research program and the obtained results are presented. The main conclusion is that a small level of surface roughness may be neglected in engineering estimations.
PL
W pracy skupiono się na sile oporu aerodynamicznego działającej na nieskończenie długi walec poddany działaniu wiatru w zakresie krytycznym przepływu. Centralnym zagadnieniem badań było określenie wpływu dużej chropowatości walca na wartość tej siły oraz określenie związku pomiędzy zmianą parametru chropowatości a jej wartością. W ramach badań wykonano serię symulacji komputerowych przy użyciu metody wirów dyskretnych. Została zastosowana bezsiarkowa implementacja metody w celu osiągnięcia efektu swobodnego formowania się warstwy brzegowej. Praca przestawia podstawy teoretyczne metody wirów dyskretnych, założenia programu badań autorskich oraz uzyskane wyniki. Głównym wnioskiem postawionym w pracy jest określenie poziomu chropowatości poniżej którego może ona być zaniedbana w oszacowaniach inżynierskich.
EN
The paper deals with the heat and mass transfer process research and calculation of the combined shock-foam-type air-handling unit with block of thermoelectric modules that create microclimate parameters during the museum pieces transportation and their storage in special premises. The air conditions variation range in air-handling unit is not limited to contact heating device, by combination of surface and contact heat exchangers in one construction, moreover, turbulence in gas-liquid system provides intensification of the heat and mass transfer processes and air purification from impurities. Furthermore, combined shock-foam-type air-handling unit is compact, lightweight, energy-efficient and makes possible temperature and cooling capacity variable control.
PL
Zaprezentowano wyniki badań i obliczenia połączonego urządzenia udarowo-pianowego z modułami termoelektrycznymi, zapewniającego optymalne parametry środowiska powietrznego zarówno podczas transportu obiektów muzealnych, jak i podczas ich przechowywania w specjalnych pomieszczeniach. Dzięki połączeniu powierzchniowych i kontaktowych wymienników ciepła w jednej konstrukcji zakres zmiany parametrów powietrza nie jest ograniczony do funkcji urządzeń kontaktowych, ponadto turbulencja przepływu gazu i płynu zapewnia intensyfikację procesów ogrzewania i oczyszczanie powietrza z zanieczyszczeń. Dodatkowo to urządzenie jest lekkie, energooszczędne z możliwością regulacji temperatury i mocy chłodniczej.
EN
Paper presents short operational and engineering analysis of underpowered propulsion in small electrically propelled small inland passenger ships. There is evidence that in certain weather conditions the phenomena of added aerodynamic resistance of small water crafts may have serious influence on their speed and manoeuvrability. Existing regulations like class societies rules for ship classification and construction or EU Directive 2006/87/EC do not provide any requirements or guidelines on prediction of air or hydrodynamic resistance or propulsion power computations to be assessed by third party in design process. In the opinion of authors , the case is particularly important when electrical or hybrid propulsion is considered as prime mover. Existing knowledge allows for engine ering analysis to be conducted to provide better knowledge on the selection and construction of innovative propulsion machinery for ships where passengers safety is major factor of concern by wate rways administration, class societies and insurance institutions.
EN
The article presents the process of selecting an optimal concept of an electric car bodywork according to the criterion of minimum aerodynamic drag. It also presents design and construction assumptions, the field of possible solutions and aerodynamic simulation results. Based on the performed analyzes, an optimal design solution was selected and graphical results of simulations for the best solution were presented.
PL
Wykonano badania, których celem było wyznaczenie wartości jednostkowego oporu aerodynamicznego lutniociągu zbudowanego z lutni elastycznych. Badano lutnie elastyczne niezbrojone (do wentylacji tłoczącej) oraz lutnie zbrojone (do wentylacji ssącej). Pomiary parametrów wentylacyjnych wykonano zarówno na powierzchni (u producentów lutni) jak i w czynnych wyrobiskach górniczych (na dole kopalni). Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników zaproponowano wartości jednostkowego oporu aerodynamicznego, jakie powinni zapewnić producenci lutni elastycznych.
EN
The tests were conducted to determine the value of aerodynamic resistance of an air duct made of flexible air pipes. The tested air pipes were non-armoured flexible air pipes (for forced ventilation) and armoured air pipes (for suction ventilation). The measurements of ventilation parameters were carried out both on the surface (at the producers of air pipes) and in the working excavations under the ground. On the basis of the obtained results, the author proposed the values of aerodynamic resistance to be followed by the producers of flexible air pipes.
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