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EN
The problem of recovering water from treated wastewater may concern an increasing number of countries, especially those with low water resources. After costly treatment processes, water taken from surface and underground intakes is used and then largely discharged to receivers in the form of treated wastewater. Advanced wastewater treatment methods ensure that the treated wastewater is characterized by very low physical and chemical pollution, sometimes better than the water quality in the receiving basin. The research was conducted under a cooperation agreement between Bialystok University of Technology and Bialystok Waterworks Ltd. The recovery of water from wastewater was one of the topics pursued.This paper analyzes the parameters of treated wastewater from the largest municipal wastewater treatment plant in the Podlaskie Province. The analysis of the treated wastewater composition was based on monitoring studies conducted by the company Bialystok Waterworks Ltd. between 2020 and 2023. The analysis concerned the basic parameters of wastewater, namely the content of organic matter and total suspended solids.This was due to the requirements for the recyclability of treated wastewater. Linear modeling was performed to determine if a sufficiently strong correlation was detected;otherwise output distribution characteristics were provided.In all cases, the output concentrations were far below the class A limits for irrigation in the whole research period.
EN
A two-stage anaerobic-aerobic sequencing reactor system was developed in order to enhance the removal of biological phosphorus in the sequencing of combined reactors. Combining both aerobic and anaerobic designs in one reactor improved the efficiency and reduced the construction and operating costs. The combination of an upflow anaerobic fixed bed (UAFB) and a floating activated sludge aerobic bioreactor was designed with respective Kaldnes packing ratios of 90 and 30% for the anaerobic and aerobic sections. The controlled parameters were pH levels within a neutral range, a temperature of 37°C, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) of 1220 and 1030 mg/L for the aerobic and anaerobic sections, respectively, and an attached growth that was equal of 743 and 1190 mg/L for the aerobic and anaerobic sections, respectively. Tests were conducted for three different initial phosphorus concentrations (12.8, 32.0, and 44.8 mg/L), two different volumes for each section, and four chemical oxygen demands (CODs) (500, 1000, 1200, and 1400 mg/L). The results demonstrated that, generally, the phosphorus removal in the anaerobic section fell significantly by increasing the inlet COD, and the maximum removal occurred at COD = 500 mg/L. More than 90% of the phosphorus was removed in the aerobic section at COD = 500 mg/L. In other words, the best performance of the reactor was when the ratio of the COD : N : P = 100 : 5 : 2, composition of phosphorus in industrial wastewater.
EN
Over the past few decades, anaerobic-aerobic wastewater treatment systems have been widely used in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to examine the effects of combined anaerobic-aerobic bioreactors in the removal of chemical oxygen demands (COD) while reducing phosphate concentrations in synthetic wastewater. In this project, a bioreactor with the dimensions of 10 cm × 10 cm × 80 cm with respective Kaldnes packing ratios of 90 and 30% for the anaerobic and aerobic sections was designed. A combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor’s structure made changing hydraulic retention times only possible by adjusting the volume of its aerobic and anaerobic sections. In the first case, the anaerobic and aerobic sections of the reactor occupied 30 and 50 cm of its height, respectively. The height of the anaerobic section decreases to 12.5 cm in the second case. In aerobic and anaerobic sections, pH was within a neutral range, temperature was 37°C. MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) was 1220 and 1030 mg/L, and attached growth was 743 and 1190 mg/L respectively. In order to evaluate COD in the wastewater, three different initial phosphorus concentrations were tested: 12.8, 32.0 and 44.8 mg/L, as well as four COD: 500, 1000, 1200 and 1400 mg/L. Considering the results, COD removal is greater than 80% when the valve 2 is in the anaerobic section outlet regardless of the concentration of phosphate. In this case, the best result is for inlet COD of 500, where the reactor can eliminate more than 90%. When the COD concentration reaches 1000 to 1400 ppm, the reactor’s COD removal efficiency declines to 60%.
EN
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is stable and rising wastewater treatment reactor though membrane fouling and energy expenditure remain operational impediments and challenges for the wider deployment of the MBR technology. The majority of municipal wastewater contains low quantities of suspended, dissolved inorganic and organic particles. Proteins, carbohydrates, synthetic detergents, lignin, soaps, lipids and their decomposition products, along with many natural and synthetic organic chemicals from industrial processes, are also examples of impurities present in water. In addition, municipal wastewater contains a variety of inorganic chemicals, such as heavy metals, which might have phytotoxic and health consequences, limiting its usage in agriculture. In this study, an electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) has been developed to reduce several impurities from real municipal wastewater; moreover bioelectricity was also generated simultaneously. The maximum removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solid (TDS) were 35.57%, 31.55%, and 32.84 %, respectively, after a 5-day experimental run.
6
Content available Ozonation in Wastewater Disinfection
EN
Due to the potential microbiological hazard associated with discharging treated sewage into the receiving body, its disinfection is a key issue to protect ecological safety and human health. Water scarcity and drinking water supply, irrigation, rapid industrialization, use of treated water, protection of water sources, overpopulation and environmental protection force us to look for solutions to ensure safe reuse of wastewater, and this depends primarily on the quality of wastewater disinfection. Many wastewater disinfection methods are commonly used. One of the chemical processes of disinfection sludge is ozonation. Ozonation is widely used in wastewater treatment by oxidation, because ozone is a very strong and effective oxidizing agent. Studies have shown that the effectiveness of ozone in disinfecting water and sewage is up to 50% greater than that of chlorine . An additional advantage of this method is that it also eliminates odors that may be unavailable. The article presents the results of research on the effectiveness of ozonation treatment in the disinfection of treated sewage, based on indicator bacteria such as coliforms, including Escherichia coli, mesophiles, psychrophiles, and spores. The study took into account various effects of time (dose) and temperature. For the purpose of this study, both traditional and modern methods of assessing microbiological quality of wastewater were used. The first one is represented by conventional culture measurements and the second one by using a luminometer (ATP) and flow cytometer (FCM).
EN
Due to the constant growth of the world's population, the amount of generated wastewater is also constantly increasing. One of the devices that can use wastewater as a raw material for energy production is a microbial fuel cell (MFC). MFCs technology is constantly evolving. However, to increase its use, it is necessary to improve its efficiency. There are various possibilities to ensure this, such as the use of new electrode materials, new cell designs, or the use of wastewaters from different sources. In this paper the analysis of MFC operation (cell voltage, power, and current density) fed by mixed municipal and industrial wastewaters was shown. Moreover, the change in time of COD was analyzed. Due to cost reduction the membrane-less microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) was chosen. It was noted that the addition of concentrated process wastewater increases the COD reduction time in the ML MFC. An increase of generated bioelectricity during fed ML-MFC by mixed municipal and industrial (process wastewater from yeast production) wastewater was demonstrated. The highest values of average cell voltage (598 mV), maximum power (4.47 mW) and maximum current density (0.26 mA•cm-2) were obtained for a 10% share of yeast process wastewater in the mixed wastewater, which fed the ML-MFC.
EN
In this paper, a multi-orifice hydrodynamic cavitator (HC) has been applied as an effective device for water reclamation. Municipal wastewater after mechanical and biological treatment has been applied as a medium. The effectiveness of using this device has been evaluated on the basis on the microbiological indicators. Moreover, optimization of operating parameters was evaluated. Two experiments with different inlet pressure of 0.4 and 0.6 MPa were performed. The samples for analyses were taken at the following time intervals: 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 min. The application of HC reactor provided the effective destruction of microorganisms, thus allowing for subsequent use of reclaimed water. With regard to Escherichia coli and Coliform bacteria destruction, the longest time of 90 min and higher pressure of 0.6 MPa might be considered as the most advantageous conditions to perform cavitation. In both cases, the microbes were deactivated in over 50%. In the case of Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and colony count, more beneficial results were found at lower pressure of 0.4 MPa and 90 min. Therein, the high level of microorganisms destruction was achieved varied between 81 and 92%. The applied HC allowed for selecting optimal operating parameters and process control through the application of gauge system.
9
Content available remote Przegląd metod identyfikacji mikroplastików w ściekach komunalnych
PL
Zanieczyszczenie środowiska tworzywami sztucznymi to obecnie jeden z czołowych problemów ochrony środowiska na całym świecie. Ogromnym problemem, do tej pory nie uregulowanym prawnie, jest obecność mikroplastików w ściekach miejskich. Mikroplastiki to drobiny tworzyw sztucznych, które swoją wielkością nie przekraczają 5 mm. W artykule omówiono ogólnie dostępne metody identyfikacji mikroplastików wyizolowanych z próbek pochodzących z oczyszczalni ścieków, uwzględniając podział na metody chemiczne i metody fizyczne. Charakterystykę przedstawionych metod opracowano na podstawie przeglądu źródeł literaturowych. Analiza fizyczna w dużej mierze opiera się na określeniu rozmiaru i liczby oraz na określeniu innych właściwości fizycznych, tj. kolor lub kształt. W tym celu stosuje się mikroskopy, w szczególności mikroskopy optyczne. Ponadto, żeby ocenić, czy obserwowane cząstki są wykonane z tworzywa sztucznego, przeprowadza się test topnienia i test gorącej igły. Chemiczna analiza mikroplastików opiera się na określeniu polimeru z jakiego składa się badany mikroplastik. Wśród powszechnie stosowanych analiz największą popularnością wyróżnia się spektroskopia w podczerwieni z transformacją fourierowską (FTIR), która wykorzystuje trzy metody optymalizujące: spektroskopia osłabionego całkowitego odbicia wewnętrznego (ATR), detektor płaszczyzny ogniskowej (FPA) oraz mikro-FTIR. Niniejsza praca skupia się na przeglądzie aktualnych badań dotyczących identyfikacji i charakteryzacji mikroplastików w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Pomimo, że dotychczasowe badania skupiające się na mikroplastikach niewątpliwie podniosły poziom zrozumienia tego tematu, jasne jest, że nadal wiele pytań pozostaje bez odpowiedzi, a tym samym kluczowa staje się standaryzacja metod identyfikacji mikroplastików.
EN
Pollution of the environment with plastic waste is currently one of the leading global environmental problems. A huge concern, not yet legally regulated, is the presence of microplastic in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Microplastic is plastic particles that do not exceed 5 mm in size. The article discusses generally available identification methods of microplastic isolated from wastewater treatment plants samples, taking into account the division into chemical and physical methods. The characteristics of the presented methods have been developed based on a review of literature sources. A physical analysis involves the evaluation of size and number or other physical properties such as color and shape. For this purpose, microscopes are used, in particular optical microscopes. In addition, a melt test and a hot needle test are performed to confirm that the observed particles are made of plastic. Chemical analysis of microplastics is based on the determination of polymer composition. Among the commonly used analyzes, the most popular is Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which uses three optimization methods: Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Focal Plane Array (FPA) and micro-FTIR. This work focuses on a review of current research on the identification and characterization of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants. Although the research focused on microplastics to date has undoubtedly raised the level of understanding of the topic, but it is clear that many questions remain unanswered and thus the standardization of methods for identifying microplastics becomes crucial.
10
PL
W ciągu ostatnich lat kawitacja hydrodynamiczna (KH) wykazała potwierdzoną skuteczność w wielu dziedzinach inżynieryjnych, zarówno w technologii wody, ścieków i odpadów oraz w sektorze przemysłowym. W porównaniu do innych innowacyjnych metod ,stosowanych w inżynierii środowiska, KH wykazuje szereg korzyści, charakteryzuje się m.in. prostą konstrukcją urządzeń, łatwą obsługą oraz niskimi kosztami eksploatacyjnymi. Co istotne, KH można łatwo połączyć z konwencjonalnymi i powszechnie stosowanymi technologiami w gospodarce odpadami oraz oczyszczaniu wody i ścieków. W pracy przedstawiono zbiór doświadczeń z zakresu zastosowania kawitacji hydrodynamicznej jako metody wstępnej obróbki odpadów lignocelulozowych, pozwalającej na poprawę ich stopnia biodegradowalności.
EN
In recent years, the effectiveness of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) has been proven in many engineering fields. It has found several application in water, wastewater and waste technology, as well as in the industrial sector. Compared to other innovative methods used in environmental engineering, it presents several advantages, such as simple construction of reactors, easy operation and low operating costs. Importantly, HC can be easily combined with conventional and commonly used technologies in water and waste water treatment, as well as waste management. The paper presents a set of experiences in the field of application hydrodynamic cavitation as a method of lignocellulosic waste pre-treatment, allowing for improving its biodegradability.
PL
Badano różne osady ściekowe po biologicznym oczyszczaniu pod kątem występowania w nich mikroorganizmów utleniających amoniak: Archaea (AOA) i bakterii (AOB). Wyniki badań wykazały, że badane mikroorganizmy występują w ściekowym osadzie nadmiernym, osadzie po dezintegracji i osadzie przefermentowanym. Wyniki wskazują na możliwość izolacji i namnażania Archaea w warunkach oczyszczalni komunalnej.
EN
Samples of concd. activated sludge (both non-disintegrated and disintegrated) were subjected to semi-quant. detection of selected genes using the polymerase chain reaction method, carried out in a thermocycler. The sludges were tested for the presence of archaea and bacteria oxidizing NH₃. The tested microorganisms were present in excess sewage sludge, sludge after disintegration and fermented sludge. The results indicated the possibility of isolation and multiplication of archaea in the conditions of a municipal sewage treatment plant.
PL
Przyjęcie Krajowego Programu Oczyszczania Ścieków Komunalnych (KPOŚK) przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 16 grudnia 2003 r. [3] służyło zidentyfikowaniu potrzeb w zakresie uporządkowania gospodarki ściekowej oraz uszeregowaniu ich realizacji, w taki sposób, aby spełnić wymagania określone w europejskiej dyrektywie 91/271/EWG z dnia 21 maja 1991 r. [2]. Oczyszczalnia ścieków dla aglomeracji Grodzisk Mazowiecki została zaprojektowana na przepływ średni dobowy 10 500 m3/d. Rozwój aglomeracji spowodował wzrost ilości dopływających ścieków i przeciążenie hydrauliczne oczyszczalni. Wpłynęło to na kłopoty z dotrzymaniem wskaźników jakości ścieków oczyszczonych, zgodnie z obowiązującym pozwoleniem wodno-prawnym. Dlatego też zdecydowano się na modernizację i rozbudowę ciągu biologicznego oczyszczania. Głównym celem modernizacji była wymiana systemu napowietrzania w istniejącym reaktorze biologicznym, zaś w ramach rozbudowy powstał drugi reaktor o takiej samej kubaturze co istniejący tj. 18980 m3.
EN
The adoption of the National Programme of Municipal Wastewater Treatment (KPOŚK) by the Council of Ministers on 16 December 2003 [3] served to identify the needs in the field of wastewater management arrangement and to prioritise their implementation so as to meet the requirements of the European Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 [2]. The wastewater treatment plant for Grodzisk Mazowiecki agglomeration was designed for an average daily flow of 10 500 m3/d. The development of the agglomeration caused an increase in the amount of wastewater and hydraulic overload of the plant. This led to problems in maintaining the quality of treated wastewater in accordance with the Polish regulations. Therefore, it was decided to expand and upgrade the biological reactors. The main aim of the upgrading was to replace the aeration system in the existing biological reactor and the expansion consisted in a construction of a second reactor of the same volume – 18980 m3.
PL
Gmina Lublin, Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Wodociągów i Kanalizacji w Lublinie, Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie oraz spółka Nexbio podjęły współpracę badawczo-rozwojową, która obejmuje monitoring biologiczno-chemiczny lubelskich ścieków pod kątem obecności w nich wirusa SARS-CoV-2.
EN
This study aimed to perform a qualitative and a quantitative assessment of the prevalence of genes encoding resistance to beta-lactam, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol antibiotics in samples of DNA isolated from air in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a municipal waste management plant (WMP). Air samples were collected in the mechanical (MP) and biological (BP) processing units of WWTP and WMP in winter and spring. The samples of air were collected by impingement into PBS solution and subsequently, DNA was isolated. The prevalence of the 16S rRNA gene and ARGs was determined by PCR, and the most abundant ARGs were quantified by qPCR. The highest diversity of the analyzed ARGs was noted in air samples collected in the mechanical processing units of the WWTP (winter) and the WMP (spring). The copy of ARGs varied between treatment units and seasons. ARGs were most abundant in air samples collected in spring in the MP units of both the WWTP and the WMP. The study demonstrated that ARGs are ubiquitous in the air in both WWTPs and WMPs. The presence of ARGs in the air can exert a negative impact on the health of plant employees.
EN
The article presents lifestyle as an important factor determining the quantity and quality of municipal wastewater. The characteristic of wastewater in Poland has changed significantly in recent years. The qualitative characteristics of municipal wastewater indicate an increase of organic compounds and in the scope of micro-contaminants identified in them, e.g. nanoparticles, microplastics, pharmaceutical and personal care products or heavy metals. Therefore, the knowledge of parameters such as: BOD5, COD, total N, total P and suspension solids is no longer sufficient for the design and operation of wastewater treatment systems. Comprehensive research in this area is necessary to select those indicators that better describe the characteristics of wastewater.
EN
Since the 1990s, there have been trends in Central and Eastern European countries to reduce water consumption. This phenomenon is closely related to the political, social and economic changes in these countries and the introduction of economic instruments in water management. The article presents the changes in water consumption in households in the years 1950–2019 depending on the degree of equipping buildings with sanitary facilities, and the structure of water consumption for particular purposes. For the same period, the quality of sewage generated in households is presented on the basis of bibliography. The content of total suspended solids was the main analysed parameter. The last part of the article presents the quality of wastewater discharged to fourteen Polish wastewater treatment plants. The majority of the analysed plants show an increase in the concentration of total suspended solids in the domestic sewage discharged to them. This phenomenon may be influenced by the decreasing water consumption in households.
17
Content available remote Kolektory pod Wisłą naprawione : a co z budową nowego rurociągu?
PL
Półtora miesiąca, dwa rurociągi, ponad 125 podpór, 100 zespawanych złączy, 120 osób – tak w skrócie można podsumować naprawę kolektorów w tunelu pod Wisłą w Warszawie. Umowę w tej sprawie podpisano 2 października, a 16 listopada ścieki do oczyszczalni Czajka popłynęły naprawionymi pod dnem rzeki przewodami.
PL
Ścieki mleczarskie charakteryzują się wysokim ładunkiem zanieczyszczeń organicznych. Ze względu na znaczący udział substancji łatwo biodegradowalnych biologiczne oczyszczanie ścieków mleczarskich charakteryzuje się wysoką efektywnością. Dlatego możliwe jest oczyszczanie ścieków mleczarskich razem z komunalnymi w celu uzyskania odpowiedniego stosunku C:N:P do przeprowadzenia wysokoefektywnej denitryfikacji i biologicznej defosfatacji. W badaniach określono efektywność usuwania zanieczyszczeń ze ścieków komunalnych z udziałem ścieków mleczarskich w poszczególnych etapach cyklu reaktora typu SBR w skali technicznej oraz wyznaczono szybkości zmian parametrów ścieków podczas faz procesowych. Uzyskano ponad 90% efektywność usuwania zanieczyszczeń ze ścieków komunalnych z 10% udziałem ścieków mleczarskich. Stwierdzono istotny wpływ ścieków mleczarskich na szybkości zmian stężenia związków azotu i fosforu podczas fazy mieszania i napowietrzania oraz na zmniejszenie szybkości zmian stężenia związków organicznych wyrażonych ChZT i BZT5 podczas wszystkich faz procesowych reaktora SBR.
EN
Dairy wastewater is characterized by a high load of organic pollutants. Due to the significant share of readily biodegradable substances, biological treatment of dairy wastewater is characterized by high efficiency. Therefore, it is possible to treat dairy wastewater together with municipal wastewater in order to obtain the appropriate C:N:P ratio for highly efficient denitrification and biological dephosphatation. The research determined the effectiveness of removing pollutants from municipal wastewater with the participation of dairy wastewater in individual stages of the SBR type reactor cycle, on a technical scale, and determined the rate of change of parameters during the process phases. Over 90% efficiency of removal of pollutants from municipal wastewater with a 10% share of dairy wastewater was obtained. A significant influence of dairy wastewater on the rate of changes in the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds during the mixing and aeration phase was found as well as the decrease of the rate of organic compound concentration changes expressed in COD and BZT5 during all the SBR reactor process phases.
19
Content available remote Charakterytyka osadu czynnego i ścieków z oczyszczalni ścieków w Zgierzu
PL
Przeprowadzono badania osadu czynnego i ścieków z oczyszczalni ścieków w Zgierzu. Wykazano, że analizowanym okresie osad czynny charakteryzował się dużą bioróżnorodnością. Wyznaczone wartości indeksu biotycznego osadu pozwoliły zaklasyfikować go w większości przypadków do I klasy jakości. Wyznaczone wartości indeksu objętościowego osadu pozwoliły zaklasyfikować go z kolei do osadu o bardzo dobrych właściwościach sedymentacyjnych. O braku spuchnięcia osadu świadczy też niska lub średnia liczebność bakterii nitkowatych. Ścieki dopływające do oczyszczalni charakteryzują się dużą zmiennością składu. Należą one do grupy ścieków średnio i wolno rozkładalnych (BZT5/ChZT wynosi średnio około 0,4). Analizy zmian stężenia azotu i fosforu ogólnego w ściekach pozwoliły określić skuteczność usuwania tych pierwiastków na bardzo dobrą.
EN
Conducted studies of activated sludge and wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant in Zgierz. It has been demonstrated that the analyzed period, sludge characterized by a high biodiversity. The determined value of the sludge biotic index allowed to classify it in most cases the quality class. The determined value of the sludge volume index made it possible to classify it in turn to sludge with very good sedimentation. The lack of swelling sludge also provides low or average number of filamentous bacteria. Sewage flowing into the treatment plant are highly volatile composition. They belong to a group of sewage medium and slowly degradable (BOD5/COD is an average of about 0,4). Analysis of changes in the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater allowed to determine the effectiveness of the removal of these biogens very good.
PL
Stale rosnące wymagania dotyczące jakości oczyszczonych ścieków komunalnych zwiększają ilości uciążliwych osadów i odcieków ściekowych, które wymagają zagospodarowania. Na przykład w 2012 r. w Polsce powstało 533 t suchej masy osadów. Wykazano, że uciążliwe osady ściekowe mogą również być źródłem cennych bioproduktów i odnawialnej energii. Na podstawie przeglądu literatury, własnych badań oraz obliczeń przeprowadzonych dla danych uzyskanych z oczyszczalni ścieków komunalnych Płaszów w Krakowie wykazano, że z osadów ściekowych generowanych w polskich oczyszczalniach, w procesie ich metanowej fermentacji można otrzymać biogaz, który po usunięciu CO2 i innych zanieczyszczeń daje czysty biometan (95-98%), mogący zaspokoić w przybliżeniu 25% krajowego zapotrzebowania na metan. Jednocześnie odcieki osadów przefermentowanych, po odpowiedniej przeróbce, mogą być dobrym źródłem substancji humusowych pozbawionych patogenów i metali ciężkich. Można je wykorzystać do nawożenia nieużytków, terenów leśnych, ogrodniczych a także w rolnictwie.
EN
A review, with 22 refs., of methods for sewage sludge gasification and biogas processing.
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