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Przebieg procesu zmian w organizacji – przegląd wybranych koncepcji zmian

Wybrańczyk K., Polok G., Naramski M., Szromek A. R.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

2018

z. 131

623--634

Literatura w różnorodny sposób odnosi się do wyjaśnienia pojęcia zmiana w organizacji – najczęściej jednak uważa się, że jest to przejście z jednego stanu do drugiego. W organizacjach odbywają się zmiany: strategiczne, organizacyjne, związane ze wzrostem firmy oraz jej rozwojem. Do zmian podchodzi się ze strony finansowej oraz organizacyjnej (Teoria E i Teoria O). Zmiany wdrażają menedżerowie zatrudnieni w firmie bądź osoby z zewnątrz (firmy konsultingowe). Aby zmiana była we właściwy sposób zaprojektowana i przeprowadzona, należy wziąć pod uwagę czynniki determinujące jej przebieg (rozmrożenie, zmiana, zamrożenie). Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie wybranych koncepcji i modeli opisujących wdrażanie zmian w organizacjach.

Literature references, in many ways, the explanation of the term a change in an organisation – although mostly it is considered that it is a passage from one state to another. In organisations changes like: strategic, organizational, connected with the growth of a company and its development are being introduced. Changes are approached from the economic and organizational side (Theory “E” and Theory “O”). Changes are introduced by management employed in a company or different managers (consulting firms). For the change to be appropriately designed and conducted it is necessary to take under consideration factors determining its course (unfreeze, a change, refreeze). The goal of this article is to present theories and models describing the introducing of changes in organisations.

A framework of ichthyofaunal ecostratigraphy of the Oligocene-Early Miocene strata of the Polish Outer Carpathian basin

Kotlarczyk J., Jerzmańska A., Świdnicka E., Wiszniowska T.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

2006

Vol. 76, No 1

1-111

The paper presents the results of an analysis of ichthyofaunal variability throughout the section of the Menilite-Krosno Series (MKS) in the Outer Carpathians of Poland. The studied tanathocoenoses were formed at the bottom of a more than 2,000 m deep northern basin of the Tethys, being largely represented by the continental rise and bottoms of its narrow furrows, and - to a lesser degree - the continental slope and slopes of a submarine high. Lateral variability of statististically representative assemblages of tanathocoenoses hosted in thin, isochro- nous horizons is interpreted as a result of both local changes of ichthyocoenoses and the influence of post-mortem relocation of fishes that mainly dwelled the shelf and upper continental slope. Vertical variability, in turn, is considered as a resulting from changeable conditions of the ecological environment, the input and outflow of taxa whose evolution proceeded in the Indo-Pacific area, and the species extinction. Changeability of ichthyofauna within a ca. 16-m.y.-long interval made it possible to document and formally describe 9 zones and 4 subzones of ichthyofauna of ecostratigraphic character. These zones comprise index, representative and accompanying taxa that belong to different ecological groups. Conceptual models of the origin of ichthyofaunal assemblages of individual zones are presented. It is suggested that the origin of assemblage differentiation resulted from the appearance and disappearance of the oxygen minimum zone in the water column, global and local sea level changes, topography of the basin bottom, as well as final basin infilling by sediments of submarine fans. The described and preserved collection of fossil Carpathian fishes, housed at the Department of Palaeozoology of the University of Wrocław, requires further specialized palaeontological studies in order to reconstruct a more complete composition of the Oligocene-Early Miocene ichthyofauna.