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1

Chrysoprase – history and present

Sachanbiński Michał, Kuleba Mirosław, Natkaniec-Nowak Lucyna

Mineralogia

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2023

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Vol. 54, iss. 1

1--10

EN

The authors present the history of chrysoprase discovery and the progress of knowledge about this material over the millennia, based on the extended review of world literature. Tracing the oldest archaeological artifacts from before 9,000 years, the lens of history turns on a stone that has not been properly identified mineralogically for centuries. In the 1830s, chrysoprase was finally included into the chalcedony group and its green color was associated, very correctly, with nickel compounds dispersed in its structure. After all, the most current mineralogy of chrysoprase is presented on the basis of the results of modern analytical studies. These data clearly indicate that chrysoprase is a mixture of several SiO2 polymorphs with varying degrees of structural order (opal, chalcedony, moganite, quartz). This radically changes the previous taxonomy of chrysoprase and its position in current mineralogical and petrographic systematics.

2

Emil Habdank Dunikowski (1855-1924). Rys życia zawodowego i prac naukowych

Brzegowy Paweł

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2023

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T. 68, nr 4

29--64

EN

Emil Lucjan Habdank Dunikowski - a graduate of the Lviv (Lwów), Munich and Vienna Universities, belongs to the circle of the Polish most significant scientists who specialized in Earth sciences and pursued their careers in the Lviv of the Austrian era. Sociable, diligent, and curious about the world, he devoted his time to discovering the mysteries of geology, actively developing Polish research in Galicia. While performing his research-related tasks in various parts of the globe (for example in North Africa, North America, Europe, and Russian Primorsky Krai), he satisfied his passion for travelling, delivering accurately made descriptions of broadly defined nature. In biographical contexts, the Lvovian scientist is seldom mentioned. Despite his undisputable scientific achievements and extensive travel experiences, there has yet to be a comprehensive biographical and bibliographical study dedicated to him. This article outlines his scientific profile and presents some unknown facts from Emil Dunikowski’s private life and career, based on the documents obtained from the State Archives of Lviv Oblast in Lviv (Ukraine).

3

Physicochemical and Mechanical Characterization of Ceramic Materials from Meknes Region (Morocco)

Mesrar Hamza, Mesrar Laila, Jabrane Raouf

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

183--197

EN

This scientific paper presents a comprehensive study of the physical and chemical properties of a clay sample collected from Meknes region of Morocco. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of kaolinite, muscovite, and quartz minerals in the clay sample. X-ray fluorescence analysis showed that the sample contained a significant amount of aluminum and silica. The Atterberg limit test indicated that the clay has a high plasticity index and is classified as a clay of low to medium plasticity. The ATG_DSC analysis revealed that the sample underwent multiple endothermic reactions, including dehydration, dehydroxylation, and decarbonation, at different temperature ranges. Shrinkage and weight loss experiments showed that the clay exhibited high shrinkage and weight loss upon drying. SEM-EDX analysis provided information on the microstructure and elemental composition of the clay sample. The water absorption test revealed that the clay has a low water absorption capacity. The three-point flexural test showed that the clay bricks had high flexural strength, which makes it suitable for use in high-stress applications. Overall, the results suggest that the clay sample can be used in a variety of applications, including building materials, ceramics, and other industrial uses.

4

Surprise eggs, the miracle of nature: Almus agates (Tokat – Turki̇ye)

Başibüyük Zeynel, Gürbüz Meltem, Kaydu Akbudak İlkay

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2023

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T. 39, z. 1

5--22

EN

Almus agates which are forms of nodules like egg-shaped are located in the Eocene aged Almus volcanics in Tokat (Turkey). These nodules are surprise eggs in spherical or oval form ranging from a few cm to 25-30 cm. It is thought that the most effective reason for the formation of the magnificent texture and color combinations of the agates in the region is the iron element. In thin section studies, agate formations are composed of length-slow zebraic chalcedony and quart zine. In addition, curved fossil like structures composed of iron oxide minerals offer visual richness. The host rock in which the Almus agates are located is trachyte, which consists of sanidine, plagioclase microlites and small opaque minerals, in which microlithic porphyritic and flow (trachytic) texture are observed. As a result of the multipoint eds (field emission scanning electron microscope), it was determined that the quartz is composed of Si, O and Fe. The content of the iron element, which is thought to cause color, was observed in the range of ca 1–1.5 wt.%. According to XRF analysis results, in Almus agates, there is depletion of Fe2O3 content in fine crystalline regions (ca 1 wt.%) compared to coarse crystalline zones (ca 1.5 wt.%). In order to determine the usability of Almus agates as gemstone, various cabochon shapes were made in Ümit Ulus Gemstone Processing workshop. It has been observed that these agates can be used for both collection and gemstone purposes due to their unique patterns and color compensation.

PL

Agaty Almus, które mają formę guzków jajowatych i znajdują się w eoceńskich wulkanach Almus w Tokat (Turcja). Te guzki to jaja niespodzianki w kształcie kulistym lub owalnym, o wielkości od kilku do 25-30 cm. Uważa się, że najskuteczniejszym powodem powstawania wspaniałej faktury i kombinacji kolorów agatów w regionie jest pierwiastek żelaza. W badaniach cienkich przekrojów, formacje agatowe składają się z zebrowego chalcedonu i kwarcytu. Ponadto zakrzywione struktury przypominające skamieliny, złożone z minerałów tlenku żelaza, zapewniają wizualne bogactwo. Skała macierzysta, w której znajdują się agaty Almus, to trachit, na który składają się sanidyna, mikrolity plagioklazowe oraz drobne minerały nieprzezroczyste, w których obserwuje się mikrolityczną teksturę porfirytową i przepływową (trachytyczną). W wyniku wielopunktowego EDS (skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego z emisją polową) ustalono, że kwarc składa się z Si, O i Fe. Zaobserwowano zawartość pierwiastka żelaza, o którym sądzi się, że powoduje barwę, w zakresie od około 1 do 1,5% wag. Zgodnie z wynikami analizy XRF, w agatach Almus następuje zmniejszenie zawartości Fe2O3 w obszarach drobnokrystalicznych (około 1% wag.) w porównaniu do obszarów gruboziarnistych (około 1,5% wag.). Aby określić przydatność agatów Almus jako kamieni szlachetnych, w pracowni Ümit Ulus Gemstone Processing wykonano różne kształty kaboszonów. Zaobserwowano, że te agaty mogą być używane zarówno do celów kolekcjonerskich, jak i kamieni szlachetnych ze względu na ich unikalne wzory i kompensację kolorów.

5

Characterization of perlite powders from Izmir, Türkiye region

Aksoy Özay, Alyamaç Elif, Mocan Merve, Sütçü Mücahit, Özveren-Uçar Nihan, Özgür Seydibeyoğlu, M.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 6

art. no. 155277

EN

Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass-type rock which is collected in open mines in various parts of the world. In this study, eight different perlite samples, supplied from the mines located in the Bergama, Izmir region, were used. The perlite samples were structurally, morphologically, and mineralogically characterized via a wide range of analytical techniques such as Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area Analysis, Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and a liquid pycnometer. Platelet shaped-like structures were observed in the SEM analysis of the expanded perlites in contrast to the images of spongy or cracked expanded perlites reported in literature. The O-H bending and Si-O-Si vibrations (both asymmetric and symmetric stretching) of perlite structures were confirmed by FTIR. Highly amorphous phases with a rather low percentage of crystalline phases were observed by XRD. In the BET surface area analysis, expanded perlite materials exhibited higher surface area compared to unexpanded ones. A detailed characterization of perlite structures is essential as there is a significant potential to use these minerals in various biocomposite applications and it is useful to explain structure-property relationships in this class of materials.

6

Petrographic characteristics of the Ordovician and Silurian deposits in the Baltic Basin (N Poland) and their relevance for unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations

Kuberska Marta, Sikorska-Jaworowska Magdalena, Kozłowska Aleksandra, Podhalańska Teresa

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 3

art. no. 44

EN

The Ordovician and Silurian deposits in the Baltic Basin are represented by siltstones, mudstones, limestones, marls, sandstones and, most commonly, claystones with a markedly shaley structure. Claystones that are particularly rich in organic matter are considered as potential reservoirs for shale gas accumulations. Samples from 11 boreholes, including core samples of the Piaśnica, Słuchowo, Kopalino, Sasino, Prabuty, Jantar, Pelplin and locally Pasłęk, Kociewie and Puck formations, were analysed by optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence (CL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD). The Piaśnica, Sasino, Jantar, Pasłęk and Pelplin formations are characterized locally by a dominance of black bituminous claystones with a high content of organic matter, and a generally consistent clay mineral composition. Individual samples only show variations in silt fraction and carbonate content. Very important is the negligible proportion of swelling minerals in the clay fraction; the percentage of smectite in the mixed-layered illite/smectite minerals does not exceed 15%. It is important for the rocks to have adequate [SiO2 >10%; Quartz (Q) + Feldspars (Fs) + Carbonates >40%] brittleness. The content of quartz, feldspars and carbonates (here >40%) suggests that the claystones are susceptible to hydraulic fracturing. The claystones show micropores between detrital grains, between the flakes of clay minerals, within pyrite framboids, and organic matter and secondary micropores within grains.

7

Mineralogical study and enhanced gravity separation of gold-bearing mineral, South Eastern Desert, Egypt

El-Sayed Samah, Abdel-Khalek N. A., El-Shatoury E. H., Abdel-Motelib A., Hassan M. S., Abdel-Khalek M.A.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2020

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Vol. 56, iss. 5

839--848

EN

El-Hudi gold deposit, located in the South Eastern Desert of Egypt, represent large vein- type gold occurrence. The representative sample revealed the abundance of quartz as main constituent with minor amounts of mineral impurities. Gold was detectable (12 g/t) as determined using atomic absorption. The petrographic study revealed that the gold grains ranged from 10-40 μm. The grain boundaries of quartz are highly stained with iron minerals as hematite and limonite. Sericite mineral is common in discrete gold-bearing veins. Eroded pyrite was detected with high alteration leaving only cubic-shaped cavities behind. Different techniques for gravity separation were used to separate gold from the quartz mineral. After crushing and grinding of the sample, shaking table was used to upgrade the coarser fractions while Falcon concentrator was employed to upgrade the fine fraction. The best concentrate was obtained through grinding the whole sample to less than 0.2 mm, followed by cleaning steps. The gold content is increased from 12 to 145 g/t with total recovery of 78%.

8

Geochemistry of the Igdekoy-Doganlar Na-Ca borate deposit, Emet Province (western Anatolia, Turkey)

Koçak İsmail

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 3

807--817

EN

Borates at the Igdekoy-Doganlar locality were deposited in a Miocene lacustrine environment during periods of Paleogene to Early Quaternary volcanic activity. The mineral paragenesis consists of probertite – NaCaB5O7(OH)4 3H2O, ulexite - NaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O, hydroboracite - CaMg[B3O4(OH)3]2 3H2O, colemanite - Ca[B3O4(OH)3] · H2O, halite, anhydrite, glauberite, smectite and illite. The major element, Ca, is higher in the lgdekoy-Doganlar deposits compared to the averages for andesite and the Earth's crust. Within the trace elements, notable enrichment is identified in Li, Se, As, Sb, Sr and Cs. Lithium and Se occur in sufficient concentrations to be considered as economically valuable by-products. B and Sr anomalies can be used as an important marker in the exploration for boron deposits. The Y/Ho ratio of the lgdekoy-Doganlar borates is close to chondritic values. The negative Ce anomaly in borates from the lgdekoy-Doganlar deposit suggests that deposition occurred under oxidative conditions. The Eu and Ce anomalies reflect a hydrothermal contribution of REE. Geochemical and geological data suggest that the lgdekoy-Doganlar borate deposits were formed in high-pH playa lakes that were discharged from volcanic and terrestrial environments under evaporative conditions due to the effect of arid-semi arid climate.

9

Petrographic, mineralogical, and climatic analyses, and risk maps for conservation strategies

Bartz Wojciech, Kościuk Jacek, Gąsior Maria, Dziedzic Teresa

Architectus

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2020

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Nr 2 (62)

135--149

EN

El Fuerte de Samaipata is a pre-Hispanic archaeological site in Bolivia that has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Its main part – the rock – is densely covered with a complex arrangement of terraces, platforms, water reservoirs, channels, and petroglyphs. The rapidly progressing erosion of the rock is making the petroglyphs less and less clear, and some are no longer recognisable. The main topic of this study is to indicate all risk factors conducive to erosion and to create risk maps identifying the most vulnerable areas that require immediate conservation intervention. Parallel mineralogical and petrographic studies show that the Samaipata rock is a quartz-rich, porous, well-sorted sandstone, classified as quartz arenite or subarcosic arenite. The cement of the rock is composed of quartz overgrowth and ubiquitous, pore-filling hematite-clay aggregates containing non-expanding kaolinite, illite, and expanding smectite. The rock exhibits different stages of weathering, from relatively fresh to strongly altered and heavily cracked. In comparison to fresh rock, the latter has cement enriched in clay minerals and is depleted in hematite due to weathering and the dissolution of the iron-bearing phase.

PL

El Fuerte de Samaipata to wpisane na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO prehiszpańskie stanowisko archeologiczne w Boliwii. Jego główna część to skała ze złożonym układem tarasów, platform, zbiorników wodnych, kanałów i petroglifów. Szybko postępująca erozja sprawia, że petroglify stają się coraz mniej wyraźne, a niektóre nie są już rozpoznawalne. Głównym tematem badań jest wskazanie wszystkich czynników ryzyka sprzyjających erozji oraz stworzenie map ryzyka identyfikujących najbardziej wrażliwe obszary wymagające natychmiastowej interwencji konserwatorskiej. Badania mineralogiczne i petrograficzne wskazują, że Samaipata to bogaty w kwarc, porowaty, dobrze posortowany piaskowiec, sklasyfikowany jako arenit kwarcowy lub arenit subarkozowy. Spoiwo składa się z przerostu kwarcu i wszechobecnych, wypełniających pory agregatów hematytowo-gliniastych zawierających nierozprężający się kaolinit, illit i rozszerzający się smektyt. Skała wykazuje różne etapy wietrzenia, od stosunkowo świeżego do mocno zmienionego i mocno spękanego. W porównaniu ze świeżą skałą ta ostatnia ma cement wzbogacony w minerały ilaste i jest zubożona w hematyt z powodu wietrzenia i rozpuszczenia fazy żelazonośnej.

10

Zastosowanie metod instrumentalnych w badaniach meteorytu Morasko

Muszyński Andrzej, Runka Tomasz, Gołębiewska Bożena, Michalska Danuta, Karwowski Łukasz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 3

156--158

EN

Since its discovery, the Morasko meteorite has been the subject of many studies. Among the publications summarising the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Morasko meteorite, two monographs are worth mentioning by: Dominik (1976) and Muszyński et al. (2012), in which the essentialfeatures of the Morasko meteorite were presented. Since the first piece of the Morasko meteorite was to be explored, the analysis of mineral composition has been conducted with more and more specialised and sophisticated instrumental methods. As it is well known, the Morasko meteorite is classified into the group of iron meteorites IAB MG, and consists mainly of the crystalline Fe-Ni alloy in the form of two minerals: kamacite and taenite, accompanied by tetrataenite. A commonly found structure of the mineral composition of the Morasko meteorite, as regards other iron meteorites, are graphite-troilite nodules, which contain silicate and phosphate minerals. This paper presents a review ofresearch on the mineralogy and geochemistry of the Morasko meteorite, where a number of instrumental tests have been used, from microscopic observations to microchemical semiquantitative analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), microchemical quantitative analyses using an electron microprobe (WDS), to the structural methods applying Raman spectroscopy. The results of microscopic, microchemical and microstructural investigations, which have included the outer layer of the meteorite known as a fusion crust, have been presented against the petrographic composition of the meteorite. Besides, the type of sediment attached to the outer meteorite layer was examined. The research, conducted on two dozen meteorite fragments, allowed distinguishing two different zones concerning mineralogy and geochemistry, and to determine microstructural changes within them, most probably created in the processes related to the moment of the meteorite impact.

11

Flotation separation of enargite from complex copper concentrates by selective surface oxidation

Li Tangfei, Zhang Yansheng, Zhang Bo, Jiao Fen, Qin Wenqing

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2019

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Vol. 55, iss. 4

852--864

EN

In previous study, the promising results of separating enargite from non-arsenic copper sulfides were obtained using selective surface oxidation in pure mineral systems. However, this technology was not well understood in real ores or concentrates. In this study, the flotation separation of enargite from complex copper concentrates by selective surface oxidation was investigated. The effects of regrinding, pulp pH, NaClO concentration, conditioning time and flotation time on separation of enargite from NECu minerals were studied. The mineralogical characteristics of the flotation feed and products were showed as an instructive tool to understand the separation results. According to the results of EDTA extraction, the possible mechanism for separation of enargite from NECu minerals is that enargite is more resistant to oxidized compared to NECu minerals. The following order for the oxidation of NECu minerals and enargite is obtained: chalcopyrite (chalcocite, digenite)> enargite (covellite).

12

Wybrane aspekty mineralogiczno-petrograficzne skał zbiornikowych podhalańskiego systemu geotermalnego

Kasztelewicz A.

Technika Poszukiwań Geologicznych

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2018

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R. 57, nr 1

105--117

PL

Podhalański system geotermalny jest jednym z najbardziej perspektywicznych regionów pod względem potencjału geotermalnego w Polsce. Wody geotermalne wykorzystywane są do celów grzewczych już od 1993 roku, a dobrze rozwinięta infrastruktura ciepłownicza oraz rekreacyjna sprzyja dalszemu rozwojowi tego sektora. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań mineralogicznych, petrograficznych i petrofizycznych skał zbiornikowych eksploatowanych obecnie wód geotermalnych. Próbki skał pobranych z otworu Biały Dunajec PAN-1 petrograficznie zakwalifikować można jako skały węgalanowe, głównie wapienie i dolomity o porowatości poniżej 1%.

EN

Podhale (S Poland) is one of the most promising regions in the country in terms of its geothermal resource potential. The use of geothermal waters for heating purposes commenced there at the beginning of the 1990s. The Podhale region provides excellent conditions for the use of geothermal energy, such as a well-developed infrastructure for the heating industry, recreation, balneotherapy and other applications. The assessment of the geothermal potential should always take an accurate identification of the geological conditions into account. This article presents the results of detailed mineralogical, petrographic and petrophysical studies of the best hydrogeothermal structure within the Podhale geothermal system with a single well capacity of up to 550 m3/h. Rock samples collected from the Biały Dunajec PAN-1 borehole can be petrographically classified as crystalline limestones. They consist of two irregularly intersecting zones differing in terms of calcite crystal size. The measured porosity of the structures under consideration, based on microscopic analysis, is below 1%. The series of units have good reservoir and exploitation parameters.

13

O początkach terminu „geologia”

Skoczylas J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 2

102--06

EN

The article presents the way in which the term “geology” in its today’s meaning was formed. The reasons for its consolidation among the naturalists in Poland and throughout Europe are pointed out. Thanks to the scientific influence of the father of European mineralogy A.G. Werner (1749-1817), the term geology was in some cases replaced by geognosy and oryctognosy. In turn, the father of Polish geology, Stanisław Staszic (1755-1826), favoured using the term ziemiorodztwo (“terrogenesis”). Probably, for the first time the term geology was used in Polish in 1804 by Józef Wybicki (1747-1822), the creator of the national anthem “Dąbrowski Mazurka”, and by Jan Śniadecki (1756-1830), an outstanding geographer, mathematician and astronomer.

14

Microanalysis study of Al-Amar rock and leaching behavior of its tailings for recovery of gold and silver

Mahmoud M. H. H., Awad H. M., Altalhi T.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2018

|

Vol. 54, iss. 2

527--537

EN

Some Saudi gold ores, such as that at Al-Amar mine, suffer from low leaching efficiency using the toxic cyanidation process. Only about 60% of the gold and 26% of the silver in the feed ore can be extracted at 0.2% CN– after 24 h and the rest percentages of these metals remained in leaching residues (tailings). These tailings contained 1.1 ppm Au and 4.3 ppm Ag. Reprocessing of tailings serves both for economic and environmental reasons. A petrography analysis of the mineral constituents indicated that the rock samples consisted primarily of sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and galena in decreasing order of abundance. An electron probe microanalysis quantitatively showed that gold and silver were finely distributed in the grain boundaries and within sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and quartz. The dissemination of gold and silver in these hard minerals may be the main reason for their low recovery by cyanidation. Open air roasting of the tailings can release amounts of the disseminated gold and silver which can be extracted during leaching with the harmless thiosulfate ion S2O32–. After studying the different parameters, we found that the maximum possible extraction of gold and silver from the tailings roasted for 2 h at 400°C reached about 50% at 0.2 M ammonium thiosulfate, 0.3 M ammonium hydroxide, solid–liquid ratio ½ for 24 h. These achievements represent a possible exploitation of the accumulated 1.65 million Mg tailing waste containing significant amounts of gold and silver valued at about $73 million.

15

Contribution on fluid inclusion abundance to activation of quartz flotation

Yuan Y., Zhang L., Guan J., Zhang C., Wu J., Chen Z.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2018

|

Vol. 54, iss. 3

981--991

EN

In this study, comparative experiments were conducted on the recovery of quartz using flotation with different fluid inclusion abundances. A large number of fluid inclusions with various sizes have been found in natural quartz. Micrographs, inductively coupled plasma, electron probe microanalysis, homogenization temperature, Raman spectra, zeta potentials, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectrometer were used to characterize the fluid inclusions and quartz, as well as the adsorption tests and single mineral flotation experiments to investigate its floatability. The results demonstrated that it was more likely for quartz with higher fluid inclusion abundance to connect with Fe3+ sufficiently to achieve a high level of flotation recovery, due to the powerful collecting ability by sodium dodecyl sulphonate to Fe3+. Furthermore, the mechanism indicated that the adsorption between quartz and Fe3+ was a process of chemisorption.

16

Mineralogia i chemia gleb ze stanowiska archeologicznego w Babim Dole Borczu

Pawlikowski M.

Auxiliary Sciences in Archaeology, Preservation of Relics and Environmental Engineering

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2018

|

nr 25

89--100

PL

Wykonano badania mineralogiczne gleb występujących ponad cmentarzyskiem w stanowisku archeologicznym w Babim Dole. Stosując lupę binokularną, mikroskop skaningowy oraz analizy chemiczne (EDS) stwierdzono wymywanie i przeobrażenia minerałów w strefie bielicowania znajdującej się pod warstwami gleby. Rozpoznano skład mineralny i chemiczny strefy do której wprowadzane są pierwiastki ze strefy bielicowania. Stwierdzono w tej strefie śladową domieszkę pierwiastków pochodzących z grobów (Cu i P).

EN

Mineralogical examination of soil present on archaeological site (cemetery) at Babi Dół - Borcz were performed. Alternation of minerals and migration of elements was determined using microscope, SEM, EDS methods. Elements dissolved at the zone of podsolization present just under organic soli where washed up to lower zone of cementation. Together with vertical migration of elements down was recognized horizontal migration of elements from tombs of cemetery (Cu and P).

17

The genesis of the carbon dioxide in the Polish Outer Carpathians – Szczawa tectonic window case study – new insight

Oszczypko N., Wójcik-Tabol P., Oszczypko-Clowes M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

|

Vol. 68, no. 2

181--206

EN

In the Polish sector of the Magura Nappe have long been known and exploited carbonate mineral waters, saturated with carbon dioxide, known as the “shchava (szczawa)”. These waters occur mainly in the Krynica Subunit of the Magura Nappe, between the Dunajec and Poprad rivers, close to the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB). The origin of these waters is still not clear, this applies to both “volcanic” and “metamorphic” hypotheses. Bearing in mind the case found in the Szczawa tectonic window and our geological and geochemical studies we suggest that the origin of the carbon dioxide may be linked with the thermal/pressure alteration of organic matter of the Oligocene deposits from the Grybów Unit. These deposits, exposed in several tectonic windows of the Magura Nappe, are characterized by the presence of highly matured organic matter – the origin of the hydrocarbon accumulations. This is supported by the present-day state of organic geochemistry studies of the Carpathian oil and gas bed rocks. In our opinion origin of the carbon-dioxide was related to the southern, deep buried periphery of the Carpathian Oil and Gas Province. The present day distribution of the carbonated mineral water springs has been related to the post-orogenic uplift and erosion of the Outer (flysch) Carpathians.

18

Minerały autigeniczne i osady w strefie hyporeicznej aluwiów Białej Przemszy zanieczyszczonej przez górnictwo rud metali

Ciszewski D., Kucha H., Skwarczek M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 10/1

650--660

EN

Sediments and waters of the hyporheic zone have been investigated in the middle reach of the Biala Przemsza River (southern Poland). The river is polluted with mine waters dischargedfrom lead-zinc ore mines, and ground waters sampled from piezometers in a sand bar are polluted to a similar degree down to a depth of at least 3 m. Very high content of heavy metals in the upper 1 m-thick strata of the bar indicates that their accumulation follows start-up of the lead-zinc mining in the mid-20th century. Common authigenic pyrite, gypsum and other less widespread heavy metal minerals are observed in the sediments of both the mining- and pre-mining times. It is related to the intense infiltration of sulphate-rich waters into the sand bar and microbially controlled anoxic conditions, which favour pyrite formation.

19

Metale szlachetne w złożu Morrison, Sudbury, Kanada

Foltyn K., Pieczonka J., Piestrzyński A., Synowiec P.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2017

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nr 469

251--264

PL

W położonym w zagłębiu Sudbury złożu Morrison eksploatuje się rudę zawierającą miedź, nikiel, platynę, pallad oraz złoto. W składzie mineralnym dominuje chalkopiryt, natomiast głównymi minerałami niklu są pentlandyt oraz milleryt. Pobrane próbki zawierają także kubanit, mackinawit, pirotyn, magnetyt, sfaleryt oraz galenę. W peryferyjnych częściach żył przeważa bornit, który nierzadko zawiera żyłki srebra rodzimego. Platyna występuje w formie własnych minerałów, wśród których dominują kompozytowe agregaty moncheitu (PtTe2) z hessytem (Ag2Te), rzadziej występują masłowit (PtBiTe) oraz sperrylit (PtAs2). Pallad może występować jako podstawienia w pentlandycie, tworzy także własne minerały: micheneryt (PdBiTe) i paołowit (Pd2Sn). Tellurki i bizmuto-tellurki wykazują podstawienia Pt-Pd oraz Bi-Te. Złoto występuje w formie rodzimej oraz jako elektrum. Obserwowana strefowość w występowaniu pierwiastków może być wyjaśniona frakcjonalną krystalizacją magmowych siarczków. Prawdopodobna jest częściowa remobilizacja metali szlachetnych (zwłaszcza złota i palladu) przez późniejsze procesy hydrotermalne i/lub metamorficzne, z którymi jest związana obecność idiomorficznego kwarcu, krzemianów (epidot, amfibole) oraz wtórnego magnetytu zawierającego inkluzje siarczków.

EN

The Morrison deposit, located in Sudbury Mining Camp, produces ore containing copper, nickel, platinum, palladium and gold. Chalcopyrite dominates the mineral assemblage, while the main Ni-bearing phases are pentlandite and millerite. Cubanite, mackinawite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, sphalerite and galena are present too. Bornite is the main mineral in the peripheral parts of veins, often containing native silver veinlets. Platinum occurs as discrete PGM minerals: composite grains of moncheite (PtTe2) with hessite (Ag2Te); maslovite (PtBiTe) and sperrylite (PtAs2) are rare. Palladium can occur as a substitution in pentlandite and as discrete PGM minerals: michenerite (PdBiTe) and paolovite (Pd2Sn). Tellurides and bismuth-tellurides often display Pt-Pd and Bi-Te substitutions. Gold is present as a native element and as electrum. A zonation in the occurrence of elements can be explained by fractional crystallization of magmatic sulphides. There is a possibility of partial remobilization of precious metals (especially gold and palladium) by later hydrothermal and/or metamorphic processes with associated authigenic quartz, silicates (epidote, amphiboles) and secondary magnetite containing sulphide inclusions.

20

Wyniki badań mineralogicznych spalonej substancji organicznej : stanowisko archeologiczne Tell el Farkha, Delta Nilu, Egipt

Pawlikowski M.

Auxiliary Sciences in Archaeology, Preservation of Relics and Environmental Engineering

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2017

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nr 23

1--22

PL

Substancje organiczne w stanowiskach zachowują się rzadko. Im starsze stanowiska tym mniej jest w nich substancji organicznych. Jedna z okoliczności sprzyjających jej zachowaniu jest spalenie bez dostępu powietrza, czyli zwęglenie. Badania tego typu materiału wymagają stosowania szeregu metod stosowanych m.in. w naukach mineralogicznych. Badania zwęglonych substancji ze stanowiska Tel el Fakha , które mają około 5 tyś. lat pozwoliły rozpoznać spaloną sieczkę zbożową, spalony chleb, dziegieć. spalone tkanki roślinne, spalone kości i ości ryb.

EN

Organic substances are rarely well-preserved at excavation sites. The older the site, the less of organic substances there is. One of the conditions that favor their preservation is burning without air, i.e. charring. Studies of this type of material require implementing a number of methods used, among others, in mineralogical sciences. Such methods were used in this publication. Studies of charred substances from the Tel el Fakha site, which are about 5 thousand years old, allowed us to recognize: burnt chopped cereals, burnt bread, wood tar, burnt vegetable tissues, burnt bones and fish bones.