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1

Tribological Testing of Environmentally Friendly Lubricants

Kowalski Marcin, Bernat Szymon, Kowalczyk Joanna, Radoń-Kobus Krystyna, Grabowski Paweł, Madej Monika

Tribologia

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2023

|

nr 1

51--63

PL

W artykule porównano właściwości oleju mineralnego z olejem na bazie glicerolu i olejem na bazie oleju rzepakowego. Uzyskane wyniki badań wskazały, że współczynnik tarcia dla oleju mineralnego wykazał zbliżoną charakterystykę dla obu obciążeń (25 N/ 50 N), również minimalne zmiany zaobserwowano dla oleju na bazie oleju rzepakowego. Natomiast największą różnicę uzyskano dla oleju na bazie glicerolu i wody, gdzie współczynnik tarcia wzrósł o ponad 23% dla obciążenia 50 N w porównaniu z obciążenie m 25 N. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują na bardzo dobrą charakterystykę olejów na bazie oleju rzepakowego oraz oleju na bazie glicerolu i wody wraz z dodatkami zmniejszającymi tarcie w zależności od przyłożonego obciążenia. Dla niż szych obciążeń bardzo dobre właściwości przeciwzużyciowe posiada olej na bazie glicerolu i wody, zaś dla wyższych olej na bazie oleju rzepakowego. Zatem w odpowiednich warunkach oleje przyjazne środowisku mają zbliżone lub lepsze właściwości smarne aniżeli toksyczne wysoko „zdodatkowane” oleje mineralne. Tym samym posiadają potencjał zastąpienia powszechnie stosowanego oleju mineralnego.

EN

This paper compares the properties of mineral oil with glycerol and water-based oil, and rapeseed-based oil. The obtained research results showed that the friction coefficient for mineral oil has similar characteristics for both loads (25 N/50 N). Minimal differences were also observed for the rapeseed-based oil. However, the most significant difference was obtained for oil based on glycerol and water, where the friction coefficient increased by more than 23% under the load of 50 N compared to 25 N. The tests showed very good characteristics of the oils based on rapeseed oil and the oil based on glycerol and water with additives reducing friction, depending on the applied load. For lower loads, the oil based on glycerol and water has very good anti-wear properties, whereas the oil based on rapeseed oil has very good anti-wear properties for higher loads. Thus, environmentally friendly oils have similar or better lubricating properties under appropriate conditions than toxic oils with high additive contents. Hence, they have the potential to replace the commonly used mineral oil.

2

Napięcie przyspieszenia strimerów w wybranych cieczach dielektrycznych przy napięciu udarowym piorunowym

Stuchała Filip

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

|

R. 98, nr 10

132--135

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badania porównawcze elektroizolacyjnego oleju mineralnego typu Nytro 10XN i płynu izolacyjnego na bazie węglowodorów pochodzenia biologicznego typu Nytro BIO 300X. Porównano udarowe napięcie przebicia (w oparciu o normę PN-IEC 897) oraz parametr napięcia przyspieszenia badanych cieczy. Próby wykonano napięciem udarowym piorunowym normalnym (1,2/50 µs) o biegunowości dodatniej i ujemnej, w układzie elektrod ostrze–kula.

EN

The article presents comparative tests of the naphthenic mineral oil type Nytro 10XN and the bio-based hydrocarbon such as Nytro BIO 300X. The lighting impulse breakdown voltage (based on the PN-IEC 897 standard) and the acceleration voltage of the tested liquids were compared. The tests were performed with standard lightning impulse voltage (1.2 / 50 µs) of positive and negative polarity, in the point-to-sphere electrode system.

3

The application of a molecular sieve for drying the insulation system of a power transformer in terms of improving its perational reliability

Cybulski Mateusz, Przybyłek Piotr

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2022

|

Vol. 24, no. 3

502--509

EN

The first research objective was the assessment of the selectivity of water and hydrogen adsorption by the 3A molecular sieve (MS) in the terms of the safety of using the DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) method as a diagnostic technique. The second objective was to demonstrate the efficiency of drying the insulation system consisting of cellulose insulation impregnated with various insulating liquids in terms of improving safety and extending the service life of power transformers. In order to achieve the assumed objectives, measurement systems were prepared and material tests were carried out, based mainly on chromatographic analyzes and measurements of water content using the Karl Fischer titration method. On the basis of the obtained test results and the conducted physical analyzes, the selectivity of MS sorption was shown and it was explained that the facilitator of the adsorption of water molecules is their polar nature related to their large dipole moment. The high efficiency of drying cellulose insulation impregnated with various insulating liquids using MS was also demonstrated.

4

FTIR and FDS assessment of mineral oil under low electrical discharge

Boudraa Saliha, Benabed Fadila, Fofana Issouf, Mokhnache Leila

Diagnostyka

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2022

|

Vol. 23, No. 2

art. no. 2022208

EN

Transformers are crucial elements in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. The importance of diagnosing these equipments are two-fold: (1) the necessity of service reliability and (2) the likelihood to avoid economic and environmental concerns. Under service conditions, the electrical and thermal stresses or chemical contaminants may degrade the insulation oil inside the transformer and cause incipient failures or reduce its service life. Partial discharges well recognized to be among the most common stresses that can lead to slow but steady degradation of insulating oil in transformers. The present work aims at understanding the influence of low energy electrical discharge on mineral oil based on two spectroscopic methods: FTIR spectroscopy and Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS). An electrical fault has been created by continuous discharge of 10 kV on the surface of various oil samples according to the ASTM D6180. From the FDS results, it was found that the amount of charge carriers and moisture increased with the aging time elapsed that influences the conduction phenomena and in turn, increases the dissipation factor. These results are confirmed by the FTIR results, which show that the intensity of the peak absorbance of the C–H and C-C functional group decreased with aging. The application of these two methods may help monitoring the condition of oil. A combined FTIR and FDS measurements highlighted the correlations between modifications in electrical properties and changes in the chemical structure of the oil under electrical accelerated ageing.

5

Fractal dimensions analysis of branching streamers propagating in mineral oil

Dang Viet-Hung, Beroual Abderrahmane, Rózga Paweł

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 71, nr 3

659--669

EN

This article deals with the analysis of the fractal dimension of streamers propagating in mineral oil, under lightning impulse voltage, using the box counting method; the method and technique of calculation are described therein. In the considered experimental conditions, the average velocities of recorded streamers are of 2.4 km/s and 1.8 km/s for positive and negative streamers, respectively; these velocities correspond to the 2nd mode of streamers propagation. It is shown that the streamers present the fractal dimension D ; and the higher D is the bushier are the streamers (i.e. with high branch density). The positive streamers can have higher D than the negative ones, if they are bushier.

6

Assessing the potential replacement of mineral oil with environmentally acceptable lubricants in a stern tube bearing: an experimental analysis of bearing performance

Kowalski Jerzy, Leśniewski Wojciech, Piątek Daniel, Cuper-Przybylska Dominika

Polish Maritime Research

|

2021

|

nr 4

160--166

EN

This study compares the performance of a plain bearing, with a similar structure to a tail shaft stern bearing, lubricated with either mineral oil or an environmentally acceptable lubricant (EAL). The main characteristic of the bearing is its length/diameter ratio of <1. Measurements are carried out with the bearing operating under loads from 0.5 to 1 MPa and seven speeds ranging from 1 to 11 rev/s. The bearing lubricated with either mineral oil with a viscosity grade of 100 or an environmentally acceptable lubricant (EAL) with a viscosity grade of 100 or 150 is investigated according to the ISO standard. Bearing wear is simulated by increasing the clearance circle by 0.1 mm. According to the results obtained, the use of an EAL in place of mineral oil does not cause significant changes in the bearing performance, regardless of the value of the clearance radius. The pressure distribution in the oil film, bearing load carrying capacity, eccentricity and friction coefficient have similar values for the entire load and speed ranges considered, and the discrepancies in the results are within the range of the measurement errors. Only an increase in EAL viscosity causes significant changes in bearing performance and these changes comply with the general theory of lubrication.

7

Analizy modelowe i badania eksperymentalne prądu elektryzacji strumieniowej cieczy izolacyjnych

Zdanowski Maciej

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2020

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R. 96, nr 9

68--70

PL

W artykule przedstawiono i porównano wyniki badań teoretycznych i eksperymentalnych elektryzacji strumieniowej oleju mineralnego Trafo En oraz estru syntetycznego Midel 7131. Analizy teoretyczne prądu elektryzacji strumieniowej zostały wykonane z wykorzystaniem modelu Abediana-Sonina. Pomiary przeprowadzono w układzie przepływowym z wykorzystaniem rurek wykonanych z papieru celulozowego i aramidowego. Określono wpływ prędkości przepływu cieczy oraz rodzaju materiału rurki pomiarowej na wielkość generowanego prądu elektryzacji strumieniowej.

EN

The paper presents and compares the results of theoretical and experimental research in the field of streaming electrification of Trafo En mineral oil and Midel 7131 synthetic ester. Theoretical analysis of the streaming electrification current was made using the Abedian-Sonin model. The measurements were taken in a flow-through system using the pipes made of cellulose and aramid paper. The influence of the liquid flow velocity, the type of material of the measuring pipe on the level of the streaming electrification current generation was determined.

8

Investigating flotation behavior and mechanism of modified mineral oil in the separation of apatite ore

Wei Kefeng, Liu Wenbao, Peng Xiangyu, Liu Wengang, Naixu Zhang, Li Zhen

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2020

|

Vol. 56, iss. 3

471--482

EN

In order to enhance the separation floatation of apatite ore, one mineral oil (MO), a petroleum base oil, as a raw material was modified to obtain a novel high-efficiency collector. The optimized modified mineral oil collector (MPBO) was obtained by systematically modified experiments. The results showed that the optimized condition of modification was air-flow rate 0.15 m3/h, potassium permanganate 0.2% (0.04 g), the reaction time 24 h and the temperature 140 °C. The flotation performance and mechanism of MPBO were further studied by flotation tests, zeta potential measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results of flotation tests showed that MPBO had a higher selectivity than oxidized paraffin soap. When 400 g/t MPBO was used as collector, the concentrate with 96.89% P2O5 recovery and 26.08% P2O5 grade was obtained. It also indicated that MPBO as the collector not only significantly improved the separation index of apatite ore flotation, but also greatly shortened and simplified the flotation process. The analysis of zeta potential, FTIR spectra and XPS revealed that carboxyl group was presented in the MPBO, which could form calcium carboxylate with calcium ion on the apatite surface by chemisorption.

9

The Influence of Additives on the Oxidative Stability and Fatigue Life of Lubricated Friction Pairs

Drabik Jolanta, Trzos Magdalena

Tribologia

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2019

|

nr 2

37--41

EN

The objective of the study was to determine the influence of different additives, namely, graphite, nanostructures of carbon, and polymer PTFE on the lubricating properties in reference to grease based on paraffin oil without an additive. The synergies of different additives were examined when both were simultaneously added. The improvement of the friction properties may be caused by the chemical elements that are absorbed on the surface. The steel-steel friction contacts were lubricated with the use of the developed lubricants. The experiments were carried out with the use of a four-ball pitting tester. The relationships between additives and the tribological properties were analysed. The correlation between thermal stability of lubricants and fatigue life was evaluated.

PL

Celem badań było określenie wpływu różnych dodatków, a mianowicie: grafitu, nanostruktur węgla i polimeru PTFE na właściwości smarne w odniesieniu do smaru na bazie oleju parafinowego bez dodatku. Oceniono synergię działania dodatków, gdy oba zostały dodane jednocześnie. Poprawa trwałości zmęczeniowej może być spowodowana przez pierwiastki chemiczne, które są absorbowane na powierzchni. Stalowe cierne styki zostały nasmarowane przy pomocy opracowanych smarów. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono przy użyciu testera do badania pittingu. Przeanalizowano zależności między dodatkami a właściwościami tribologicznymi. Oceniono korelację między stabilnością oksydacyjną smarów a trwałością zmęczeniową.

10

Comparison of electric and radiometric methods for liquid dielectric diagnostic

Krbal Michal, Štěpánek Jaroslav, Pelikán Luděk, Orságová Jaroslava, Kolcunová Iraida

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2019

|

R. 95, nr 6

15--22

EN

This paper is focused on the description and comparison the alternative photometric and radiometric methods for liquid dielectric quality diagnostic and parameters measurement, long-term practical verification and comparison of obtained data with conventional methods. The proper function and accuracy of the measured methods are verified in the Light Laboratory and in the CVVOZEPowerLab in Brno University of Technology.

PL

W artykule porównanie metody fotometrycznej i radiometrycznej stosowanej do diagnostyki właściwości dielektrycznych płynów. Przedstawiono weryfikację długoterminową oraz porównanie otrzymanych danych w wynikami metody konwencjonalnej.

11

The full or partial replacement of commercial marine engine oil with bio oil, on the example of linseed oil

Malinowska Małgorzata

Journal of KONES

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2019

|

Vol. 26, No. 3

129--135

EN

The bio-oils are considered to sustainable, alternative and environmentally friendly source of lubricants compared to commercial engine oils, on the base a mineral, synthetic or semi-synthetic. They are obtained from natural raw material (vegetable or animal oils), which are renewable and non-toxic to humans, living organisms and environment. The vegetable oils called green oils, natural oils, bio-oils or natural esters. They can be obtained from plant seeds, that may be consumed – edible oils (for instance: rapeseed oil) or which cannot be consumed – inedible (for example: linseed oil). The conducted research into linseed oil and its different quantity additives (25% and 50%) to commercial marine mineral oil intended for a medium-speed 4-stroke, trunk marine engine (i.e. Marinol RG 1240). The flash point and dependence of viscosity and temperature were compared and assess. It has been proven that vegetable oils have a high ignition temperature and very small viscosity change in the range of temperatures presented, i.e. high viscosity index. According to the results, it can be recommended the addition of 25% linseed oil in the base lubricant is the relevant for lubricating a medium speed 4-stroke marine engine. The vegetable additives can improve a viscosity index a lube oil, and they will be positively affected environmental protection

12

Wpływ grubości preszpanu na tempo penetracji estru syntetycznego w układzie izolacyjnym preszpan-olej mineralny po wymianie cieczy

Fatyga P., Morańda H.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2018

|

R. 94, nr 10

107--112

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań, mających na celu ustalenie tempa penetracji estru syntetycznego w preszpanie, w układzie izolacyjnym preszpan-olej mineralny po zamianie cieczy, w zależności od grubości preszpanu. Badania przeprowadzono dla temperatury 70C, a ich wyniki opisano równaniem. Do oceny tempa zmian w badanym układzie izolacyjnym posłużono się metodą DFR.

EN

The article presents the results of investigations aimed at determining the synthetic ester speed of penetration in the pressboard, in the mineral oil-pressboard insulation system after liquid exchange, depending on the thickness of the pressboard. The tests were carried out at a temperature of 70C, and their results were described in a equation. The DFR method was used to assess the rate of changes in the investigated insulating system.

13

Ocena porównawcza efektywności impregnacji preszpanu izolacyjnego wybranymi estrami dielektrycznymi i olejem mineralnym z wykorzystaniem efektu podciągania kapilarnego

Rózga P., Szewczyk R.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2018

|

R. 94, nr 10

69--72

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań eksperymentalnych oceniających efektywność impregnacji preszpanu izolacyjnego wybranymi cieczami dielektrycznymi różniącymi się lepkością kinematyczną. Badania przeprowadzono wykorzystując efekt podciągania kapilarnego przy różnych temperaturach procesu tj. 20, 60, 80 i 100 °C. Wyniki pokazały, że efektywność impregnacji, rozumiana jako szybkość wnikania cieczy w preszpan, jest nierozerwalnie związana z lepkością kinematyczną cieczy. W tym zakresie badany ester mieszany o obniżonej lepkości wykazuje lepsze właściwości impregnacyjne w porównaniu do klasycznego estru naturalnego o właściwościach zgodnych z normą IEC 62770.

EN

The article presents the results of experimental studies aiming on assessment of impregnation efficiency of selected liquid dielectrics of difference viscosities. The studies were performed using capillary rising effect at different process temperature: 20, 60, 80 and 100 °C. The results showed that impregnation efficiency, understood as the rate of liquid penetration in the pressboard, is strictly linked to the kinematic viscosity of the liquid. In this field the tested blended low viscosity ester shows better impregnation properties in relation to the classical natural ester as per IEC 62770.

14

Insulating barriers efficiency on the dielectric strength of organic ester oil gaps

Jaroszewski M., Beroual A., Lachowski J.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2018

|

R. 94, nr 10

104--106

EN

The article deals with the influence of the position and shape of insulating barrier on the dielectric strength of cone-plane electrode arrangement immersed in natural ester oil. It is shown that the effectiveness of the barrier is the highest when the barrier is located at the tip of cone electrode whatever the electrode gaps and/or the shape of barrier

PL

Artykuł dotyczy wpływu położenia i kształtu bariery izolacyjnej na wytrzymałość dielektryczną układu elektrod stożkowo-płaskich zanurzonych w naturalnym oleju estrowym. Pokazano, że skuteczność bariery jest najwyższa, gdy bariera znajduje się na wierzchołku elektrody stożkowej niezależnie od odstępu elektrod i / lub kształtu bariery.

15

The effects of the addition of vegetable oil on the viscosity of used marine engine oil marinol RG 1240

Malinowska M.

New Trends in Production Engineering

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2018

|

Vol. 1, Iss. 1

479--485

EN

The article presents conducted research on the effects of the additives of vegetable oil on the viscosity of used marine engine oil Marinol RG 1240. Specifically, it shows dependence between viscosity and temperature for: fresh mineral oil, used mineral oil and blends of oils. Research results were compared and assessed. The viscosity of all oil samples were measured using Vibro Viscometer SV-10, at range of temperatures 5°C-65°C. It is noted that most of the used engine oil samples increase value of viscosity compared to fresh oil. However, the addition of 10% rapeseed oil significantly reduced viscosity parameters for all studied temperatures.

16

Concentration analysis of gases formed in mineral oil, natural ester, and synthetic ester by discharges of high energy

Przybyłek P., Gielniak J.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2018

|

Vol. 20, no. 3

435--442

EN

The paper describes physical foundations of gases generation in different electroinsulating liquids. The authors reviewed literature concerning the analysis of gases generated in these liquids as a result of discharges of low energy. The main purpose of the research was to compare gases formed in mineral oil, natural ester, and synthetic ester resulting from discharges of high energy, which has not been studied so far. The comparison was done both in terms of gases composition and their concentration. The purpose of the research was to give an answer to the question: which of the analysed liquids ensure higher operation safety if there is a discharge of high energy in the insulating system.

PL

W pracy opisano podstawy fizyczne związane z powstawaniem gazów w różnych cieczach elektroizolacyjnych. Dokonano przeglądu literatury dotyczącego analizy gazów generowanych w tych cieczach w wyniku wyładowań zupełnych. Głównym celem badań było porównanie gazów powstających w oleju mineralnym, estrze naturalnym oraz estrze syntetycznym w wyniku oddziaływania na te ciecze wyładowań zupełnych o bardzo dużej energii, co dotychczas nie było przedmiotem badań. Porównania dokonano zarówno pod kątem składu gazów jak i ich stężenia. Wyniki badań miały przede wszystkim dać odpowiedź na pytanie: która z analizowanych cieczy charakteryzuje się większym bezpieczeństwem eksploatacji w sytuacji wystąpienia w układzie izolacyjnym wysokoenergetycznego wyładowania zupełnego.

17

Assessment of ecotoxicological properties of oils in water

Hybská H., Mitterpach J., Samešová D., Schwarz M., Fialová J., Veverková D.

Archives of Environmental Protection

|

2018

|

Vol. 44, no. 4

31--37

EN

The paper deals with the influence of oils on surface water pollution. Two mineral oils of petroleum origin, one synthetic oil and one vegetable oil were tested. Properties of the selected oil types were assessed by ecotoxicological tests. The acute toxicity test on Daphnia magna showed that out of the tested oils the most toxic for these aquatic organisms were the petroleum oils. In the phytotoxicity test on Sinapis alba, the toxic effect of mineral oils in comparison with synthetic and vegetable oil was more significant. Oils create oil stains visible under the microscope. It was difficult to differentiate them from Scenedesmus subspicatus. The calculation of growth rate was not relevant and a significant loss of cells was detected. It follows from the summary of the tests results that vegetable oil is the least aggressive for the aquatic environment and there are no significant differences between synthetic and mineral oils.

18

Research on resistivity of insulating mineral oil and synthetic esters mixtures

Maleska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Elektryka / Politechnika Opolska

|

2017

|

z. 75

53--54

EN

The paper presents research results on resistivity of mixtures of insulating fluids prepared based on mineral oil Trafo En and synthetic ester Midel 7131®. The influence of percentage content of both fluids in a mixture and temperature on the change of this parameter has been analyzed.

19

Interactions between lubricant and steel substrate – a conceptual method of analysis

Pawelec E., Neska M.

Tribologia

|

2017

|

nr 1

75--79

EN

The paper demonstrates the methods for the analysis of the interaction between lubricant and steel substrate and presents the obtained results. The samples to be tested were commercially available greases as well as greases developed for the purpose of this research, containing a known amount of adhesion additives. Due to the lack of normalized methods, the authors applied indirect methods based on the analysis of the peel resistance and the resistance to variable shearing rates. The obtained results reveal that there is a possibility to apply the proposed methods for the comparative assessment of interactions between the grease and steel substrate.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metody badania oddziaływań środków smarowych z podłożem stalowym, a także zaprezentowano uzyskane wyniki. Przedmiotem badań były komercyjne smary plastyczne i smary opracowane na potrzeby eksperymentu zawierające znaną ilość dodatków adhezyjnych. Ze względu na brak znormalizowanej metody do badania zastosowano metodyki pośrednie oparte o pomiar siły rozrywania i odporności warstw smarowych na działanie zmiennych szybkości ścinania. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że istnieje możliwość wykorzystania zaproponowanych metod do oceny porównawczej oddziaływań smarów plastycznych z podłożem stalowym.

20

Cheap nano-clay additive as a lubricating enhancer

Rebis J., Frydrych J., Skibinski J., Rozniatowski K.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2017

|

Vol. 97, nr 2

103--109

EN

Cheap nano-clay (montmorillonite) was taken into consideration in this study as an additive to mineral oil to improve its lubricating properties. Mineral oils form the basis of speciality lubricants for food processing technology due to their biodegradability. In contrast to synthetic oils they are also less harmful. Literature indicates that nano-particles additives have a huge impact on lubricating properties. In this work wear scare diameter (WSD), friction coefficient and film thickness were studied. High frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) was used to measure the said lubricating properties of prepared mixtures. Authors performed roughness measurements on sample plates after HFRR tests to study the relationship between WSD and Ra.