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1
Content available remote Wpływ metody spawania na żarowytrzymałość złączy spawanych cienkich blach ze stopu Inconel 718
Opiekun Z. A., Jędrusik A.
Przegląd Spawalnictwa
|
2017
|
R. 89, nr 12
40--45
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wpływ spawania metodą GTAW i laserem bez dodatku spoiwa, cienkich blach ze stopu Inconel 718 na żarowytrzymałość ich złączy. Technologiczne próby żarowytrzymałości próbek ze złączami spawanymi prowadzono przy użyciu pełzarki w stałej temperaturze wynoszącej 860±2 °C i przy stałym naprężeniu σ = 150 MPa. Badania wykazały, że złącza spawane tych blach wykonane laserem zarówno w stanie ich dostawy, jak i po obróbce cieplnej posiadają o ok. 60÷80% większą żarowytrzymałość niż złącza wykonane metodą GTAW.
EN
The paper presents the influence of GTAW welding and laser without the addition of binders, thin sheets of Inconel 718 on the creep resistance of the connectors. Process sample creep resistance specimens of fused-fiber couplers were carried out using creep testing machine using a constant temperature of 860±2 °C and a constant stress o = 150 MPa. The tests have shown that welded joints of these sheets made with a laser, both in the state of their delivery and after heat treatment, have about 60-80% hiqher heat resistance than joints made using the GTAW method.
2
Content available Microstructure Characteristic of TiC-Reinforced Cast Steel after GTAW Remelting
Sobula S., Kwiecień A., Olejnik E., Pałka P.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2017
|
Vol. 17, iss. 4
151--154
EN
In this study, low-carbon cast steel was reinforced with TiC by SHS-B method, also known as combustion synthesis during casting method. The composite zone was then subjected to surface remelting by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) method. The remelting operation was realized manually, at 150 A current magnitude. Microstructure, phase composition and hardness of remelted zone were investigated. XRD results reveal that the phases of the composite zone in initial state consist of TiC and Feα. Surface remelting resulted in formation of thick layers containing TiC carbides, Feα and Feγ. Microstructural examination has shown strong refinement of titanium carbides in remelted zone and complete dissolution of primary titanium carbides synthetized during casting. The average diameter of carbides was below 2 μm. The structural changes are induced by fast cooling which affects crystallization rate. The hardness (HV30) of the remelted layer was in the range between 250 HV and 425 HV, and was lower than hardness in initial state.
3
Modyfikacja warstwy wierzchniej stopów magnezu za pomocą metody GTAW
Szafarska M., Iwaszko J., Kudła K.
Inżynieria Materiałowa
|
2011
|
Vol. 32, nr 4
747-750
PL
Głównym celem pracy była próba zaadaptowania metody spawalniczej GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) na potrzeby powierzchniowej obróbki przetopieniowej. Materiał badawczy stanowiły komercyjne stopy magnezu AZ91 i AM60. Ze względu na własności fizykochemiczne charakterystyczne dla wybranych materiałów, użycie metody GTAW wiązało się z wieloma problemami technologicznymi, m.in. ryzykiem utraty stabilności łuku elektrycznego oraz szybkim nagrzewaniem się elektrody, prowadzącymi do braku przetopienia materiału bądź do wystąpienia niekorzystnych zmian w geometrii powierzchni. Zaistniałe trudności wymusiły potrzebę przebudowy i doposażenia standardowego stanowiska spawalniczego. Efektem podjętych działań było opracowanie nowatorskiego zestawu dwupalnikowego z palnikami pracującymi w układzie tandem. Rolą palnika prowadzącego było katodowe oczyszczanie powierzchni materiału ze ściśle przylegającej warstwy tlenków, a drugiego palnika przetopienie oczyszczonej powierzchni. Efektywność zmian generowanych w wyniku przetapiania weryfikowano na podstawie obserwacji makroskopowych połączonych ze wstępnymi badaniami strukturalnymi. Zaproponowana metodyka obróbki pozwoliła na osiągnięcie zamierzonego celu i skuteczną modyfikację warstwy wierzchniej stopów magnezu bez konieczności uprzedniego oczyszczania mechanicznego, bądź chemicznego powierzchni materiałów. Opracowane rozwiązanie może stanowić cenną alternatywę dla technik laserowych, dominujących obecnie w inżynierii powierzchni stopów magnezu.
EN
The main objective of the study was to try to adapt the GTAW welding method to the surface remelting treatment needs. The study materials were the commercial alloys of magnesium AZ91 and AM60. Due to the physical and chemical properties characteristic for the selected material, the use of the GTAW method involved many technological problems, among other things the risk of loss of the electric arc stability and quick electrode heating in turn leading to a failure in the material remelting or the occurrence of an adverse alternation in the surface geometry. The arisen difficulties forced us to rebuild the welding station and fit it with additional equipment. The effect of the taken action was the development of an inventive double-burner set with the burners operating in tandem. The leading burner role was the cathodic cleaning of the material surface and the removal of the layer of oxides firmly adhered to it, whereas the role of the second burner was to remelt the cleaned surface. The effectiveness of the alternations caused by the remelting proces was verified on the basis of macroscopic observation along with preliminary structural investigations. The proposed treatment method has made it possible to obtain the intended aim and the effective modification of the outer layer of magnesium alloys without the necessity of the previous mechanical or chemical cleaning of the surface of materials. The developed solution can be a valuable alternative for the laser techniques that are presently dominating in magnesium alloy surface engineering.
4
Modyfikacja warstwy wierzchniej materiałów nieprzewodzących za pomocą metody GTAW
Iwaszko J., Kudła K., Szafarska M.
Inżynieria Materiałowa
|
2010
|
Vol. 31, nr 2
153-156
PL
Głównym celem pracy była adaptacja metody spawania GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) na potrzeby obróbki przetopieniowej nieprzewodzących powłok tlenkowych natryskiwanych plazmowo. Modyfikacji warstwy wierzchniej poddano złożone kompozycje tlenkowe na bazie ZrO2 oraz Al2O3, naniesione na podłoże stalowe metodą natryskiwania plazmowego. Wykazano, że proces przetapiania nieprzewodzących powłok tlenkowych można z powodzeniem prowadzić za pomocą spawalniczych źródeł ciepła, pod warunkiem przeprojektowania i doposażenia standardowego stanowiska spawalniczego. Efektem podjętych prac było opracowanie i skonstruowanie zestawu spawalniczego ze swobodnym łukiem niezależnym, w którym wyeliminowano czynny udział powłoki tlenkowej w procesie tworzenia łuku elektrycznego i jego stabilizacji. Wykazano ponadto, że zastosowanie zmodyfikowanej metody spawalniczej GTAW stanowi w pełni konkurencyjne rozwiązanie w stosunku do dominujących obecnie technologii laserowych.
EN
The primary objective of the study was to adapt the GTAW welding technique for the purposes of the surface remelting processing of non-conductive plasma sprayed coatings. Modification concerned the surface layer of complex oxide compositions based on ZrO2 and Al2O3, which had been applied onto a steel substrate using the plasma spraying technique. In the course of research it was demonstrated that the process of surface remelting of non-conductive oxide coatings may be successfully conducted using welding sources of heat provided that the standard welding station is previously redesigned and additionally equipped. The methodological and apparatus- related work undertaken led to the development and construction of a welding set with a free independent arc, in which the active participation of the oxide coating in the creation of the electric arc and its stabilization has been eliminated. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the modified GTAW welding technique is a fully competitive solution with respect to the currently predominant laser technologies.
5
Content available Poprawa właściwości powierzchniowych żeliwa wielokrotnym przetapianiem
Szykowny T., Ciechacki K.
Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna
|
2010
|
Nr 5
117-118
PL
Spośród metod utwardzania powierzchniowego stopów żelaza z węglem do najbardziej postępowych, energooszczędnych należą metody bazujące na wykorzystaniu skoncentrowanych źródeł energii. W pracy wykorzystano plazmę łuku elektrycznego GTAW do powierzchniowego utwardzania żeliwa sferoidalnego. Przeprowadzono badania metalograficzne, twardości, dyfrakcyjne rentgenowskie i penetracyjne otrzymanych warstw. Warstwy przetapiane „na zimno" wykazały twardość (65+67) HRC, ale wystąpiły makropęknięcia. W celu eliminacji pęknięć stosowano wstępne nagrzewanie żeliwa bądź wielokrotne przetapianie. Ze względów techniczno-ekonomicznych metoda utwardzania powierzchni wielokrotnym przetopem jest korzystniejsza od przetapiania wstępnie nagrzanego odlewu.
EN
Among methods of surface hardening of iron alloys by carbon the most progressive and energy saving are methods based on the application of concentrated sources of energy. Plasma of electrical arch was used for spheroidal cast iron hardening. Metalographical, hardness, X-ray diffraction and received layers' penetration tests were performed. Layers of "on cold" re-melting revealed 65+67 HRC hardness but microcrackings occurred. Initial heating of cast iron or repeated remelting were employed in order to eliminate crackings. For technical-economical purposes the method of surface hardening by repeated remelting is more advantageous than remelting of initially heated cast.
6
Content available remote Residual stresses in a surface remelting of castings made of cobalt alloy MAR-M509 with a plasma generated in electric arc
Opiekun Z.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 1 spec.
199--202
EN
The manuscript presents the results of measurements of residual stresses (RS) in partial meltings of casting surfaces made of cobalt alloy MAR-M509. The partial meltings were made with an argon plasma beam by GTAW method. The values of RS were determined by X-ray diffraction method in grazing incident geometry, by g-sin2ψ method and in Bragg-Brentano (BB) geometry. It has been stated that RS values depend on the parameters of partial melting process. It has been claimed that compressive stresses, which are present in the thin layer up to ca 2 μm, convert to tensile stresses in deeper layers of partial meltings.
7
Content available remote Interference of geometrical product specification caused by interaction of concentrated energy fluxes
Liubimow V., Opiekun Z., Puhowskij E.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 1 spec.
415--418
EN
The manuscript presents changes of geometrical product specification (GPS) in different materials that were subjected to point and linear interactions of laser flux and to helium and argon plasma beams generated in electric arc. The growth of laser flux energy density leads from surface heating to evaporating and material sublimation, and causes increase of surface roughness with cracks. The growth of electric arc energy causes increase of crater diameter of partial meltings and increase of surface roughness of partially melted materials.
8
Content available remote Influence of the microstructure of cast iron on the rheological properties of frictional contact and wear-resistance
Shevelya V., Orłowicz W., Trytek A., Kirilkov V.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 1 spec.
273--278
EN
The influence of sliding speed and contact load on wear-resistance of cast iron in the unhardened state (cast without heat treatment) and in the state after surface hardening by electroarc plasma (GTAW method) is investigated. This method provides formation of composite hardening structure in the process of fast crystallization. It is shown, that during friction of hardened cast iron the contribution of mechanical-thermal hardening with simultaneous development of relaxation processes prevails over mechanical peening. It provides high level and stability of wear-resistance.
9
Content available remote Comparing the tribological resistance of the tool steel C90 and HS 6-5-2 remelted with the electric arc
Adamiak S., Dziedzic A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 1 spec.
291--294
EN
There have been the results of the tribological research presented of the tool, non-alloy steel C90 and high speed steel HS 6-5-2. The comparison has been presented due to the similar content of the carbon in both steels. The tribological research were conducted in the conditions of the technically dry friction on a testing machine of the type pin on disc T-01M. The tribological research showed the similar intensity of tribological wear of the steel C90 and HS 6-5-2 remelted with the electric arc. During the friction there was the abrasion and adhesive wear.
10
Content available remote Structure of carbon steels after remelting of the surface layer with the electric arc
Adamiak S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 2
181-184
EN
This study presents results of a research on the enhancement of properties of the surface layer of carbon steels by treating it with a concentrated heat stream utilizing the GTAW method. Remelting of the surface layer of studied steels was performed by a welding head moving at a constant speed of 200 mm/min and varying current intensity of the electric arc ranging from 50A to 300A as well as with a constant current intensity of the electric arc and a varying speed of the welding head ranging from 200 mm/min to 800 mm/min. Metallographic evaluations (LM and SEM) of the resulting structure were performed. Correlation between the current intensity of the electric arc and its speed in relation to the treated material sample and the geometry of the remelted layers and their structure was established.
11
Content available remote Structural studies of partial meltings of casting surfaces made of cobalt alloy MAR-M509
Opiekun Z., Chruściel K.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 2
197-200
EN
The results of structural studies of partial meltings of casting surfaces of plates made of cobalt alloy MAR-M509 have been presented. The partial meltings were formed with argon or helium plasma beam generated in electric arc. Observations of microstructure revealed presence of phase y and carbides. X-ray diffraction has shown phase y, carbide types MC and M23C6 and scanty amount of hexagonal phase [...].
12
Content available remote Microhardness and tribological wear of the steels remelted with an electric arc
Adamiak S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 2
177-180
EN
This study presents results of a research on the surface strengthening of the C15, C45 and C90U steels by application of concentrated heat stream with the GTAW methodology. Utilizing the GTAW methodology remelting of the surface layer of the sampled steels was performed by a welding head moving at a speed ranging from 200 mm/min to 800 mm/min and the current intensity of the electric arc ranging from 50A to 300A. Measurements of hardness, frictional coefficient and intensity of tribological wear were performed in the remelted surface layer. Correlation between the intensity of the electric arc versus microhardness and tribological wear resistance under conditions of dry-friction was established. Following the treatment an increase in hardness as well as increase in the tribological wear resistance could be observed in steel samples. The best results were achieved during remelting of the surface layer with electric arc at 100A intensity and the speed of the welding head in relation to treated sample of 200 mm/min.
13
Content available remote Friction wear cast iron casting surface hardened by concentrated source of heat
Orłowicz W., Trytek A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 2
189-192
EN
In this study surface fusion by the GTAW (in argon atmosphere) surfacing process on plate of cast iron with electric arc advance speeds from 200 to 800 mm/min and current range I=300A were performed. The geometry, microstructure, hardness, friction wear intensity were measured. A stepwise regression method was used to develop relationships between the electric arc advance speed, parameters of fusion geometry, microhardness and friction wear intensity.
14
Content available remote Effect of the concentrated heat flow treatment on the structure and the antiwear properties of cast iron
Orłowicz W., Shevelya V., Trytek A., Kirilkov V.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 2
185-188
EN
The influence of modes of surface fusion by electric arc plasma (GTAW method) on the hardness and wear-resistance of plain cast iron was studied. A possible mechanism of structural rearrangement in the processed material during the friction was analyzed. This mechanism is determined by specific behaviour of hardened martensitic structure under dynamic load. This martensitic structure forms a metal basis of cementite eutectic under conditions of fast crystallisation.
15
Content available remote The remelting of the surface layer of C15 steel with an electric arc
Adamiak S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, iss. 3
5-10
EN
This study presents results of a research on enhancing properties of the surface layer of C15 steel by treating it with a concentrated heat stream utilizing the GTAW method. Remelting of the surface layer of C15 steel was performed by a welding head moving with a constant speed of 200 mm/min and varying current intensity of the electric arc ranging from 50A to 300A as well as with a constant current intensity of the electric arc and a varying speed of the welding head ranging from 200 mm/min to 800 mm/min. Metallographic evaluations (LM and SEM) of the resulting structure were performed as well as measurement of the hardness of the remelted layers. Correlation between current intensity of the electric arc and its speed in relation to the treated material sample and the geometry of the remelted layers and their microhardness was established.
16
Content available remote The microstructure of HS 6-5-2 steel in the areas overlapping remelting obtained by the use of GTAW method
Dziedzic A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, iss. 3
47-52
EN
The work presents microstructures of HS 6-5-2 high-speed steel from the areas overlapping remelting. The surface layer of the steel was remelted using the GTAW method. The microstructure photos were taken with LM and SEM microscopes. On microstructure photos there are visible results of heat effect overlapping remelting. The conclusions of the work show that as a result of crystallization in the zone of first remelting a system of crystals is formed which is forced the direction of heat removal from the front of the crystallization through the solid phase. With overlapping the second remelting on the first one, as a result of retreating crystallization on the border of the second and the first remelting the direction of crystals packing changes. Additionally, the heat influence zone of the second remelting changes the structure of the first remelting significantly. Aforementioned factors determine the decrease of the microhardness value of the surface layer within the areas overlapping remelting.
17
Content available remote The influence of GTAW processing parameters on a geometry of remelted of C45 steel
Adamiak S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, iss. 1 spec.
9--12
EN
The work presented test rcsults of voltage effect of electric arc current and the rate of flow in relation to the sample on geometry of the surface layer during remelting of 45 steel with concentrated heat flux using GTAW method. The remelting of surface layer of C45 steel with a stable feed rate of welding head equalling 200 mm/min and with the intensity of electric arc current ranging from 50 to 300A and stable intensity or electric arc current 300A, the rate of head feed was changed from the value of 200 mm/min to 800 mm/min. Depth, width and the area of obtained layers were measured. The interrelation between the intensity of electric arc current and the rate of its advance in relation to the treated material and the geometry of remelted layers was determined.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu natężenia prądu łuku elektrycznego oraz jego szybkości przesuwu względem próbki na geometrię warstwy wierzchniej podczas nadtapiania powierzchniowego stali 45 skoncentrowanym strumieniem ciepła z zastosowaniern metody GTAW. Dokonano nadtopienia warstwy wierzchniej stali C45 przy stałej szybkości przesuwu głowicy spawalniczej 200 mm/min i zastosowaniu natężenia prądu łuku elektrycznego od 50 do 300A oraz stałym natężeniu prądu łuku elektrycznego 300A zmieniano prędkość przesuwu głowicy od 200 mm/s do 800 mm/min. Wykonano pomiary głębokości, szerokości oraz pola powierzchni otrzymanych warstw. Wyznaczono zależność pomiędzy natężeniem prądu łuku elektrycznego i szybkością jego przesuwu względem obrabianego materiału, a geometrią nadtopionych warstw.
18
Content available remote The effect of GTAW processing on the structure and microhardness of C45 Steel
Bylica A., Adamiak S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, iss. 1 spec.
45--48
EN
The work presented test results of surface upgrading of C45 Steel with concentrated heat flux using GTAW method. The surface layer of C45 Steel was remelted with stable speed of 200 mm/min welding head advance and using the intensity of electric arc current form 50 up to 300A and 300 A stable intensity of electric arc current the speed of head advance was changed in the rangę from 200 mm/min up to 800 mm/min. Microscope tests of obtained structure and measures of the hardness of remelted surface layers were conducted. The correlation between the intensity of electric arc current of its the feed rate and material microhardness was derived.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań uszlachetniania powierzchniowego stali C45 skoncentrowanym strumieniem ciepła z zastosowaniem metody GTAW. Dokonano nadtopienia warstwy wierzchniej stali C45 przy stałej szybkości przesuwu głowicy spawalniczej 200 mm/min i zastosowaniu natężenia prądu łuku elektrycznego od 50 do 300A oraz stałym natężeniu prądu luku elektrycznego 300 A zmieniano prędkość przesuwu głowicy od 200 mm/min do 800 mm/min. Przeprowadzono badania mikroskopowe otrzymanej struktury oraz wykonano pomiary twardości nadtopionych warstw. Podano zależność pomiędzy natężeniem prądu łuku elektrycznego i szybkością jego przesuwu a mikrotwardością struktury.
19
Content available remote Microstructure and microhardness in the area of heat influence zone of HS 6-5-2 steel remelted by a GTAW method
Dziedzic A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, iss. 1 spec.
79--82
EN
The work presents characteristic microstructures from heat influence zone of HS 6-5-2 high-speed steel remelted with use of GTAW method. Also photos of indentations made by Hanemann microhardness tester attached, which correspond to given microstructures. This work shows that within the area of heat influence zone various processes take place depending on local temperature and steel structure before remelting process. In the area heat influence zone of second remelting overlapping on a first remelting, where temperature was higher than solidus, the eutectic undergone significant transformation. In the area heat influence zone of second remelting overlapping on a steel core structure, a process of carbide phase dissolution occurred, forming of austenite grains, and in areas where temperature was higher than solidus the eutectic mixture was formed on borders of the cells.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono charakterystyczne mikrostruktury ze strefy wpływu ciepła stali szybkotnącej HS 6-5-2 nadtopionej metodą GTAW. Zamieszczono również zdjęcia odcisków, wykonanych mikrotwardościomierzem Hanemanna, odpowiadających danym mikrostrukturom. Z pracy wynika, iż w strefie wpływu ciepła zachodzą różne procesy, w zależności od lokalnej temperatury i struktury stali przed nadtopieniem. W obszarze nakładania strefy wpływu ciepła drugiego nadtopienia na strefę pierwszego nadtopienia, i temperatura była wyższa od solidus, wyraźnej przemianie uległa eutektyka. W obszarze nakładania strefy wpływu ciepła drugiego nadtopienia na strukturę rdzenia następował proces rozpuszczania fazy węglikowej, formowania się ziarn austenitu oraz w obszarach gdzie temperatura była wyższa od solidus, dochodziło do powstania eutektyki na granicach komórek.
20
Content available remote Microhardness changes of surface layer of HS 6-5-2 steel in the areas overlapping remelting obtained with the use of GTAW method
Bylica A., Dziedzic A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, iss. 3
25-28
EN
The work presents test results of microhardness of surface layer of HS 6-5-2 high-speed steel from areas overlapping remelting. The surface layer of the steel was remelted using the GTAW method. The microhardness was measured using the Vickers method. The work shows that the area, where the heat influence zone of the second remelting overlapping on the first remelting zone is characterizes by the microhardness lower about approx. 200 HV0,065.
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