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1
Content available Means in money exchange operations
EN
It is observed that in some money exchange operations, every n-variable mean M applied by two market analysts who are acting in different countries should be self reciprocally conjugate. The main result says that the only homogeneous weighted quasi-arithmetic mean satisfying this condition is the weighted geometric mean. In the context of invariance of the geometric mean with respect to the arithmetic-harmonic mean-type mapping, the possibility of the occurring reciprocal-conjugacy in technical sciences is commented.
2
Content available remote A counterpart of the Taylor theorem and means
EN
For an n-times differentiable real function ƒ defined in an a real interval I, some properties of the Taylor remainder means Tn[ƒ] are considered. It is proved that Tn[ƒ] is symmetric iff n – 1, and a conjecture concerning the equality Tn[g]- Tn[ƒ] is formulated. The main result says that if ƒ (n) is one-to-one, there exists a unique mean Mn[ƒ] : ƒ(n) (I) x ƒ(n) (I) → ƒ(n) (I) such that, for all x, y ϵ I, …[wzór]. The connection between Tnƒ ana Mnƒ is given. A functional equation related to M2 ƒ is derived and an open problem is posed.
EN
The paper is concerned with issues of the estimation of random variable distribution parameters by the Monte Carlo method. Such quantities can correspond to statistical parameters computed based on the data obtained in typical measurement situations. The subject of the research is the mean, the mean square and the variance of random variables with uniform, Gaussian, Student, Simpson, trapezoidal, exponential, gamma and arcsine distributions.
4
Content available remote Mean-value theorems and some symmetric means
EN
Some variants of the Lagrange and Cauchy mean-value theorems lead to the conclusion that means, in general, are not symmetric. They are symmetric iff they coincide (respectively) with the Lagrange and Cauchy means. Under some regularity assumptions, we determine the form of all the relevant symmetric means.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę opisu praktycznego zastosowania filtru Kalmana podczas pomiaru napięcia zawierającego szum. Artykuł zawiera zwięzły opis operacji matematycznych wykorzystywanych podczas filtracji oraz przykład wyników generowanych z wykorzystaniem filtra Kalmana zastosowanych do przebiegu napięcia zarejestrowanego przez autora.
EN
In the article an attempt of the description of the filter of Kalman was made with the practical application at the measurement of the tension containing the noise.A concise description of the operations contains the article mathematical used at the filtration and example of results generated with using the filter of Kalman carried out by the author.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań korelacji pomiędzy wartością średnią, medianą oraz środkiem rozstępu nieskorelowanych wyników obserwacji o wybranych rozkładach prawdopodobieństwa: Laplace'a, normalnym, trójkątnym, trapezowym, jednostajnym oraz arksinusoidalnym. Stwierdzono, że istnieje silna korelacja pomiędzy wartością średnią a medianą, mediana i środek rozstępu są najmniej skorelowane, a korelacja pomiędzy średnią i środkiem rozstępu przyjmuje wartości pośrednie. Przy wzroście liczby obserwacji korelacja pomiędzy wartością średnią a medianą stabilizuje się, natomiast korelacja pomiędzy środkiem rozstępu i wartością średnią oraz medianą monotoniczne zmniejsza się.
EN
The results of studies of the correlation between the main location parameter estimators (mean, median and midrange) of uncorrelated random observations are presented. Analytical calculations of the correlation coefficients are based on preliminary determination of the location parameter joint distributions. The joint distributions of the median and midrange are described by simplest formula (7), based on the distribution of order statistics (6). But analytical calculations of the joint distribution of other pairs of position parameters are very difficult and can only be realized by numerical procedures. Formulas (11) - (15) for determining the asymptotical values of all correlation coefficients for a large numbers of observations are presented. The main studies of the correlation coefficients for the number observation from n = 2 to n = 100 are realised by the Monte Carlo method. The results of simulation investigations are shown in Fig. 1. The median and mean are most correlated, and the asymptotical value of the correlation coefficient is equal to the inverse value of a form factor of the sample probability density function (PDF). The value of the correlation coefficient between the median and midrange does not practically depend on the type of PDF and decreases approximately proportionally to the square root of the number of observations (13, Fig. 1). The value of the correlation coefficient between the mean and midrange also decreases monotonically with an increase in the number of observations, but the rate of decrease depends on the amplitude factor of a sample (15, Fig. 1).
7
Content available remote Mean-value type equalities with interchanged function and derivative
EN
According to a new mean value-theorem, if a func¬tion f satisfies the classical conditions ensuring the existence and uniqueness of Lagrange’s mean, then there also exists a unique mean M such that ...[wzór]. The main result gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the equality ...[wzór] The relevant equality for the Lagrange mean-value theorem is also considered.
8
Content available remote Generalizations of Lagrange and Cauchy Mean-Value theorems
EN
Some generalizations of the Lagrange Mean-Value Theorem and Cauchy Mean-Value Theorem are proved and the extensions of the corresponding classes of means are presented.
9
Content available remote On the Normalized Cut
EN
In the recent paper by Soundararajan and Sarkar (2003), the normalized cut, a graph partitioning measure for perceptual organization, was shown to be a sum of two beta distributed random variables and expressions derived for its mean and mode. Here, it is pointed out that the given expression for the mode is incorrect. The correct expression is derived and the implications of the error discussed.
10
Content available remote Development of the mean concept
EN
This paper deals with the concept of mean. We make an overview of axioms used for the description of families of means and their consequences. We give examples of means fulfilling the respective sets of axioms, and moreover, some applications are indicated.
11
Content available remote Koherentna analiza korelacyjna niestacjonarnych sygnałów zmodulowanych
PL
Omówiono koherentną metodę estymacji charakterystyk niestacjonarnych sygnałów zmodulowanych. Rozpatrzono własności estymatorów wartości oczekiwanej, funkcji autokorelacji i ich komponentów Fouriera, które zostały obliczone na podstawie uśrednienia próbek co okres korelowania realizacji pojedyńczej. Zostały wprowadzone wyrażenia asymptotyczne na obciążenia i wariancje estymatorów. Otrzymano zależności charakterystyk sygnałów amplitudowo i fazowo zmodulowanych.
EN
oherentr estimation method of nonstationary modulated signals is considered. The properties of the estimates of mean, correlation function and Fourier components was analysed. The formulas for biases variances of estimates was received.
12
Content available remote On some means of double Fourier series
EN
For bivariate periodic functions Lebesgue-integrable on the basic square and corresponding p>0, the rates of Lp - convergence of the means (1), (3) are estimated. The one-dimensional case was considered in Sections 3, 4 of [6].
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