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1

Non-traditional maritime security threats. The dynamic of ASEAN cooperation

Rosnani R., Heryadi D., Yani Y.M., Sinaga O.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 3

419--425

EN

This article attempts to analyze ASEAN’s response to maritime security cooperation. As an organization in Southeast Asia, ASEAN needs to establish good maritime cooperation to protect the various interests of the members and the busy SLOCs as well. The author uses cooperative security to analyze ASEAN maritime security cooperation and identifies sources of cooperative maritime security to explain their willingness to join or not to join a cooperation agreement. This article shows that there is an overlap of cooperation as the result of different in terms of prioritization, capability, and especially perspective regarding the absolute and collective gain that leads to ineffective cooperation. In addition, there are no legally binding frameworks as an outcome from formed cooperation beside a series of dialogues between ASEAN members. But, although each country has different priorities, capability, interest and perspectives, the Cooperative security may become a bridge to overcome the difference. It is possible as the ASEAN members keep showing their willingness to overcome maritime issue by doing bilateral, trilateral, and multilateral cooperation.

2

ASEAN maritime security cooperation

Rosnani R., Heryadi D., Yani Y. M., Sinaga O.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

|

Vol. 16 No. 3

EN

The maritime environment has become a contested zone by many countries in the world. Despite being an arena for competition, it also provides space for cooperation. This article will show how maritime security concerns influence state decision to work jointly particularly in Southeast Asia Region that transform their focus from low-political issue to maritime security. The author argues that ASEAN maritime security cooperation is needed due to the significant change in political constellation that mainly related to maritime security both traditional and non-traditional threats. Problems such as maritime terrorism, armed robbery, piracy, and illegal trade activities grow rapidly and affect the international shipping security such as Malacca, Singapore and Lombok Strait. Based on the data analysis, ASEAN should establish a comprehensive model of cooperation on combatting various non-traditional crimes in its Region. Leadership and trust are essential to establish stronger maritime security cooperation related to the security of sea routes in the Southeast Asian Region.

3

The application of strategic analysis in maritime security development

Pac Bohdan

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2022

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XVI

27--39

EN

The study presented here is of interdisciplinary nature because it combines prob-lems from the field of security sciences with methods and tools applied in management and quality sciences. It proves the functionality of strategic analysis applied to strengthen and develop maritime security of the State. A reference point to the analysis discussed in the study is Poland’s Strategic Concept for Maritime Security which provides a comprehensive definition of numerous notions and problems necessary to perform it. The recommendations provided in the above-mentioned document have been verified on the basis of the result of the strategic analysis. The result, in turn, determines a scope of actions that should be undertaken. The scope should be understood as a strategic option that comes as a stage of a long-term process, the further stages of which result from a periodic revision of the strate-gic analysis that can come from some possible changes in the environment of the analysed entity/State and from the evolution of its strengths and weaknesses. Resulting from the analysis, the strategic options allow the strategy to be implemented in the forms of pro-grammes for the modernisation of the naval forces, operations undertaken in the field of maritime critical infrastructure, non-military operations undertaken by the State admin-istration and maritime economy to improve maritime security. The results of the particular stages of the strategic analysis come as the outcome of the Author’s original work.

4

Nature and origin of major security concerns and potential threats to the shipping industry

Melnyk Oleksiy, Onyshchenko Svitlana, Koryakin Kostyantin

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2021

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z. 113

145--153

EN

During the last decades, maritime security has always stood as a separate critical problem for both shipowners and crews of sea-going ships, characterized by alternating periods of relative stability and periods of occurrence and growth of new threats, which proceeded from times of sailing fleet to an epoch of iron steam shipbuilding. Certainly, it is difficult to overestimate the significant role of the scientific community, which has been researching this problem for a long time, studying its scientific and practical sides. The professional experience of seafarers in sufficient measure, served as a basis of interest to this question, has led to the development of strategies and complex measures, which until now provided safety for ships and their crewmembers. Without recent advances in maritime security, shipping as an industry would not be able to reach the current level of reliability in shipping processes. Each generation of humanity has prioritized maritime security, contributing to improving its standards and stressing the importance of continuous development of the theoretical base. At least 23 million tons of cargo and 55,000 passengers move daily by water transport, so the concept of maritime safety applies not only to the safety of life at sea, ship and cargo security but also to the prevention of maritime accidents and pollution. The increasing share of sea and river transport in the international cargo and passenger turnover leads to the need to increase demands on maritime safety and security.

5

Small sea, big problems: chances and challenges of military security in Baltic region

Piekarski Michał

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2020

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Vol. 52, No. 3(197)

620--631

EN

The article aims to analyze the chances and challenges related to the military security of states surrounding the Baltic Sea. Notably, the problem of the protection of maritime traffic and other sea-related economic activities shall be described. Particular attention shall be given to possible scenarios of “hybrid warfare.” Based on possible threats characteristics, several aspects of changes in organizations and ways of employment of naval forces, border, and coast guard forces and special operations forces.

PL

Tematem artykułu jest analiza szans i wyzwań związanych z bezpieczeństwem militarnym państw otaczających Morze Bałtyckie. W szczególności opisano problem bezpieczeństwa transportu morskiego oraz innej działalności gospodarczej związanej z morzem. Szczególna uwaga została zwrócona na możliwe scenariusze „wojny hybrydowej” w tym regionie. W oparciu o możliwą charakterystykę zagrożeń istotnymi aspektami są postulowane zmiany w organizacji oraz sposobach wykorzystania sił morskich, formacji granicznych oraz wojsk specjalnych.

6

Marine accidents as potential crisis situations on the Baltic Sea

Szubrycht Tomasz

Archives of Transport

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2020

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Vol. 54, iss. 2

125--135

EN

People responsible for crisis management, especially in coastal voivodships (Pomeranian, West Pomeranian and Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship) must be aware and prepared to take effective action in the event of emergencies in maritime waters. The geographical, hydro meteorological conditions and geographical conditions of the Baltic Sea of the Baltic Sea and the increasing intensity of Baltic shipping, and in particular the increase in oil transport, mean that the likelihood of maritime accidents that can generate crises in sea areas increases significantly. There are about 2000 ships in the Baltic marine area at any given moment and about 3500 - 5500 ships navigate through the Baltic Sea per month. Approximately 20% of the ships in the Baltic Sea are tankers. Despite different uncertainties some trends in the Baltic shipping can be expected. For example ship traffic is likely to increase yearly and it is expected that vessel size will increase because the maritime transport must be more efficient and cost-saving. Such trends create serious threats for Baltic States. The maritime administrations of the Baltic States and international maritime organizations undertake a number of actions to increase maritime safety in the Baltic Sea. The publication characterizes Baltic shipping and analyzes the scale of threats generated by maritime accidents, as well as ways of responding and minimizing the probability of emergencies in the Baltic Sea. Activities including: legislative and organizational activity were also characterized; practical use of modern technology both on vessels and in land navigation monitoring systems; marine traffic engineering and shipbuilding, which aim is to minimize the likelihood of maritime accidents in the Baltic Sea and analyses of Baltic states capacity to oil spill response. In addition, the publication proposes a definition of a crisis situation in relation to sea areas and presents when a maritime accident or incident can generate a crisis situation in sea areas. The result of the research process is proposals for actions that, in the author's opinion, should be taken to reduce the number of maritime accidents in the Baltic Sea.

7

Maritime security and threat assessments

Eidnes I. M., Batalden B. M., Sydnes M. K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13. no. 4

707--714

EN

Maritime security is still a challenge in international trade. In this case-study we analyze how the Norwegian Shipowners’ Mutual War Risks Insurance Association (DNK) provides Norwegian maritime companies with regional assessments of threat-levels. Through a survey and a series of interviews, we study factors that affect the communication and perception of threats, in addition to how maritime companies make security decisions regarding operating in different areas. The study concludes that the DNK and maritime companies largely have a common assessment of threat levels. Though communication between DNK and its member companies has challenges, the members largely consider DNK threat assessments to be reliable. Security decisions in maritime companies typically involve multiple actors, considerations of economy versus security, and multiple sources of security intelligence information.

8

Commercial Maritime and Cyber Risk Management

Rana Akash

Safety & Defense

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2019

|

1

46--48

EN

The starting point of the paper is the recognition of the growing threat of cyberattacks to commercial maritime. Constantly growing dependency on technology has obvious advantages, on the other hand, however, it makes commercial maritime vessels progressively more vulnerable to cyber-crime, including GPS signal interference, malware attacks or even gaining control over ships’ systems and networks. The main objective of the paper is to present and discuss the Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships developed by the International Maritime Organization, including best practices for implementation of cyber risk management. The article’s goal is to summarize the guidelines and to familiarize the reader with the reasons why and the methods how they should be implemented. The paper is concluded with an example how the Guidelines can be adopted by national authorities, i.e., a brief presentation of “Code of Practice: Cyber Security for Ships” – a document developed by the British government that transposes the IMO guidelines.

9

Opening of offshore oil business in Mexico and associated framework to cope with potential maritime security threats

Ávila-Zúñiga-Nordfjeld A., Dalaklis D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 1

173--179

EN

After 75 years of State oil monopoly, Mexico performed the first business oil round in 2015 involving the private sector. This auction-round offered 14 oil exploration fields located on the continental shelf to private companies. The development and exploitation of these hydrocarbon fields faces significant challenges regarding security. The economic loss for theft of hydrocarbons through illegal connections to pipelines is estimated to 973 million, 125 thousand U.S. dollar, only for the year of 2014. While productive research has been made, it has mainly focused on transportation systems and basically, pipelines. The development and establishment of policies prioritizing maritime security and protection of critical offshore infrastructure against theft of hydrocarbons, drugs organizations and terror attacks needs to be included in the national agenda to improve maritime security and mitigate potential security threats at sea, including damage to the marine environment. This could increase the trust of investors and stakeholders and would contribute to the faster development of new exploration and production fields. While the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) is the cornerstone for the construction of the port's security program and establishes the requirements of the Port Facility Security Plan (PFSP), including oil port facilities, it has not been fully implemented in several important Mexican ports. It is concluded that some important ports lack many of the core security processes, procedures and controls that should be included in any PFSP. This article briefly reviews the situation of the oil industry from a security perspective and discusses key elements of maritime security; addressing the necessity of the inclusion of maritime security and protection of critical oil infrastructure offshore in the national agenda that would provide for future research directions in the maritime security domain and contribute to the establishment of a national maritime security policy.

10

Zagrożenia i wsparcie bezpieczeństwa portów

Stolarczyk C.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2018

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nr 12

1145--1153, CD

PL

Terroryzm morski, piractwo, akcje sabotażowe na obiekty portowe, statki, ich siła uderzeniowa oraz użyte w trakcie ataku narzędzia definiują formy obrony. Do tych form należą uzbrojone formacje np. prywatne firmy wojskowe, których zdolności operacyjne powinny być podtrzymywane. W celach szkoleniowych niezbędna jest infrastruktura strzelecka oraz treningowa, która dzięki zlokalizowaniu w miastach portowych ograniczy czas, koszty przeprowadzenia szkoleń, zintegruje środowisko osób odpowiedzialnych za bezpieczeństwo portów, przygotuje nowe kadry ochrony, wesprze ekonomicznie lokalnych przedsiębiorców.

EN

Maritime terrorism, piracy, sabotage actions on sports facilities, ships, their impact force and tools used during the attack define defenses. These forms include armed formations, e.g. private military companies, whose operational capabilities should be sustained. For training purposes, there is a need for shooting and training infrastructure, which will be located in port cities will reduce the time, costs of training, integrates the environment of persons responsible for port security, prepares new security personnel, and supports economically local entrepreneurs.

11

Communication systems for safety and security of ships

Korcz K.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 1

153--160

EN

The article assesses the technical and operational possibilities of the marine communications systems to ensure the safety and security of ships. The basic functional requirements for marine radio communication to ensure the safety and security of ships, resulting from the provisions of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), have been described. The article presents the marine radio communication systems responsible for the distress alerting. The operation and ways of alerting used in Inmarsat satellite systems, Cospas-Sarsat systems and Digital Selective Calling system (DSC) have been described. The analysis of the systems responsible for broadcasting to the vessels the Maritime Safety Information (MSI) has been made. In this context, the operation, methods and ranges of broadcast of the Maritime Safety Information by the NAVTEX system and Inmarsat SafetyNet system have been described. The systems performing the function of ships security have also been discussed. The operation, application and basic properties of the Ship Security Alert System (SSAS) and Long Range Identification and Tracking system (LRIT) have been presented. In the subsequent part, the article outlines the future of maritime communications systems used to ensure the safety and security of ships. In this context, two projects currently being implemented in the framework of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) by the Sub-Committee on Navigation, Communications, Search, and Rescue (NCSR) have been presented. The first of these projects under the name of e-navigation refers to the use of the latest information and communication technologies in shipping. The second one concerns the modernization of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS).

12

Transport morski a piractwo i terroryzm problemem gospodarki morskiej

Markowski M., Kłobus Ł.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2016

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nr 12

421--430

PL

Piractwo oraz terroryzm stanowi znaczny problem gospodarki morskiej, utrudniając swobodną, bezpieczną żeglugę międzynarodową. Początki tej „profesjii” mają miejsce już ok VIII w p.n.e. co może mieć początek z powstaniem tzw. Wielkiej Grecji od Sycylii i Italii po Kaukaz. Piractwo w obecnych czasach nadal funkcjonuje na bardzo szeroką skalę, głównie poprzez zmiany w sytuacji międzynarodowej całego świata. Są rejony, gdzie piractwo oraz gwałty tego typu są mocno zaostrzone tak jak okolice Somalii, cieśnina Malakka łącząca Ocean Spokojny i Indyjski czy Bab-al Mandab oddzielająca Afrykę od Półwyspu Arabskiego.

EN

Piracy and terrorism represent a significant problem of marine economy, hindering the free, secure international navigation. The origins of this “profession” can be traced to the eighth century BC. It might have begun with the rise of the so-called Great Greece from Sicily and Italy to the Caucasus. Nowadays, piracy still operates on a very large scale, mainly because of the changes in the international situation around the world. There are areas where piracy and outrage of this type are strongly exacerbated, as around Somalia, the Strait of Malacca linking the Indian and Pacific Ocean, the Bab al-Mandab separating Africa from the Arabian Peninsula.

13

Satelitarny segment systemu Automatycznej Identyfikacji Statków

Waraksa M., Żurek J.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2014

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Vol. 55, nr 8

12-14

PL

W związku z koniecznością zapewnienia nieprzerwanego monitorowania żeglugi morskiej w skali globalnej, również będącej poza zasięgiem lądowych systemów śledzenia i nadzoru ruchu morskiego, autorzy prezentują w pracy zagadnienia związane z segmentem satelitarnym systemu Automatycznej Identyfikacji Statków. Główny nacisk położono na prezentację problemu poprawnej detekcji wiadomości AIS przez segment satelitarny, ponadto w pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań oraz mechanizmy mające na celu zwiększenie prawdopodobieństwa satelitarnej detekcji wiadomości AIS.

EN

To ensure continuous maritime traffic monitoring in global scale, which include also traffic out of terrestrial tracking and surveillance systems range authors will present issues related to the satellite segment of the Automatic Identification System. Main focus is put on a problem of the satellite AIS detection probability. Additionally authors presents latest research and mechanisms used for improvement of the satellite AIS detection probability.

14

Technological Advances and Efforts to Reduce Piracy

Perkovic M., Twrdy E., Harsch R., Vidmar P., Gucma M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 2

203--206

EN

The technological contributions to the reduction of piracy not only involve implementations of recent technological advances, but, importantly, the dissemination of the education required to apply current and future technologies, particularly in those states in the regions where piracy is rampant. To this end, the EU’s MARSIC project, with the stated aim of enhancing security and safety in the Gulf of Aden and the western Indian Ocean through ‘..information sharing and capacity building, (and) highlighting regional coop-eration’ (Marsic 1st monitoring report, 2010) has recently been inaugurated. The Faculty of Maritime Studies and Transport of the University of Ljubljana, and the Maritime University of Szczecin, as partners in this pro-ject, will bring to bear both the most advanced technological applications to maritime affairs of satellite im-agery, simulation, and risk assessment, and guarantee their utility through the transfer of knowledge. In Yem-en and Djibouti, maritime stations will be established, personnel trained, and a sustainable level of expertise eventually left in place. Interest in such projects has also been expressed by maritime experts in Tanzania and Kenya. The advantage this approach has over other donor-supported solutions begins with regional involve-ment and an inclusive approach, its ultimate success to a large degree dependant on factors external to the project such as financial incentives for the nations of the region to protect European and Far East Asian ship-ping. The project is closely coordinated with a parallel EU-funded project executed by European Commis-sion’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) on maritime surveillance technologies application in the region.

15

Wybrane aspekty zastosowań głowic termowizyjnych FLIR w systemach ratownictwa i bezpieczeństwa morskiego

Kapuściński J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

|

2010

|

R. 51 nr 180A

95-103

16

Wykorzystanie bezzałogowych pojazdów podwodnych w szybkiej ocenie środowiskowej na potrzeby bezpieczeństwa żeglugi

Cichocki A.

Logistyka

|

2010

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nr 6

PL

Artykuł prezentuje możliwości wykorzystania współczesnych podwodnych platform bezzałogowych w postaci bezzałogowych pojazdów podwodnych dla zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa pływania. Współczesne pojazdy podwodne (w swojej różnorodności) mogą być wyposażone w różnego rodzaju urządzenia, które predysponują je do realizacji danego typu misji i zadań. Na łamach artykułu dokonano analizy realizowanych operacji morskich oraz miejsca i roli pojazdów podwodnych jako wsparcia dla kluczowych operacji. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono misjom szybkiej oceny środowiskowej (REA - Rapid Environmental Assessment).

EN

The pepper presents the possibilities of UUV exploit in support to naval operations ensuring safety of ship navigation and human activity at sea. The most important kind of missions, from maritime security point of view for UUV were characterized, described and analyzed. As a specific part of MCM and ISR missions the task of Rapid Environmental Assessment was taken under consideration, further described and analyzed.

17

Wymagania dla okrętów przeznaczonych do zwalczania zagrożeń asymetrycznych

Rokiciński K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2006

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R. 47 nr 3 (166)

93-106

PL

W artykule zawarte są rozważania dotyczące okrętów przeznaczonych do zwalczania zagrożeń asymetrycznych. Jest to nowy rodzaj zagrożeń, gdyż pojawił się dopiero po rozpadzie bipolarnego świata i wydaje się, że najbliższa przyszłość w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa morskiego w dużej mierze będzie obejmowała walkę z nimi. W niniejszym artykule dokonana została analiza form zagrożeń asymetrycznych oraz przeciwnika asymetrycznego w celu wypracowania wymagań dla okrętu przeznaczonego do zwalczania tych zagrożeń.

EN

The paper considers issues related to ships used to fight asymmetric threats. This is a new kind of threat which occurred after the break up of the bipolar world. It seems that the nearest future related to maritime security will be characterized by fight against these threats. The paper also analyses forms of the asymmetric threat and asymmetric opponent in order to work out requirements for a ship designed to fight these threats.

18

Współczesne aspekty bezpieczeństwa państwa

Szubrycht T.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2006

|

R. 47 nr 4 (167)

87-98

PL

W prezentowanym artykule skupiono się na ogólnych aspektach bezpieczeństwa państwa, zagrożeniach oraz kryteriach bezpieczeństwa. Podjęto w nim również próbę sformułowania definicji bezpieczeństwa morskiego i bezpieczeństwa morskiego państwa.

EN

The paper presents general aspects of state security, different threats and criteria of state security. The article also includes a proposal of state cooperative security visualization and definition of maritime and maritime security of the states. Last decade has shown that we should analyze security as a complex problem, which contains: military, political, economical, ecological, social and cultural aspects. Only if we analyze the influence of maritime and information threats we can receive the true level of state security.

19

Polsko-Niemiecka współpraca w zakresie bezpieczeństwa w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego w latach 1990-2004

Sokołowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2006

|

R. 47 nr 164K/1

157-170

PL

Artykuł dotyczy polsko-niemieckiej współpracy w zakresie bezpieczeństwa w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego w latach 1990 - 2004. Po zjednoczeniu Niemiec współpraca ta była stopniowo i z sukcesem rozwijana przez siły zbrojne obu państw w wymiarze dwu- i wielostronnym. Przyczyniało się to do pogłębiania klimatu zaufania w regionie oraz utrwalania bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Ma to szczególne znaczenie w kontekście geopolitycznych zmian, jakie zaszły w Europie i na świecie pod koniec XX wieku, w tym: zakończenia konfrontacji Wschód - Zachód, obrania przez Polskę "kursu na Zachód" (NATO, Unia Europejska) oraz wydarzeń po ataku terrorystycznym na Amerykę 11 września 2001 roku.

EN

The paper presents Polish-Germany security cooperation in the Baltic region within the period 1990 - 2004. When the Germany reunified, the character of the military cooperation between Poland and Germany was bilateral and multilateral. Such cooperation was supported by numerals elements i.e. :"the western reorientation of the Polish policy", the terrorist attack in New York and the end of "Iron curtain" period. Polish-German relationship and cooperation were key elements to enforce International security and stabilization in the Baltic region.

20

Systemy łączności bezprzewodowej dla potrzeb ochrony żeglugi

Katulski R., Niski R., Stefański J., Żurek J.

Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

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2006

|

nr 2-3

58-61

PL

Scharakteryzowano problem ochrony żeglugi przed działaniami przestępczymi oraz opisano systemy radiokomunikacyjne przeznaczone dla potrzeb tej ochrony.

EN

The problem of the maritime security has been characterized. The radio communication systems for the security applications have been described.