Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Ship scrapping – the challenges for international environmental regulation

Nyka Maciej

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

|

2019

|

nr 59 (131)

16--21

EN

Ships are valuable sources of steel and other natural resources which can potentially be recycled and reused for economic and environmental benefits, and between 700 and 1000 ships are scrapped annually. On the other hand, up to 5% of the mass of a ship is dangerous wastes. Developed states and the European Union have introduced restrictive regulatory measures to regulate the conditions and locations of ship scrapping facilities. Despite the environmental benefits, these regulations may lose their battle for efficiency due to Asian countries which are engaged in a regulatory race to the bottom to attract ship owners to scrap their ships in their territories. The findings of this research indicate that despite being included in international and EU laws on ship scrapping, the specific instruments to prevent the movement of ship scrapping into the jurisdictions with low environmental standards are ineffective. A new global regulatory instrument is required which can find a balance between strict environmental protections and the economic interests of both the ship owner, companies engaged in ship scrapping, and countries which take economic advantage of those processes.

2

Legal approaches to the problem of pollution of marine environment with plastic

Nyka Maciej

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

|

2019

|

nr 59 (131)

162--167

EN

Plastic littering has recently become one of the most highly recognized dangers to the marine environment. The problem of marine plastic pollution is not new and was identified more than half a century ago. Recently, however, with increased media coverage and focusing events such as the discovery of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, the problem can no longer be ignored. Several legal instruments address this problem. IMO norms aiming to reduce plastic debris were adopted 30 years ago. The MARPOL Convention includes annexes designed to help fight plastic debris. Other maritime legal instruments can also be leveraged to challenge this problem. As with other marine environment problems, the primary source of the problem, and thus the key to addressing it, is located on land. EU directives can serve as an interesting model for reducing marine pollution. The European Commission proposed new EU-wide rules in May, 2018 to target the 10 single-use plastic products most often found in Europe’s coastal habitats, as well as lost and abandoned fishing gear. Together these constitute 70% of all marine litter items. The adoption and implementation of this instrument may represent a game changing approach in the battle against marine pollution.

3

Environmental aspects of coastal earth structures made of soil-ash composites

Ossowski R.

Polish Maritime Research

|

2017

|

S 1

166--173

EN

This paper presents an innovative technology of building the coastal dams with the use of soil-ash composites. A natural- scale test stand and results of the performed environmental tests are presented ; they have been compared with standards for purity of soils and waters. Also, an analysis of the obtained results and discussion of trends and anomalies in the observations, are given.

4

Analiza stosowanych rozwiązań technicznych zmniejszających emisje Nox oraz Sox w aspekcie dyrektywy siarkowej (Konwencja MARPOL)

Nowicki J., Polaszek P.

Prace Wydziału Nawigacyjnego Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

|

2016

|

Z. 31

109--118

PL

Międzynarodowa Organizacja Morska (IMO) w trosce o stan środowiska zaostrzyła normy zawartości siarki w paliwie, wykorzystywanym w jednostkach pływających na obszarach o emisji kontrolowanej (ECA – Emission Control Area). Ostatnia nowelizacja VI załącznika Międzynarodowej Konwencji o zapobieganiu zanieczyszczeniom morza przez statki (MARPOL) miała miejsce w styczniu 2015 roku. Zgodnie z nowymi przepisami, dopuszczalna zawartość siarki w paliwie spadła z 1,00% do poziomu 0,10%. Dziesięciokrotny spadek dopuszczalnej zawartości siarki w paliwie wymusił na armatorach odpowiednie działania, zmierzające do spełnienia norm. W artykule zaprezentowano kilka wybranych rozwiązań technicznych, stosowanych w celu spełnienia norm emisji. Do najczęściej stosowanych rozwiązań należą: zasilanie silnika głównego oraz urządzeń pomocniczych paliwem o obniżonej zawartości siarki, zmniejszenie emisji tlenków siarki poprzez montaż płuczek spalin, montaż silników dwupaliwowych, zasilanych paliwem płynnym i gazowym, przerobienie napędu statku na hybrydowy, elektryczno-spalinowy. Każde z zaprezentowanych rozwiązań posiada swoje wady i zalety. Zastosowanie niektórych z przedstawionych instalacji wymaga znacznego przebudowania siłowni. Wiąże się to niekiedy ze zmniejszeniem przestrzeni ładunkowej statku. W publikacji przedstawiono również wpływ zastosowania paliwa niskosiarkowego na zużycie elementów układu wtryskowego. Wybór najlepszego rozwiązania zależy od specyfiki pracy wykonywanej przez jednostkę pływającą. Duże znaczenie ma też aspekt ekonomiczny. Autorzy dokonali analizy dostępnych rozwiązań pod względem efektywności oraz kosztów realizacji.

EN

Bearing in mind the condition of marine environment the International Maritime Organization toughens the regulations concerning sulphur oxides emissions for vessels sailing in ECA-Emission Control Area. Last amendment of Annex VI of MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) took place on the 1st of January 2015. According to new regulations mentioned in the convention the permissible value of sulphur oxide in the exhausts dropped from 1,00% to 0,10%. This ten times lower sulphur oxide content limit in the exhaust gases forced ship owners to perform rapid modernization of their vessels. The authors of the article discuss a few selected technical solutions applied in order to improve the quality of exhaust gases emitted by the vessels to the atmosphere. The most typical methods comprise: • converting the ship propulsion system into the hybrid type, incorporating electric engine and internal combustion engine; • supplying the main engine and auxiliary engines with fuel of low sulphur content; • reducing the sulphur oxide emissions by installing sulphur washers for the exhausts; • utilizing dual fuel engines, operating on liquid marine fuel and on gas fuel. Each of the presented solutions has its advantages and disadvantages. The application of some of the presented installations requires considerable reconstruction of the marine engine room which is also related with the decrease of ship cargo capacity. The paper also discusses the influence of the low sulphur fuel usage on the wear of fuel injection system components. The choice of the best solution depends on the specific work performed by a given vessel. However the economic aspect also plays a vital role in this matter. The authors of the article aimed at analyzing the contemporary methods of the exhausts sulphur limitation with regard to their effectiveness as well as their installation or operating costs.

5

Analiza organizacji odbioru odpadów ze statków morskich na przykładzie portu Szczecin, Hamburg i Rotterdam

Kabulak P.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2016

|

R. 17, nr 12

1785--1790

PL

W niniejszym artykule skupiono się na przedstawieniu obowiązujących, międzynarodowych regulacji prawnych z zakresu ochrony środowiska morskiego oraz dokonano analizy organizacji odbioru odpadów ze statków morskich na przykładzie wybranych portów europejskich. W pracy zwrócono szczególną uwagę na przebieg organizacji odbioru odpadów ze statków, procedurę powiadamiania o odpadach znajdujących się na zmierzającym do portu statku oraz na obowiązujący w portach system opłat w tym zwolnienia i wyłączenia. Zamieszczone w niniejszym artykule informacje pochodzą ze źródeł literaturowych krajowych i zagranicznych oraz z ogólnodostępnych planów gospodarowania odpadami w wybranych portach UE.

EN

This article focuses on the presentation of the applicable international regulations concerning the protection of the marine environment and the analysis of organizations to collect waste from ships on the example of some European ports. The study paid particular attention to the course of the organization of waste from ships, the procedure for notification of waste on tending to the port of the ship and on effective ports system of charges including exemptions and exclusions. Presented in this article uses information obtained from literature sources of domestic and foreign and public waste management plans in some EU ports.

6

Drawing up the enegry balance for needs of assessing the energy efficiency of marine power plant

Pojawa B.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

|

2014

|

Vol. 9, no 2

161--172

EN

At present, when fuel resources are becoming increasingly limited, in the face of ever-increasing demand for energy, and constantly risingjuel prices, energy efficiency evaluation issues are of particular importance. The above factors alsoforce activities almedat obtaining energy from renewable sources (RES). Furthermore, the current global climate changes, caused by emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), that accompany the production of energy, force an action to be taken in order toprotect the environment. Conseąuently, the directions ofthe current research studies, and financing there of, are oriented towards the search for new technologies and the development of new eguipment which provide energy efficiency even higher than before as well as the possibility of obtaining energy from renewable sources. The problem of drawing up the energy balance, presented in this paper, has been narrowed to issues related to maritime transport, and especially to the assessment of the energy efficiency in the process of marine power plant operation. The article presents the concept ofdrawing up the energy balance, together with the results of studies in this regard, concerning a selected marinę power plant. On the basis of research results obtained, one can assess the energy efficiency of the selected marine power plant and analyse the potential of its increase. The article also presents directions of efforts undertaken in marine power plant design, and dlscusses their examples, with the aim of increasing their energy efficiency and protection of the marine environment.

7

Amunicja chemiczna zatopiona w morzu bałtyckim - poszukiwania i ocena ryzyka - projekt badawczy CHEMSEA

Fabisiak J., Olejnik A.

Polish Hyperbaric Research

|

2012

|

nr 2(39)

25-52

PL

W roku 2011 uruchomiony został międzynarodowy projekt badawczy w ramach 8 Programu Regionalnego dla Morza Bałtyckiego (2007 – 2013) pn.: „Chemical munitions search and assessment” (CHEMSEA). Projekt ma zmniejszyć ryzyko związane z zatopioną po II Wojnie Światowej amunicją chemiczną w Morzu Bałtyckim. Partnerzy projektu mają wspólnie określić miejsca i wykonać mapę rejonów zagrożonych oraz przygotować wytyczne dla potencjalnych osób, które mogą napotkać takie ryzyko. Projekt jest priorytetowy z punktu widzenia Unijnej Strategii dla Morza Bałtyckiego. Liderem projektu jest Polska, w projekcie bierze udział 11 instytucji z państw nadbałtyckich, w tym Akademia Marynarki Wojennej w Gdyni. W artykule przedstawiono ogólnie zadania projektu i zakres udziału Akademii Marynarki Wojennej w Gdyni.

EN

The year 2011 marked the commencement of an international research project within the 8th Regional Programme for the Baltic Sea (2007 – 2013) titled: “Chemical munitions search and assessment” (CHEMSEA). The aim of the project is to reduce the risk related to chemical ammunition sunken in the Baltic Sea after World War II. Project partners are to determine, through mutual cooperation, the locations of such ammunition and prepare a map of endangered regions as well as set forth guidelines for any potential persons that may encounter such a threat. The project received priority of the Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea. Poland has been assigned as leader of the project encompassing 11 institutions from the Baltic countries, including the Naval Academy in Gdynia. The article presents general tasks of the project and the related scope of activity assigned to the Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia.

8

New technical uses of marine space of the Baltic Sea

Otremba Z.

Journal of KONES

|

2012

|

Vol. 19, No. 1

311-318

EN

The Baltic Sea area has already been intensively used by variety of maritime economic sectors such as marine transport, fishing, tourism, extraction of sand and gravel and oil and gas exploitation. This is also an area of relatively intense military penetration. In addition, this is a place of various other investments, e.g. coastal technical infrastructure (port and transhipment terminals constructions, as well as technical measures of the shoreline defence against transgression of the sea), electrical energy transmission systems (high voltage cables plus large scale electrodes) and natural gas transmission huge pipelines. Over the next decades, the use of the Baltic Sea will expand rapidly, particularly due to constructions of new coastal and offshore wind farms, electrical energy transfer network, further intensification of various forms of shipping, development and construction of new ports and terminals and installing new oil extraction platforms. Some of these activities influences natural spatial distribution of physical properties of the sea space (such as acoustic field, magnetic field, salinity distribution etc.) as well as disturb different natural processes (such as natural coastal dynamics, sedimentation, migration patterns of mobile species etc). In order to present this problem, most important existing activities as well as the most recent large-scale constructions in the Baltic Sea are selected and presented in this study (with emphasis on the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone). Moreover most likely disturbances of natural distributions of physical properties of marine space are analyzed in light of the impact on the environment