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1

Effectiveness of current technology in GHG reduction – A literature survey

Klakeel T., Anantharaman M., Islam R., Garaniya V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 1

171--176

EN

In 2018 during the 72nd session of the Maritime Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) IMO adopted its initial strategy for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the ships to meet the Paris Agreement Goals, 2015. This is considered as a major milestone in formulizing a clear strategy by IMO towards its objective of reducing the global GHG emissions from the ships. The strategy had two primary objectives: the first was to decrease total annual GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. The second objective was to promote the phasing out of GHG emissions entirely. In 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) conducted a study which revealed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shipping had increased by 9.6%. The rise in global maritime trade was identified as the main factor behind this increase. IMO's 2020 study also concluded that reducing GHG emissions by focusing only on energy-saving technologies and ship speed reduction would not be enough to meet the IMO's 2050 GHG reduction target. Therefore, greater attention needs to be given to the use of low-carbon alternative fuels. To understand the effectiveness of currently available technologies in reducing GHG emissions from ships, a literature survey was conducted in this study. The survey examined a range of related articles published between 2018 and 2022. This study aimed to identify the current stage and the quantity of literature available on various technologies and, more importantly, serve as a decision-making support tool for selecting a technology under specific circumstances in a quantitative manner. The technologies were divided into four groups: those that utilize fossil fuels, those that use renewable energy, those that use fuel cells, and those that use low-carbon or alternative fuels. The literature survey was conducted using Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar. The results of this study will also help to identify clear research gaps in comparing the effectiveness of various available technologies to reduce GHG emissions. Ultimately, the aim is to develop a comprehensive strategy that can be used to reduce GHG emissions from shipping and contribute to the global fight against climate change.

2

Environmental solutions for maritime ships: challenges and needs

Gucma Michalina, Deja Agnieszka, Szymonowicz Jakub

Production Engineering Archives

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2023

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Vol. 29, Iss. 2

216-224

EN

The manuscript focuses on the subject of environmental solutions for maritime ships. With the increasing volume of cargo transported by sea, it is crucial to minimise its environmental impact. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced new regulations in recent years to limit environmental damage. IMO’s initial strategy for reducing GHG emissions from ships aims to reduce GHG emissions from vessels by 50% by 2050 and CO2 emissions by 70% compared to 2008 (Resolution MEPC.304 (72), 2018). This has prompted ship owners to seek solutions to reduce fossil fuel consumption. The study aims to determine the feasibility of using eco-friendly solutions in maritime shipping to meet the challenges and needs of sustainable maritime fleet. Own contribution includes expert findings, which evaluate individual solutions and their potential uses in global maritime fleet. The publication also highlights the current usage of eco-friendly solutions on ships as well as crew and ship owner attitudes towards their future use and presents conceptual solutions. It should be noted that the subject-matter addressed in this paper is topical and very important in view of the limitations being introduced in respect of environmental standards. The manuscript focuses on the subject of environmental solutions for maritime ships. With the increasing volume of cargo transported by sea, it is crucial to minimise its environmental impact. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced new regulations in recent years to limit environmental damage. IMO’s initial strategy for reducing GHG emissions from ships aims to reduce GHG emissions from vessels by 50% by 2050 and CO2 emissions by 70% compared to 2008 (Resolution MEPC.304 (72), 2018). This has prompted ship owners to seek solutions to reduce fossil fuel consumption. The study aims to determine the feasibility of using eco-friendly solutions in maritime shipping to meet the challenges and needs of sustainable maritime fleet. Own contribution includes expert findings, which evaluate individual solutions and their potential uses in global maritime fleet. The publication also highlights the current usage of eco-friendly solutions on ships as well as crew and ship owner attitudes towards their future use and presents conceptual solutions. It should be noted that the subject-matter addressed in this paper is topical and very important in view of the limitations being introduced in respect of environmental standards.

3

Optimal UV quantity for a ballast water treatment system for compliance with IMO standards

Nguyen Dinh Thach, Phan Van Hung

Polish Maritime Research

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2023

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nr 4

31--42

EN

Ballast water management is an effective measure to ensure that organisms, bacteria and viruses do not migrate with the ballast water to other areas. In 2004, the International Maritime Organization adopted the International Convention on the Control and Management of Ballast Water and Ship Sediments, which regulates issues related to ballast water management. Many technologies have been researched and developed, and of these, the use of UV rays in combination with filter membranes has been shown to have many advantages and to meet the requirements of the Convention. However, the use of UV furnaces in ballast water treatment systems requires a very large capacity, involving the use of many high-power UV lamps. This not only consumes large amounts of electrical energy, but is also expensive. It is therefore necessary to find an optimal algorithm to enable the UV radiation for the UV controller in the ballast water sterilisation process to be controlled in a reasonable and effective manner. This controller helps to prolong the life of the UV lamp, reduce power consumption and ensure effective sterilisation. This paper presents a UV control algorithm and a controller for a UV furnace for a ballast water treatment system installed on a ship. The results of tests on vessels illustrate the effect of the proposed UV controller.

4

Coastal and marine issues and their relation to ecosystem survey

Elentably A., Fisher K., Holger S., Alghanmi A., Alhrbi S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 3

449--454

EN

Protecting and preserving the environment and marine resources is a constant concern of countries. The seas and oceans face increasing threats to their flora and fauna from pollution, both from land and sea sources. Overexploitation of marine resources and overfishing pose serious threats to biodiversity and the balance of marine ecosystems. Especially for countries that rely on fisheries resources to feed their populations in closed or semi-closed seas. It is unusual to highlight overfishing by ships, as coastal states' resources do not allow for effective safety controls and as a result, there are a number of severely depleted fisheries worldwide. It is therefore vital that conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks continue and increase, as it is a resource that has transcended many national jurisdictions. According to the priorities of the current research project, which include alignment and adaptation to the regulations of the Saudi marine environment, the research group of the current marine ecosystem project tries to analyze the variables contained in maritime transport and shipping and to measure the impact of these variables on the marine ecosystem, by focusing on four national priority areas: 1) reliable and long-term seafood supply; 2) thriving coastal ecosystems; 3) sustainable coastal development; and 4) risk resilience in coastal communities. Prioritizing coastal issues and gathering desired outcomes from.

5

Microbial Biofilm of Plastic in Tropical Marine Environment and their Potential for Bioremediation of Plastic Waste

Afianti Nur Fitriah, Rachman Arief, Hatmanti Ariani, Yogaswara Deny, Anggiani Milani, Fitriya Nurul, Darmayati Yeti

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

261--275

EN

Plastic debris has become a global problem due to its widespread distribution and accumulation in the marine environment. Indigenous bacteria in the marine environment are able to quickly contaminate plastic surface and assemble to form successional plastisphere-specific bacterial. The formation of microbial biofilms on the plastic surface can indirectly initiate the degradation of plastic polymers. The environmental conditions of the tropical region make the growth of microbial biofilms become faster. However, the study on the biodiversity of microorganisms in marine plastic debris is limited to the northern hemisphere, which includes subtropical and temperate regions. This review provides current studies of biodiversity and community structure of plastisphere in tropical environments, including bacteria and microalgae, and their potential to degrade the plastic polymer. A systematic literature search has been conducted using Scopus with different combinations of keywords. In addition, Google Scholar databases were also used to find more studies on some specific topics, including plastic degrading organisms. The climate-associated areas have been grouped according to the latitude of the study site into tropical, subtropical, and temperate latitudes. The microorganisms analyzed in this review are only bacteria, actinobacteria, and microalgae.

6

The selection of an LNG terminal location by evaluating its potential impact on marine environments, safety, and costs

Jurić Majda, Dundović Čedomir, Perić Tina, Jelić-Mrčelić Gorana

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2021

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nr 68 (140)

26--37

EN

In this paper, a new multi-step approach for the selection of an LNG terminal location (for offshore terminal, onshore terminal, or floating storage regasification unit – FSRU) was presented based on the holistic evaluation of the impacts of the potential LNG terminal. The first step was to divide the entire observed area of the Adriatic Sea of the Republic of Croatia into smaller areas by using the geographic information system (GIS) and then selecting areas where the installation of an LNG terminal was technically feasible based on the pre-elimination criteria. Potential LNG terminal areas were selected by taking into account all pre-elimination criteria, and 14 areas were selected by using pre-elimination criteria in a GIS smart chart tool that enabled the analysis of spatial data. The second step involved analyzing the elimination criteria of the 14 areas selected in the first step by pre-elimination criteria analyses. Six potential LNG terminal micro-locations were selected based on the defined elimination criteria. In the third step, these six micro-locations were evaluated by experts by using 38 specific sub-criteria classified into five distinct groups: economic (11 sub-criteria), ecological (13 sub-criteria), safety (4 sub-criteria), traffic connection (6 sub-criteria), and gas needs (4 sub-criteria). The fourth step involved making a multi-criteria expert analysis of the six locations selected in the previous step (for onshore terminals, offshore terminals, and FSRU) for the analysis of three different scenarios by the PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization METhod of Enrichment Evaluation) method. In every scenario, one group of sub-criteria was selected as the most important according to its cumulative relationship with the other groups of criteria (scenario 1 – economic group; scenario 2 – ecological group; scenario 3 – safety group). A different importance (weight) was given to each of the sub-criteria. The methodology presented in this paper can also be used for decision-making processes for other marine and coastal activities, where incorporating an ecosystem approach is necessary for taking into account safety and project costs; however, the selection of pre-elimination criteria, elimination criteria, and sub-criteria should be carefully adjusted to other situations or activities.

7

Życie towarzyszące naturalnym, powierzchniowym wyciekom węglowodorów

Brzeszcz Joanna, Kapusta Piotr

Nafta-Gaz

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2021

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R. 77, nr 10

641--656

PL

Swobodne migracje węglowodorów związane są z ciągłym rozpraszaniem tych związków ze stref ich nagromadzeń i zachodzą w warunkach silnej erozji skał uszczelniających oraz wysokiej porowatości skał zbiornikowych. Opisywane zjawiska występują zarówno w środowisku morskim, jak i lądowym, przyjmując różne formy. Morskie wypływy, zwane zimnymi wysiękami (ang. cold seeps), występują m.in. w postaci powierzchniowych wycieków gazu i/lub ropy, jezior solankowych, wulkanów asfaltowych oraz błotnych. Z kolei na lądzie migracje ujawniają się jako jeziora ropy, smoliste, naskalne naloty bitumiczne, przesiąknięta ropą gleba, wycieki gazowe oraz wulkany błotne. Uważa się, że prawie każdy basen naftowy zawiera obecnie tysiące aktywnych wycieków ropy. Blisko 50% ropy przedostającej się do mórz i oceanów ma pochodzenie nieantropogeniczne. Pomimo toksyczności niektórych węglowodorów chronicznie skażone miejsca zasiedlane są przez różnorodne grupy organizmów, począwszy od prostych jednokomórkowych bakterii po złożone organizmy wyższe. Bakterie stanowią kluczowy element umożliwiający funkcjonowanie takich ekosystemów. W tym aspekcie olbrzymie znaczenie mają zdolności metaboliczne niektórych bakterii ukierunkowane na węglowodory, gdyż umożliwiają one całkowitą mineralizację tych substancji lub przekształcenie ich w produkty charakteryzujące się mniejszą toksycznością. W środowisku morskim procesy te w większości zachodzą w warunkach beztlenowych, zaś w środowisku lądowym większą wagę należy przypisać procesom tlenowym. Wydaje się, że zależności symbiotyczne z takimi mikroorganizmami dla organizmów wyższych są niezwykle cenne, ponieważ umożliwiają im zajmowanie tych ekstremalnych środowisk. W przypadku morskich wycieków należy również zwrócić uwagę na bakterie chemosyntetyzujące, które wykorzystując metan oraz siarkowodór, wytwarzają substancje odżywcze (węglowodany) na potrzeby organizmu gospodarza, np. małży z rodzin Lucinidae, Mytilidae, Solemyidae, Thyasiridae, Vesicomyidae. W niniejszym artykule starano się przedstawić złożoność i niezwykłość różnorodnych form życia, które występują w środowisku długotrwale skażonym substancjami ropopochodnymi

EN

Natural hydrocarbon migration means permanent hydrocarbon dispersion from their accumulation zones. These compounds escape along permeable migration pathways, or across them through fractures and faults in the cap rock, or directly from an outcrop of oilbearing rock. Hydrocarbon seepages occur both in marine and terrestrial environments, but in various forms. Marine seepages, termed as cold seeps, may appear as gas bubbles, oil plums, brine pools and basins, as well as asphalt or mud volcanoes. In turn, terrestrial seeps may manifest as lakes of crude oil, tarry, rocky bituminous deposits, oil soaked soil, gas seeps and mud volcanoes. It is believed that almost every oil basin has thousand active oil seeps. Almost 50% of crude oil entering seas and oceans has non-anthropogenic origins. In spite of some hydrocarbon toxicity, permanently oil-exposed sites are habitats of diverse groups of organisms; from unicellular bacteria to more complex, higher organisms. Bacteria are the key players for the proper functioning of ecosystems connected with hydrocarbon seeps. In this context, bacterial metabolic capabilities towards some hydrocarbons are of great importance since microorganisms may totally mineralize or transform these substances to less toxic products. In the marine seeps these processes occur under anaerobic conditions, while aerobic hydrocarbon conversion is more important in terrestrial environments. The symbiosis with such microbes seems to be valuable for higher organisms, as it allows them to occupy such extreme environments. In case of marine seeps, attention should be also paid to chemosynthetic bacteria that use methane or hydrogen sulfide to produce nutrients (carbohydrates) for host organism i.e. bivalve families such as Lucinidae, Mytilidae, Solemyidae, Thyasiridae, Vesicomyidae. In this article, we tried to present the complexity, biodiversity and uniqueness of various life forms which exist in the chronically hydrocarbon-contaminated environment.

8

Mercury in the bottom sediments of the ship channel and River Mouths: the Vistula Lagoon

Bogdanov N. A., Bass O. V., Paranina A. N., Paranin R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14. no. 3

697--700

EN

It is studied the distribution of Hg in bottom sediments of estuaries on the banks of the open water area of the Vistula Lagoon and in the Kaliningrad Sea Canal (KSC) isolated from it. Methods for the determination of Hg: inversive voltammetry and highly sensitive flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. It has been established: from spring to autumn the activation of storms and surge events in the lagoon, intensification of the water flushing regime of the channels ensure a significant Hg decrease in river mouths, but in dynamically weakened KSC conditions - an increase in Hg (from 0.05 to 0.85 mg / kg). In KSC bays, the safe level of Hg (0.3 mg / kg) for the period 2000-2015 was not exceeded (0.008 to 0.216 mg / kg), which indicates a favorable ecological and epidemiological situation. Hg determinations by low-sensitivity methods can be used only in qualitative assessments of the variability in concentrations of any dangerous toxicant. Finding a reliable amount of Hg in river mouths requires the use of highly sensitive methods of analysis.

9

Synchronous fluorescence spectra of water contaminated by dispersed crude oil

Baszanowska Emilia, Otremba Zbigniew

Optica Applicata

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2020

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Vol. 50, nr 1

161--169

EN

The development of petroleum extraction and transport technology does not ensure complete isolation of these substances from the natural environment. This problem is exacerbated by the location of mining equipment on the sea shelf and the fact that numerous submarine pipelines, tankers and handling terminals can also emit oil pollution. Therefore, the possibility of detecting oil dispersed in the water is particularly important. This paper reports the efforts to identify methods of characterization of the water containing the crude oil emulsion in a very low concentration (a few to several tens of ppm). Due to this, the effect of emulsion concentration on the possibility of its objective characterization using synchronous fluorescence spectra was studied. The similarity of spectra at various oil concentrations was analysed. It has been shown that the stabilization of the shape of synchronous fluorescence spectra occurs at relatively low oil concentrations.

10

Improving preparedness for shipborne oil pollution – highlights of tabletop exercises at saimaa inland waters

Halonen J., Altarriba E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

221--228

EN

Lake Saimaa is the largest lake in Finland and the Saimaa inland waterway network is one of the main transport corridors for merchant shipping. The Saimaa inland watercourse is a challenging operating environment due to shallow waters, narrowness of the fairways, fast currents as well as the sensitiveness of the environment. It is recognised that the heavy vessel traffic poses a risk of oil pollution. An oil spill incident in inland waters has a high potential for contaminating shorelines and affecting populated areas. Responding to such an incident involves several governmental and regional authorities, agencies and voluntary organisations. Inter-agency coordination is considered a key element in incident management. Several exercise types can be used to train multi-agency collaboration in joint response operations. This paper analyses the benefits of tabletop exercises in the strengthening of joint preparedness and contingency planning. Paper compares the outcomes of discussion-based exercises with operations-based drills and full-scale exercises. The analysis is based on four oil spill response tabletop exercises and five oil response drills conducted in Saimaa region in 2017–2018. Different types of exercises make it possible to focus on different aspects of the response operation. Operations-based exercises are useful in improving technical skills and testing procedures and the functioning of the equipment. Due to time restrictions, the equipment deployment drills usually focus on a specific function or a single task. Tabletop exercises can be used to assess contingency plans on a strategic level. Tabletop exercises offer an opportunity to clarify roles and responsibilities, discuss priorities and establish inter-agency agreements. The advantages of tabletop exercises include their flexibility in scenario-building, low-cost implementation and the possibility to study a longer time span in order to gain a more holistic view of the response operation.

11

End-user and stakeholder views on selected risk assessment tools for marine oil spill preparedness and response, including future research and development needs

Goerlandt F., Laine V., Bal-Beşikçi E., Baldauf M., Al-Quhali M. A., Koldenhof Y.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

213--220

EN

Risks in the maritime domain have various sources, of which the transportation of oil and other noxious products is one of key concern to industry and public stakeholders. Operational or accidental releases of oil or other pollutants from ships or offshore facilities into the marine environment can have disastrous effects on the marine ecosystems, while also leading to very significant economical losses. Therefore, national states have implemented various mechanisms for preventing and responding to pollution in the maritime domain, with activities which are often embedded in regional cooperation frameworks clustered around certain sea areas. To support collaborative, harmonized, and risk-informed oil spill Pollution Preparedness and Response (PPR) planning for response authorities, the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM), together with its research partners, and with extensive end-user and stakeholder inputs, have developed the OpenRisk Toolbox. This toolbox includes several risk assessment tools and techniques, which can assist in providing answers to a range of PPR risk management questions in a range of organizational contexts. To better understand and ensure the applicability and usefulness of the OpenRisk Toolbox, a workshop was organized where some of these tools were tested. Selected end user and stakeholder views on the perceived usefulness of the tools were collected and analyzed. Another workshop focused on further development needs to implement the tools in organizational practices. This paper first presents the OpenRisk Toolbox, then describes the settings of the workshops. Finally, a summary of the end-user and stakeholder views on the tested tools, and on future development needs, is given.

12

A multi-layered potential field method for waterjet propelled unmanned surface vehicle local path planning with minimum energy consumption

Wang Shasha, Fu Mingyu, Wang Yuanhui, Zhao Liangbo

Polish Maritime Research

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2019

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nr 1

134--144

EN

Focusing on the influence of wind and surface currents on local path planning in the marine environment, a multilayered potential field (MPF) method is proposed to minimize the energy consumption of a water-jet propelled unmanned surface vehicle (USV). A synthetic environment framework that can incorporate the information of the base potential field layer and the environment layer is constructed first. This framework provides a base for minimizing the energy consumption of the water-jet propelled USV through proper force weighting. For the purpose of USV path planning, the traditional potential field method is extended by including the velocity information of the USV and the approached obstacles to avoid collisions with dynamic obstacles. The proposed method integrates kinematic control to prevent considering the vehicle as a point mass or rigid body. Finally, simulation and comparison experiments are performed to demonstrate the energy-saving efficiency of the proposed local path planning approach for the water-jet propelled USV.

13

Zanieczyszczenia mórz i oceanów odpadami tworzyw sztucznych akceleratorem nowych regulacji prawnych w tym zakresie

Borkowski Kazimierz

Polimery

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2019

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T. 64, nr 11-12

759--763

PL

W artykule poruszono temat narastającego od lat zanieczyszczenia środowiska morskiego odpadami tworzyw sztucznych, omówiono działania różnych organów regulacyjnych, od konwencji ochrony mórz (Helcom, Ospar i in.) poprzez aktywność agend Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych (UNEP UNEA), po działania Unii Europejskiej. Szczegółowej analizie poddano ustawodawstwo europejskie skierowane na uregulowanie stosowania niektórych wyrobów z tworzyw sztucznych i na zdefiniowanie nowej roli tych tworzyw w ramach Gospodarki o Obiegu Zamkniętym („Strategia na rzecz tworzyw sztucznych”).

EN

The paper covers regulatory issues of plastics triggered by the growing pollution of marine environment by plastics. In the European Union plastics have earned a special attention as one of the five critical areas of Circular Economy legislative package. The European legislative initiatives on plastics including Strategy on Plastics and Single Use Plastics Directive are described in more detail. This global problem starts to be also treated globally, e.g. by regulatory activity of sea conventions (Helcom, Ospar a.o.), UN agencies (UNEP, UNEA).

14

Random forest assessment of correlation between environmental factors and genetic differentiation of populations : case of marine mussels Mytilus

Kijewski Tomasz, Zbawicka Malgorzata, Strand Jakob, Kautsky Hans, Kotta Jonne, Rätsep Merli, Wenne Roman

Oceanologia

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2019

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No. 61 (1)

131--142

EN

The novelmachine learning technique Random Forest (RF) was used to test if the genetic differentiation of populations of marine species maybe related to any of the key environmental variables known to shape species distributions. The study was performed in North and Baltic Sea characterized by strong gradients of environmental factors and almost continuous distributions of Mytilus mussel populations. Assessment of the species identity was performed using four nuclear DNA markers, and previously published single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. A general pattern of cline variation was observed with increasing Mytilus trossulus share towards the eastern Baltic Sea. Average allele share rose to 61% in Höga Kusten, Gulf of Bothnia. All Baltic Sea samples revealed a strong introgression of Mytilus edulis and a limited introgression of M. trossulus through the Danish Straits. The studied environmental variables described 67 and 68% of the variability in the allele frequencies of M. edulis and M. trossulus. Salinity defined over 50% of the variability in the gene frequencies of the studied Mytilus spp. populations. Changes along this environmental gradient were not gradual but instead a significant shift from gene dominance was found at a salinity of 12 PSU. Water temperature and the trophic status of the sea area had only moderate association with the gene frequencies. The obtained results showed that the novel machine learning technique can be successfully used for finding correlations between genetic differentiation of populations and environmental variables and for defining the functional form of these linkages.

15

Granulometric and facies analysis of Middle–Upper Jurassic rocks of Ler Dome, Kachchh, western India: an attempt to reconstruct the depositional environment

Ghaznavi Asma A., Quasim M. A., Ahmad A. H. M., Ghosh Sumit K.

Geologos

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2019

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Vol. 25, No. 1

51--73

EN

Grain size analysis is an important sedimentological tool used to unravel hydrodynamic conditions, mode of transportation and deposition of detrital sediments. For the present study, detailed grain size analysis was carried out in order to decipher the palaeodepositional environment of Middle–Upper Jurassic rocks of the Ler Dome (Kachchh, western India), which is further reinforced by facies analysis. Microtextures were identified as grooves, straight steps and V-shaped pits, curved steps and solution pits suggesting the predominance of chemical solution activity. Grain size statistical parameters (Graphic and Moment parameters) were used to document depositional processes, sedimentation mechanisms and conditions of hydrodynamic energy, as well as to discriminate between various depositional environments. The grain size parameters show that most of the sandstones are medium- to coarse-grained, moderately to well sorted, strongly fine skewed to fine skewed and mesokurtic to platykurtic in nature. The abundance of medium- to coarse-grained sandstones indicates fluctuating energy levels of the deposition medium and sediment type of the source area. The bivariate plots show that the samples are mostly grouped, except for some samples that show a scattered trend, which is either due to a mixture of two modes in equal proportion in bimodal sediments or good sorting in unimodal sediments. The linear discriminant function analysis is predominantly indicative of turbidity current deposits under shallow-marine conditions. The C-M plots indicate that the sediments formed mainly by rolling to bottom suspension and rolling condition in a beach subenvironment. Log probability curves show that the mixing between the suspension and saltation populations is related to variable energy conditions.

16

A model for oil spill scenarios from tanker collision accidents in the Northern Baltic Sea

Goerlandt F.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2017

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nr 50 (122)

9--20

EN

Oil spills from maritime activities can lead to very extensive damage to the marine environment and disrupt maritime ecosystem services. Shipping is an important activity in the Northern Baltic Sea, and with the complex and dynamic ice conditions present in this sea area, navigational accidents occur rather frequently. Recent risk analysis results indicate those oil spills are particularly likely in the event of collisions. In Finnish sea areas, the current wintertime response preparedness is designed to a level of 5000 tonnes of oil, whereas a state-of-the-art risk analysis conservatively estimates that spills up to 15000 tonnes are possible. Hence, there is a need to more accurately estimate oil spill scenarios in the Northern Baltic Sea, to assist the relevant authorities in planning the response fleet organization and its operations. An issue that has not received prior consideration in maritime waterway oil spill analysis is the dynamics of the oil outflow, i.e. how the oil outflow extent depends on time. Hence, this paper focuses on time-dependent oil spill scenarios from collision accidents possibly occurring to tankers operating in the Northern Baltic Sea. To estimate these, a Bayesian Network model is developed, integrating information about designs of typical tankers operating in this area, information about possible damage scenarios in collision accidents, and a state-of-the-art time-domain oil outflow model. The resulting model efficiently provides information about the possible amounts of oil spilled in the sea in different periods of time, thus contributing to enhanced oil spill risk assessment and response preparedness planning.

17

Study of the microstructure and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of marine grade aluminium matrix composite

Kuburi L. S., Dauda M., Yaro S. A., Abdulwahab M.

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 21, nr 4

833--841

EN

The aim of this research was to develop marine grade aluminium (Al-3%Mg) matrix composite resistant to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Silicon carbide particulate (SiCp) was used as reinforcement at 5% interval from 0- 25%. Sodium chloride (3.5% NaCl) was used as marine environment. The materials were developed through stir casting process. Slow stain rate testing (SSRT) machine was used for the study of the SCC in 3.5% NaCl. The XRF analysis conducted on the materials proved that the elements were within the scope. Microstructural analysis of the materials showed a clear evidence of dendritic formation of the alloy matrix coupled with the SiCp reinforcement. SCC test showed that control sample A failed at a lower energy of 12.3KN with an extension of 0.7472 mm while Sample F recorded the highest value of energy up to 20 KN with an extension of 1.829 mm. The developed composite materials were found to be more reliable for use in marine environment than the existing marine grade alloy presently in use in most of the facilities in marine environment. It was learned that with little improvement on the existing marine grade Al alloy a lot of life and resources will be saved.

18

Maritime transport other than shipping: electrical energy case

Otremba Z., Andrulewicz E., Jakubowska M.

Journal of KONES

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2017

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Vol. 24, No. 1

275--280

EN

Large demand for energy results in necessity for its transportation in various ways. On land areas, energy media transfer consists mainly of transport in tanks by rail, road or river routs as well as pipeline systems for liquid or gasified hydrocarbons. A part of energy media in the world is electric energy flowing though metallic conductors of overhead and cable networks. If sea areas are considered, ship navigation routs crosses with pipelines and electrical energy transfer systems. Furthermore, every transport system can interfere with other. Marine areas occupied by pipelines and submarine cables must be excluded from use of anchors and bottom fishing gear. On the other hand, pipeline systems interfere with the free development of navigation, particularly in areas near ports. Power transfer systems modify the natural force fields in the water column, surface water and even in near-water layer of atmosphere. In this article, we show the main ways of transferring electricity in the sea and the resulting modifications of physical fields: electrical, magnetic and electromagnetic ones. We also discuss the probable impact of modifications of natural fields on ship traffic as well as corrosion of hulls of ships and marine structures. The considerations presented in the article are related primarily to the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea.

19

Wybrane problemy zarządzania procesami i kontrolą oczyszczania wód balastowych i ich osadów

Herdzik J.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2017

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R. 18, nr 6

214--217, CD

PL

W artykule omówiono problemy zarządzania procesami wymiany, oczyszczania wód balastowych ze statków oraz kontrolą skuteczności ich oczyszczania. Wymaga się spełniania procedur zawartych w Planie Postępowania z Wodami Balastowymi odnośnie osadów z tych wód oraz odpadów z procesu ich oczyszczania. Szereg problemów do rozwiązania powstaje, gdy statek zmieniając akwen musi dokonać obróbki wód balastowych, natomiast znajduje się w strefie poniżej 200 mil morskich od lądu i na wodach o głębokości poniżej 200 metrów.

EN

Recognizing the negative impact of invasive organisms on marine ecosystems, the IMO has developed the 2004 BWM Convention. Paper discussed the problems of exchange ballast water management, water purification from ships and control of purification quality. Ballast Water Management Plan (BWMP) requires to fulfill the procedures concerning to ballast water sediments and wastes from purification process. Some problems occur when the ship changing the sailing area needs the ballast water treatment during operation on the area below 200 nautical miles from shore or on the waters below 200 meter of depth.

20

Niektóre inicjatywy Unii Europejskiej w zakresie ochrony środowiska morskiego

Koziński M. H.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2016

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nr 97

87--98

PL

Artykuł dotyczy przede wszystkim nowych proekologicznych inicjatyw legislacyjnych Unii Europejskiej. Autor stara się uzasadnić tezę, że niektóre z ekologicznych przepisów Unii Europejskiej nie są zgodne z zasadą zrównoważonego rozwoju, a także z zasadą proporcjonalności.

EN

The paper presents new pro-ecological legislative initiatives of European Union. The author tries to justify the argument that some of the ecological rules of European Union are not consistent with the principle of sustainable grow and proportionality.