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1

Identifying the impact of generalization on maps of erosion dissection at different scales

Hodzinska Iryna, Hutsul Taras, Kazimir Ivan

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2023

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Vol. 115

1--8

EN

The issue of building thematic maps of erosion dissection, despite its wide demand in various fields of human activity (construction of hydraulic structures, transport and housing construction, agriculture), still has no clear rules and instructions, which causes different perceptions of the obtained mapping results by specialists. The purpose of the study is to experimentallyn identify the change in the index of erosive dissection depending on the scale of the initial data, the size of the cell, the method of constructing the thematic map, etc. The methods used in this research are the method of mathematical statistics, GIS mapping and modelling, spatial analysis, and change detection. For each of the selected methods of thematic mapping, we compiled the cartograms that allow the visual tracking of changes in the elements of the erosion network depending on the geometric characteristics of the scale and cell size. The dimensions and characteristics with optimal results were substantiated. The main feature of erosional dissection mapping of any territory is to detect the negative relief or concave upward forms. The result is a visual perception accompanied by the addition of numerical values. Estimation of erosion dissection by these methods was used in the construction of a thematic map of the foothill territory with a relatively homogeneous relief pattern. It should be noted that the change in the morphometric index happens simultaneously with the change in orographic features. Therefore, for areas with different forms of relief, the combination or use of only one of the above methods allows identifying the optimal and most accurate one among them. The use of well-established methods will facilitate the study of foothill plains or mountainous areas and will allow expanding the scope of the use of thematic maps for applied purposes and forecasting.

2

Noise mapping due to motor vehicle activities in the by-pass ring road area of the city of Kendari

Lakawa Irwan, Syamsuddin, Hujiyanto, Ilham Vickky A.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2023

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Vol. 32, No. 4

392--406

EN

The By-Pass Ring Road in Kendari serves as a crucial artery, facilitating accessibility and mobility between the city center and burgeoning outskirts. However, heightened traffic has led to a notable upswing in noise along the highway. This study aims to systematically map the distribution of this noise across various land uses in the vicinity. The findings reveal a vehicular composition predominantly comprised of motorcycles (68%), followed by light vehicles (27%), and heavy vehicles (5%). Notably, although heavy vehicles constitute a mere 5%, they significantly influence the elevation of noise levels. The highest noise intensity impacting land use is observed in service areas, succeeded by commercial and school zones, with the lowest levels recorded in settlement areas. The mapped results depict a noise exposure of 67 dB reaching receptors, coupled with an average noise reduction of 9 dB. Remarkably, as the average distance from the noise source on the highway to the receptors increases (averaging 14 meters), there is a discernible reduction in noise intensity. This visually apparent trend is corroborated by the noise mapping results.

3

Study on the Composition and Environmental Impact of Sewage Sludge

Jumasheva Kamshat, Syrlybekkyzy Samal, Serikbayeva Akmaral, Nurbaeva Farida, Kolesnikov Alexandr

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

315--322

EN

The article examinee the characteristics of sewage sludge and its impact on the environment. The description of technical installations, sludge sites in the municipal wastewater treatment systems, which are sources of unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological condition of the studied territory, was presented. A detailed analysis of the structure, composition and morphology of sludge sediment was given. It was found that the sludge presents a loose, rough heterogeneous porous structure represented by the presence of a fibrous substrate with amorphous scaly-crystalline inclusions. During laboratory analyses of the composition of the dry residue, the presence of such types of heavy metals as chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, molybdenum, cadmium was revealed. The excess of permissible concentrations of various elements was observed: chromium more than 7.1 at MPC – 6.0 by 1.18 times; copper more than 3.3 at MPC – 3.0 by 1.1 times; zinc more than 27.3 at MPC – 23.0 by 1.18 times; lead more than 34.3 at MPC – 32.0 by 1.07 times; cobalt more than 6.4 at MPC – 5.0 by 1.28 times; molybdenum more than 6.9 at MPC – 5.0 by 1.3 times. Soil analysis revealed a pH of 7.1, which is neutral, may be optimal for plants; the concentration of calcium, iron and chromium does not exceed the established maximum permissible values. When analyzing the air environment of the territory of the treatment facilities, the presence of gaseous pollutants, such as methane, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, was established. It has been established that anthropogenic sludge landfills are the sources that create a technogenic load on the atmospheric air, polluting it with methane, since the concentration of methane exceeds the MPC by more than 3 times.

4

Shared-Semaphored Cache Implementation for Parallel Program Execution in Multi-Core Systems

Milik Adam, Walichiewicz Michał

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2023

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Vol. 69, No. 2

371--382

EN

The paper brings forward an idea of multi-threaded computation synchronization based on the shared semaphored cache in the multi-core CPUs. It is dedicated to the implementation of multi-core PLC control, embedded solution or parallel computation of models described using hardware description languages. The shared semaphored cache is implemented as guarded memory cells within a dedicated section of the cache memory that is shared by multiple cores. This enables the cores to speed up the data exchange and seamlessly synchronize the computation. The idea has been verified by creating a multi-core system model using Verilog HDL. The simulation of task synchronization methods allows for proving the benefits of shared semaphored memory cells over standard synchronization methods. The proposed idea enhances the computation in the algorithms that consist of relatively short tasks that can be processed in parallel and requires fast synchronization mechanisms to avoid data race conditions.

5

Local Generating Map System Using Rviz ROS and Kinect Camera for Rescue Robot Application

Muharom Syahri, Firmansyah Riza Agung, Prabowo Yuliyanto Agung

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2023

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Vol. 69, No. 3

621--626

EN

This paper presents a model to generate a 3D model of a room, where room mapping is very necessary to find out the existing real conditions, where this modeling will be applied to the rescue robot. To solve this problem, researchers made a breakthrough by creating a 3D room mapping system. The mapping system and 3D model making carried out in this study are to utilize the camera Kinect and Rviz on the ROS. The camera takes a picture of the area around it, the imagery results are processed in the ROS system, the processing carried out includes several nodes and topics in the ROS which later the signal results are sent and displayed on the Rviz ROS. From the results of the tests that have been carried out, the designed system can create a 3D model from the Kinect camera capture by utilizing the Rviz function on the ROS. From this model later every corner of the room can be mapped and modeled in 3D.

6

Industry and innovation in the Alto Minho region: assessing regional performance

Abreu Mariana, Rodrigues Helena Sofia, Silva Ângela, Garcia Jorge Esparteiro

Engineering Management in Production and Services

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2023

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Vol. 15, no. 2

72--82

EN

As a tool, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) guide local and regional leaders in developing policy approaches for better social development. SDGs are 17 ambitious objectives towards a greener, healthier, more peaceful and equal planet, promoted by the United Nations to achieve by 2030. Having this performance in mind, countries and regions can measure their level of SDG implementation and rethink how they could promote prosperity, cooperation among regions and progress. This study focuses on SDG-9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure in ten municipalities of the Alto Minho region, Portugal. The main idea is to assess the level of each municipality in the achievement of the indicators related to this SDG. The similarities and differences between the municipalities can underline areas for joint efforts or investments in the development policy. This paper selected a performance analysis as a tool for informing on the amount of effort required to achieve SDG-9 at a local level, i.e., the Alto Minho region in the north of Portugal. If the trend of evolution is maintained, only Viana do Castelo will reach the full range of indicators for SDG-9, and Caminha will have 50 % of the indicators achieved. The remaining municipalities will reach at least half of the indicators, thus achieving a value lower than half of the target value. This approach could be replicated in other SDGs and other regions. This assessment allows the region’s stakeholders to indicate areas of required action to achieve the SDG.

7

Modernist architecture in film

Nadolny Adam

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura, Urbanistyka, Architektura Wnętrz

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2022

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Z. 10

91--102

EN

This text presents concepts of mapping Modernist Polish architecture presented in the feature films of 1960s. The feature film became an ideal medium in the 1960s for presenting modernity in Poland, as perceived through new buildings erected with the observance of modern trends. The feature films of those times constitute research material, letting us see and grasp the atmosphere of the times through the perspective of modernity recorded in the film shots. An important aspect of the research is the way in which the mapping of movements, modern architecture and feature films can be combined.

PL

Niniejszy tekst przedstawia koncepcję mapowania polskiej architektury modernistycznej przedstawionej w filmach fabularnych z lat 60. XX wieku. Film fabularny stał się w latach 60 XX wieku, idealnym medium do prezentacji nowoczesności w Polsce, widzianej przez nowe budynki wznoszone z uwzględnieniem ówcześnie panujących trendów. Filmy fabularne z tamtych czasów stanowią materiał badawczy, pozwalający zobaczyć i uchwycić atmosferę tamtych czasów przez pryzmat nowoczesności zapisanej w kadrach filmowych. Ważnym aspektem badań jest sposób, w jaki można połączyć mapowanie, nowoczesną architekturę i filmy fabularne.

8

Challenges for Improving Agricultural Resilience in the Context of Sustainability and Rural Development

Morkunas Mangirdas, Žičkienė Agnė, Baležentis Tomas, Volkov Artiom, Štreimikienė Dalia, Ribašauskienė Erika

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2022

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Vol. 17, nr 1

182--195

EN

Research on economic resilience in agriculture is quite complicated due to the interdisciplinary nature of the notion. In agricultural, climate change, sustainability and food security research it appears as an endogenous phenomenon rather as the main one. This study aims to contribute to conceptualization of economic resilience in agriculture, revealing current and identifying future research directions. Bibliometric analysis supplemented with a literature overview serve this purpose. Results confirm the ambiguity and immaturity of economic resilience concept and its secondary position within overall agricultural resilience research framework.

PL

Badania resilencji ekonomicznej w rolnictwie są dość skomplikowane ze względu na interdyscyplinarny charakter tego pojęcia. W badaniach dotyczących rolnictwa, zmian klimatycznych, zrównoważonego rozwoju i bezpieczeństwa żywności wydaje się, że jest to zjawisko endogeniczne, a nie główne. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu przyczynienie się do konceptualizacji resilencji ekonomicznej w rolnictwie, wskazując na obecne i identyfikując przyszłe kierunki badawcze. Służy temu analiza bibliometryczna uzupełniona przeglądem literatury. Wyniki potwierdzają niejednoznaczność i niedojrzałość koncepcji resilencji ekonomicznej oraz jej drugorzędną pozycję w ogólnych ramach badań resilencji rolnictwa.

9

Assessment of Biotope Suitability of Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) in the Region of Hoggar (Southern Algerian Sahara)

Boultif Meriem, Boulghobra Nouar, Bakroune Nourelhouda, Deghiche-Diab Nacima

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

171--180

EN

Upsurges of desert locusts can cause heavy economic and agricultural losses and threaten the food security of millions of people over dozens of countries. Therefore, monitoring and spatial delimitation of their habitats are necessary for biological control studies and sampling, especially on large surfaces. This study aimed to assess and map suitable biotopes for desert locusts in southern Algeria, through a GIS tool, by integrating multicriteria analysis (Analytical Hierarchy Process) as a decision-making tool for preventive methods, biological control and research. The result is a resolution map, classified into four different zones according to pixel values. The results revealed that 28.51% of the study area is an unsuitable biotope for desert locusts, 35.92% is a survival biotope, 19.5% is a suitable biotope mainly for breeding and eggs lying and 16.05% is highly suitable for desert locust gregarization and concentration. This study offers a simplified mapping procedure to assess locust habitats for decision-making and studies in large areas.

10

Geospatial Assessment and Mapping of Suitable Sites for a Utility-scale Solar PV Farm

Nzelibe Ifechukwu Ugochukwu, Ojediran Daniel Damilola, Moses Mefe

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 16, no. 4

79--101

EN

Geospatial and multi-criteria decision-making techniques are applied to process and analyse datasets for determining suitable areas for multiple utilityscale solar photovoltaic farms in the city of Akure, Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria. Data processed include local electric power distribution system data, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission elevation data, Landsat 8 and solar global horizontal irradiance. Multi-criteria decision-making techniques adopted are the analytical hierarchy process, reclassification, and overlay. These techniques were carried out considering criteria for siting solar photovoltaic farms. Criteria considered in this study are climate, topography, economic, environmental impact operational and technical while sub-criteria are solar global horizontal irradiance, slope, proximity and land cover. The outcome of the study shows that the study area covering a total extent of ~33,200 ha, 15%, 8%, 13% and 64% are highly suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, and unsuitable respectively for siting utility-scale solar photovoltaic farms within the study area. The study reveals the potential of multiple utility-scale solar photovoltaic farms in the study area. However, the proportions of areas suitable for solar photovoltaic farms are quite lower compared to findings from similar studies conducted in northwestern Nigeria. The study recommends solar photovoltaic sources as an alternative energy source in and around the study area.

11

Znaleźć dziurę w chmurze

Królikowski Jerzy

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2022

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nr 6

30--34

12

Modelling and Mapping of Soil Organic Matter in Doukkala Plain, Moroccan Semi-Arid Region

Bel-Lahbib Sanae, Namr Khalid Ibno, El Hafyani Mohammed, Al Masmoudi Yassine, Essahlaoui Ali

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 5

188--197

EN

The Doukkala plains one of the largest irrigated areas in Morocco with a very important agricultural potential. With the integration of new technologies in agriculture, the plain has been subjected to intensive agriculture which has negative impacts on soil quality especially the soil organic matter loss. Therefore, the objective of this study is to combine remote sensing and modelling for monitoring of organic matter content. The obtained results showed that all the examined models showed satisfactory results in the prediction of organic matter with a coefficient of determination R2 ranging from 0.58 to 0.71 and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) varied 0.25 and 0.26%. Based on the findings, we can infer that this approach is both efficient and valid for modelling and mapping soil organic matter and may moreover be applied for other areas with same characteristics.

13

The modelling of electric arc with stochastic disturbances. Part 1, The mapping of stochastic disturbances in mathematical models of electric arc

Sawicki Antoni

Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa w Gliwicach

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 6

47--64

EN

The heterogeneous physical structure of electric arc inspired a proposal to consider separately the generation of random disturbances of electric waveforms in the plasma column and in near-electrode areas. The article presents selected mathematical correlations which could be used to assess parameters of noisy signals in arc devices. Depending on the type of generated noise (white, pink, red), it is necessary to apply appropriate filters (which can be modelled using the ordinary differential equations presented in the article). The article discusses in detail the methods enabling the mapping of stochastic disturbances affecting the electric arc column. 1. By assuming specific systems of the physical effect of disturbances and thereby interfering in the input equation of energy balance it was possible to obtain the noisy Mayr-Voronin and Cassie-Voronin models of arc characterised by variable geometrical dimensions. 2. By assuming specific systems of the mathematical effect of parameter disturbances and thereby interfering in previously developed deterministic mathematical models it was possible to obtain the modified noisy Mayr, Cassie and Schwarz models as well as a model with the radius of a cylindrical column as a state variable. 3. The assumption of specific systems of the mathematical effect of disturbances on the deterministic load of the circuit with electric arc made it possible to consider macro-models with current or voltage noise generating sources additionally connected to arc.

14

Mapping Ghana by GMT and R scripting: advanced cartographic approaches to visualize correlations between the topography, climate and environmental setting

Lemenkova Polina

Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation

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2022

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Vol. 71, no. 1

art. no. e16, 2022

EN

The applications of the machine learning and programming approaches in cartography has been increasing in recent years. This paper presents a case study of the scripting techniques used for cartographic mapping using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) and R language (raster and tmaps packages). The aim of the study is environmental mapping of Ghana. The materials include high-resolution raster grids: topography by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), climate and environmental datasets (TerraClimate) and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for geomorphometric analysis (slope, aspect, hillshade and elevations). The methodology includes code snippets commented and explained with details of scripts. It is argued that using consolebased scripting tools for mapping is effective for cartographic workflow due to the logical structure and repeatability of scripts. The results include eight new thematic maps of Ghana performed using scripting approach inGMTscripting toolset and R language for quantitative and qualitative environmental assessment. Maps show correlations between the landforms of Ghana and certain environmental variables (drought index and soil moisture) showing the effects of the topographic relief on the distribution of the continuous geographic fields. These varied in several geographically distinct regions of Ghana: Ashanti (Kumasi), Volta, Savannah, coastal and northern regions. Demonstrated maps show that scripting method works effectively on a wide range of geosciences including environmental, topographic and climate studies. In such a way, this paper contributes both to the regional studies of Ghana and development of cartographic techniques.

15

Spatial analysis of seasonal precipitation using various interpolation methods in the Euphrates basin, Turkey

Katipoğlu Okan Mert

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 2

859--878

EN

It is vital to accurately map the spatial distribution of precipitation, which is widely used in many fields such as hydrology, climatology, meteorology, ecology, and agriculture. This study aimed to reveal the spatial distribution of seasonal, long-term average precipitation in the Euphrates Basin with various interpolation methods. For this reason, Simple Kriging, Ordinary Kriging, Universal Kriging, Ordinary CoKriging, Empirical Bayesian Kriging, Radial Basis Functions (Completely Regularized Spline, Thin Plate Spline, Multiquadratic, Inverse Multiquadratic, Spline with Tensor), Local Polynomial Interpolation, Global Polynomial Interpolation, and Inverse Distance Weighting methods have been applied in the Geographical Informa tion Systems environment. Long-term seasonal precipitation averages between 1966 and 2017 are presented as input for predicting precipitation maps. The accuracy of the precipitation prediction maps was based on linear regression analysis, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), correlation coefficient (R), and determination coefficient (R2 ) values obtained from the cross-validation tests. The most suitable method was chosen for the interpolation method that gives the lowest RMSE, MAE, and the largest R and R2 . As a result of the study, Ordinary CoKriging in spring and winter precipitation, Local Polynomial Interpolation in summer precipitation, and Ordinary Kriging in autumn precipitation were the most appropriate estimation methods.

16

The use of an unmanned aerial vehicle to acquire data to develop inland electronic navigational charts: The case of a bridge and the navigation infrastructure located on it

Łubczonek Jacek

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2021

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nr 68 (140)

119--127

EN

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies are becoming increasingly common, with ever-expanding applications. Low-altitude imaging makes it possible to quickly acquire high-resolution data for various objects, especially for mapping. This paper presents the mapping of a bridge and its notice marks, lights, and span to produce electronic navigation charts for inland navigation. The research object was the Clowy Bridge on the Regalica River in Szczecin, Poland. In order to carry out the research, two photogrammetric flights were made, and three sets of photos were created, from which orthophotos were developed. The research included the analysis of the orthophoto generation process, as well as quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results of the research demonstrated the possibility of using this type of data for mapping bridges to create electronic navigation maps for inland navigation.

17

Distribution and extent of benthic habitats in Puck Bay (Gulf of Gdańsk, southern Baltic Sea)

Sokołowski Adam, Jankowska Emilia, Balazy Piotr, Jędruch Agnieszka

Oceanologia

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2021

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No. 63 (3)

301--320

EN

The majority of the southern Baltic Sea seabed encompasses homogenous soft-bottom sediments of limited productivity and low biological diversity, but shallow productive areas in the coastal zone such as wetlands, vegetated lagoons and sheltered bays show a high variety of benthic habitat types offering favourable biotopic conditions for benthic fauna. Within Polish marine areas, semi-enclosed Puck Bay (the western part of the Gulf of Gdańsk) features an exceptionally diverse environment covering a range of benthic habitats which underscores its unique biological value and aesthetic quality and providing an impetus for conservation and ecosystem-based development. Full-coverages maps on benthic habitats in this area are therefore a necessary foundation for maritime spatial planning and implementation of strategies for sustainable management and protection of the coastal environment. This study presents the first comprehensive description and distribution of benthic habitats in Puck Bay which were categorised using the revised EUNIS 2019 classification system. Typological analyses were carried out based on inventory datasets from 1995 to 2019 including scientific publications, satellite images, open databases, topographic and geological maps, reports, theses, information available on websites and unpublished data shared willingly by individual researchers and administrative institutions. Collating various spatial data sources, that were first georeferenced and then visualized using techniques available in ArcMap 10.4.1 software (Esri), resulted in the mapping of benthic habitats and sites of important and protected plant species, which can contribute to the high confidence in environmental assessments and monitoring activities.

18

Robust vegetation detection using RGB colour composites and isoclust classification of the Landsat TM image

Lemenkova Polina

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2021

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no. 4

147--167

EN

The paper presents the application of ArcGIS for environmental modelling of the landscapes in northern Iceland (17.00°W–23.00°W, 64.30°N–67.00°N). The aim was to explore the vegetation distribution by NDVI and ISOCLUST classification of the land cover types. Data include the Landsat TM image. Freely available satellite remote sensing data from the Landsat mission have been processed by GIS to deliver information on land cover types from image classification and NDVI vegetation index. Landsat products provide geospatial data on regional scale with moderate temporal (weekly) and spatial (30–10 m) resolution, making them useful for environmental monitoring and landscape studies. The tools include the ArcGIS software used for raster processing. Data processing was performed in the three steps: 1) comparative analysis of the visualized sixteen band combinations to assess the distinguishability of vegetation and other land cover types in colour composites; 2) computed NDVI standardized vegetation index; 3) unsupervised classification of the Landsat TM by the ISOCLUST algorithm. Large glaciers Hofsjökull and Langjökull were detected on various colour composites, and the visibility of the water/land borders is assessed (Blöndulón lake), agricultural areas near the Varmahlíð, vegetated areas around the Akrahreppur municipality. Computing the NDVI and using ISOCLUST by ArcGIS software enabled to distinguish various land cover types and map landscapes in the study area. The computed NDVI shown the presence and condition of vegetation, that is, a relative biomass in the area of northern Iceland. The NDVI was used based on the contrast of the two channels from a multispectral Landsat TM raster data.

19

Digital Mapping and Spatial Analysis of Quarries Using GIS – A Case Study of Settat Province, Morocco

Nabil Aouichaty, Yahya Koulali, Yassine Bouslihim, Said Hilali

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 1

83--91

EN

The province of Settat plays a key role in supplying the building materials that meet the needs of the province as well as the provincial construction and public work sectors. Indeed, the province is full of natural potential in raw materials and counts more than 109 quarries. This study aimed to build a quarrying database in the province of Settat to both characterize the materials mined and map the quarries through the Geographic Information System (GIS). This mapping allowed conducting the geographical distribution analysis of quarries by territorial unit and type of materials. The results revealed a predominance of carbonate quarries, especially in the Ben Ahmed circle. This distribution can be explained by natural, economic, and logistical factors characterizing the study area.

20

Wieloaspektowe wspieranie procesów inwestycyjnych i rekonstrukcyjnych za pomocą modeli oraz miniatur przestrzennych

Pocisk-Dobrowolski Jerzy

Builder

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2021

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R.25, nr 6

35--37

PL

Tradycja wykonywania makiet ilustrujących projekty architektoniczne w formie trójwymiarowej sięga czasów starożytnych. Ostatnie kilkanaście lat to okres powrotu popularności makiet oraz dioram jako nośników informacji o nowych rozwiązaniach projektowych z zakresu architektury i urbanistyki. W procesie przekazywania wizualnych treści dotyczących proponowanych rozwiązań z zakresu planistyki, rekonstrukcji obiektów zabytkowych oraz projektów wnętrz modele i makiety okazały się nadal bardzo skutecznym narzędziem marketingowym wspierającym procesy inwestycyjne. Pojawienie się wydruków 3D zmieniło techniki wykonywania makiet i miniatur różnego typu poprzez dostęp do nowych technologii przetwarzania informacji przestrzennej oraz pojawienie się na rynku materiałów nowej generacji, jednak sama forma przekazu informacji poprzez miniaturę skierowana do potencjalnego odbiorcy nie uległa zasadniczej zmianie. Rozwój materiałów wykorzystywanych w procesie wykonywania makiet oraz technologii druku 3D wymaga określenia poprzez przeprowadzenie badań, jakie rozwiązania techniczne i wykonawcze należy powiązać ze sobą w celu uzyskania jak najlepszych wyników przekazu wizualnego skierowanego do percepcji potencjalnego odbiorcy. Wykorzystywanie podświetleń oraz uzupełnianie makiet o funkcje multimedialne zwiększyło atrakcyjność przekazu treści, jakie niosą ze sobą modele przestrzenne, jednak sam odbiór makiety jako nośnika informacji o przestrzeni pozostał nadal bardzo prosty i naturalny. Możliwość oglądania propozycji projektowych z różnych perspektyw przez naturalne przemieszczanie się odbiorcy w stosunku do prezentowanego modelu bez konieczności posiadania umiejętności obsługi programów lub funkcji pomocniczych stanowi niezaprzeczalny atut tej formy prezentacji rozwiązań przestrzennych, który jeszcze przez długie lata będzie skutecznym sposobem komunikacji pomiędzy projektantem, inwestorem i użytkownikiem planowanych inwestycji.

EN

The tradition of making models that illustrate architectural projects in three-dimensional form dates back to ancient times. The popularity of models and dioramas as carriers of information about new design solutions in the field of architecture and urban planning has returned for over the last dozen of years. Models and dioramas have proven to be a very effective marketing tool supporting investment processes conveying visualisations of solutions in the field of planning, reconstruction of historical buildings and interior design. The appearance of 3D printing has changed the techniques of making various models and miniatures through access to new technologies of processing spatial information and the emergence of new generation materials on the market, however, the very form of conveying information through a miniature addressed to the potential recipient has not significantly changed. The development of materials used in the process of making mock-ups and 3D printing technology requires us to determine, through research, which technical and execution solutions should be combined in order to obtain the best possible results of the visual message addressed to the perception of the potential recipient. The use of backlighting and supplementing the models with multimedia functions increased the attractiveness of communicating the content of spatial models, but the reception of the model itself as a carrier of information about space has remained very uncomplicated and natural. The possibility of multi-perspective viewing the design proposals through the natural movement of the recipient in relation to the presented model without having to possess the skills to operate any software or auxiliary functions is an undeniable advantage of this form of presentation of spatial solutions, which will continue to be an effective means of communication between the designer, investor and user of the planned investments for a long time yet.