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1

Emissivity of the one - plate lapping machine tool

Molenda J., Barylski A.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 1

283-288

EN

A number of precision manufacturing applications use lapping process as a critical technology to achieve thickness tolerance and surface quality specification. Typical examples of the processed components are pump parts, transmission equipments, cutting tools, hydraulic and pneumatics, aerospace parts, inspections equipment, stamping and forging. Lapping leads to a surface with low roughness and high precision. It is carried out by applying loose abrasive grains between work and lap surfaces, and causing a relative motion between them resulting in material removal. The grains activities in the working gap cause also temperature rise of the executory system elements, including lap plate. Because of required parts accuracy tool flatness is the key to the successful machining. To avoid its excessive thermal expansion, plate temperature research was taken. Temperature is the most often measured physical quantity, second only to time. All advantages of infrared technology have led it to become frequently used technique for temperature measurement. It was also used by authors for lapping process observation. To assure accurate noncontact infrared temperature measurement there is a need to keep in mind several factors, including determining appropriate value of emissivity. Incorrectly, designated emissivity results in bigger measuring error. This work presents a method for determining wheel emissivity and its value obtained by presented way. To find emissivity of the lapping plate infrared camera V-20 II produced by VIGO System S.A. and contact thermometer TES1312 Dual K-Type were used. The experiments were carried out on a plate-lapping machine ABRALAP 380 with a grooved cast-iron lapping plate and three conditioning rings. The determined emissivity was equal 0.95 and was bigger than value from the table, as was expected. During lapping wheel surface is in fact very dark due to charging and covering the waste slurry. Obtained value will be used in future measurements.

2

Determining the conditions for temperature measurements during flat lapping

Molenda J., Barylski A.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 3

293-297

EN

Lapping is used in the production of components of the highest quality in terms of form finish accuracy and surface integrity. A number of precision manufacturing applications use lapping process as a critical technology to achieve thickness tolerance and surface quality specification. Because of required parts accuracy tool flatness is the key to the successful machining. To avoid its excessive thermal expansion, plate temperature research was taken. This work presents a part of results concerning temperature measurements conditions. Experiments were being conducted during flat lapping with use of ABRALAP 380 lapping machine and infrared camera V-20II produced by VIGO System SA. Firstly the influence of conditioning rings number on wheel temperature rise was investigated. It was proved that number of rings had a significant impact on temperature rise value and the highest were during machine working with all three rings. Then another test was made, to simulate the work during real 8-hours shift. The aim was to determine time of machine working after which temperature would stop rising. Temperature was measure during Al2O3 (95%) elements lapping with use of silicon carbide grains. Tests results showed that after five hours temperature fluctuated around a certain value. In future analysis temperature after five hours lapping will be taken into account.

3

The influence of abrasive machine on temperature during one side lapping

Molenda J., Charchalis A.

Journal of KONES

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2010

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Vol. 17, No. 2

357-362

EN

Lapping process is characterized by its low speed, low pressure, and low materiał removal. It 's carried out by applying loose abrasive grains between work and lap surfaces, and causing a relative motion between them resulting in afinish of multi-directional lay. The grains activities in the working gap cause temperature rise of lap plate. In their work Bulsara and others studied the heat generated during lapping and polishing. They developed a moving heat source model to estimate the maximum and average temperature rise of abrasive-workpiece contacts. The heat generated at this contact was taken as aproduct of the friction force and the relative sliding velocity between abrasive and work surface. The model verification showed that real lap plate temperature rise was different from calculated. This work presents the results of lapping plate temperature rise research. The investigation has been conducted to check the influence of lapping machine on temperature rise. It was made during flat lapping with use of ABRALAP 380 lapping machine and thermographic camera V-20 II produced by VIGO System SA. The lapping machine executory system consists of three conditioning rings. Lapping plate temperature was measured during machine's work without, with one, two and three rings. Results of the measurements showed that even when lapping machine was working without load i.e. without rings, there was observed lap plate temperature rise. This wasn't taken into consideration in mentioned model and there is necessity to develop more comprehensive one.

4

Analysis of mathematical model describing a problem of temperature rise during one - sided surface lapping

Molenda J., Barylski A.

Journal of KONES

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2009

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Vol. 16, No. 4

343-350

EN

The paper presents the results of verification of mathematical models developed in literature. They allow estimating the average and maximum temperature rise ofwork surface during lapping. Researchers by making some simplifying assumptions analyze temperature rise during abrasive-workpiece contact. The heat generated at this contact is taken as a product of the friction force and relative sliding velocity between the abrasive and the work surface. They treat each abrasive grain as a moving heat source applied to the work surface. By using their formulation the electronic model was create. The model was then applied to calculate the maximum temperature rise during steel element lapping, with single disc lapping machine ABRALAP 380. For machining the abrasive slurry on the basis of silicon carbide 95A number F600/9 was used The temperature was measured by way of infrared camera V-20 II series produced by VIGO System S.A. Thus, calculations were made for real lapping operations conducted to confirm the correlation between lapping temperature and parameters like pressure or, velocity. The goal was to compare results of experiments and calculations. Comparison of the analytical and measured temperature rises shows that not only their values are different. The first ones are constant and the second are time dependent. Values calculated with theoretical model help are also underestimated. It isprobably caused by that the authors didn't take into consideration some important factors, i.e. lapping machine influence and it 's working time length.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki próby weryfikacji modeli matematycznych sformułowanych w literaturze. Pozwalają one na wyznaczenie średniej i maksymalnej wartości wzrostu temperatury w kontaktach roboczych mikroziaren ściernych. Badacze przyjmując szereg założeń upraszczających, analizują w nich wzrost temperatury spowodowany ciepłem wydzielonym w wyniku działania siły tarcia i prędkości względnej między pojedynczym ziarnem a powierzchnią docieraną. Ziarna traktują jako ruchome źródła ciepła działające na tę powierzchnię. Wykorzystując zaproponowane zależności sformułowano model komputerowy. Następnie, wykorzystując ten model, przeprowadzono obliczenia dla danych odpowiadających warunkom wcześniej prowadzonych badań. Badania te miały na celu oszacowanie wpływu podstawowych parametrów obróbki na wzrost temperatury w procesie docierania. Przeprowadzone zostały na stanowisku, którego podstawowymi elementami były jednotarczowa docierarka pierścieniowa ABRALAP 380 przeznaczona do obróbki powierzchni płaskich oraz kamera termograficzna serii V-20 II firmy VIGO System S.A. Otrzymane wartości porównano w kolejnym kroku z wartościami rzeczywistymi. Do porównań przyjęto obliczone wartości maksymalne wzrostu temperatury. Porównanie wartości obliczonych ze zmierzonymi pokazało, że różnią się one nie tylko ilościowo. Podczas, gdy pierwsze mają wartość stałą, niezależną od czasu, drugie zmieniają się w czasie. Widać również duże niedoszacowanie wartości analitycznych. Wynika ono prawdopodobnie z nie uwzględnienia np. wpływu docierarki, czy czasu jej pracy.

5

Preliminary estimation of some lapping parameters influence on temperature rise of the single disc lapping machine executory system components

Molenda J., Barylski A.

Journal of KONES

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2008

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Vol. 15, No. 2

339-345

EN

The paper presents the results of preliminary researches of lapping machine executory system components temperature rise. Temperature rise is caused by lapping grains activities in working gap. Due to lapping process nature, during considering that problem, whole executory system should be taken account, not only the workpiece. The influence of lapping parameters, like time, velocity and pressure, on executory system elements temperature rise was investigated. The goal was to confirm the correlation between those parameters. The measurements were made during steel sample working, with single disc lapping machine ABRALAP 380. For machining the abrasive slurry on the basis of aluminium oxide 95A number F600/9 was used. It was supplied periodically and manually. The temperature was measured by way of infrared camera V-20II series produced by VIGO System S.A. Conducted experiments confirmed correlation between basic lapping parameters and executory system temperature rise. Thanks to that, after next measurements, it will be possible to formulate equation which will be describing those correlations. It make easier automation of workpiece dimensions control still on lapping machine. Apart from that, in refer to attached bibliography, the temperature rise models were presented.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań rozpoznawczych procesu docierania w aspekcie wzrostu temperatury elementów układu wykonawczego docierarki. Temperatura rośnie na skutek pracy mikroziaren ściernych w szczelinie roboczej. Charakter procesu sprawia, że zagadnienie to należy rozpatrywać w całym układzie wykonawczym obrabiarki, a nie tylko w zakresie samego przedmiotu obrabianego. Temperaturę mierzono zdalnie, wykorzystując kamerę termograficzną serii V-20 II firmy VIGO System S.A. Obróbkę prowadzono na docierarce ABRALAP 380, przeznaczonej do obróbki pojedynczych powierzchni płaskich. Wykonane badania obejmowały ocenę wpływu podstawowych parametrów procesu, jak czas, prędkość, naciski i twardość materiału obrabianego na wzrost temperatury elementów układu wykonawczego. Ich celem było otwierdzenie istnienia współzależności pomiędzy tymi parametrami. Prowadzone były w trakcie docierania próbki stalowej oraz próbek z ceramiki technicznej. Do obróbki użyto ścierniwa na bazie elektrokorudu zwykłego o numerze F600/9, które dawkowano ręcznie (okresowo). Wykonane badania potwierdziły jednoznacznie współzależność pomiędzy podstawowymi parametrami obróbki a wzrostem temperatury. Dzięki temu, po przeprowadzeniu dalszych prób, możliwe będzie ilościowe ujęcie tych zależności, co w kolejnych etapach umożliwi automatyzację procesu kontroli wymiarowej przedmiotów obrobionych jeszcze na obrabiarce.