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1

Indigenous people’s approach to woody plant species conservation in selected spots in Abia State, Southeastern Nigeria

Asuoha Godson Chinonyerem, Okafor Uchenna Paulinus, Onyekwelu Chukwuemeka Anthony, Ayadiuno Romanus Udegbunam, Phil-Eze Philip Ogbonnia

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

164--169

EN

The 15th of United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aims to protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. This paper investigates the approach adopted by indigenous peoples for conservation of woody plant species diversity in some selected spots in Abia State, Southeastern Nigeria. Relying on mixed method approach to research, data collection comprising field observation, ground truthing, plant species inventory, and key-informant interviews and analysis of data, two spots were purposively sampled, one from each of the two LGAs; Mbom in Bende LGA and Amangwu in Ohafia Local Government Area (LGA). A 50 × 20 m quadrat was sampled from each site, from where plant species inventory was undertaken. Shannon- Wiener diversity index (H’) was used to analyse the data. The result of Shannon–Wiener diversity index, shows that the diversity indices of the plant species for the two sites were 3.20 (Mbom) and 3.95 (Amangwu) respectively. The people of Bende and Ohafia LGAs employ some traditional laws to ensure conservation of woody plant species so as to achieve goal 15th of the SDGs. This paper advocates sustenance of those traditional laws that encourage conservation of woody plant species in the study area with enforceable sanctions to deter defaulters.

2

Stream flow dynamics under current and future land cover conditions in Atsela Watershed, Northern Ethiopia

Gebretekle Haftu, Nigusse Amare Gebremedhin, Demissie Biadgilgn

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 1

305--318

EN

The aim of the present study was to detect land cover change for the last three decades and estimate its impact on stream flow dynamics under the current and future scenarios. Landsat satellite imageries were used for land cover classification for selected years (1987, 2002 and 2017). The effect of land cover change on stream flow was evaluated using SWAT model, and its performance was tested. The findings indicated significant land cover changes in the last three decades. Coverage of cultivated land (17%) and bare land (1%) in 1987 increased rapidly to 43 and 17% in 2017. Furthermore, there was 70% agreement between observed and simulated stream flow in both the calibration and validation phases. The stream flow of the watershed was changing significantly in response to land cover dynamics. The evaluation of hydrological response due to land cover change showed a monthly mean stream flow decrease by 12.7 m3 /s (−38%) in 1987 and 2017 in dry months. Nevertheless, it showed a monthly mean stream flow increase by 53.06 m3 /s (23%) in wet months. Similarly, between the years 2017 and 2047, the stream flow was estimated to increase by 42.84 m3 /s (15%) for wet months and a decrease by 13.52 m3 /s (−66%) for dry months. Generally, it can be concluded that land cover changes have significant impact on stream flow. Hence, establishing strong land use and water resource policies is an essential means for better evaluation and monitoring of water resource in the study area.

3

Phenology of the Alien Invasive Plant Species Prosopis juliflora in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas in Response to Climate Variability and Some Perspectives for Its Control in Ethiopia

Shiferaw Wakshum, Bekele Tamrat, Demissew Sebsebe, Aynekulu Ermias

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 1

37--46

EN

This study aims to (i) evaluate the phenology of Prosopis juliflora (Prosopis), (ii) investigate the effects of climate variability (temperature and precipitation) on the phenology of Prosopis, and (iii) assess the critical months of seed dispersal for the species management. Monthly data for phenology events: leafing, flowering, green and mature pods were collected from 8 stems of Prosopis trees at each of two localities in Ethiopia during 2016/2017. In Amibara district we found that relative abundances of green leaves, flowering, green pods, and mature pods were 91, 15, 9, and 2% in order. However, these were less than by 8, 53, 91, and 90%, respectively in Awash Fenatle district. The lowest proportions of mature and green pods were recorded in the dry season and the highest in the spring season. We recorded the highest and lowest relative abundances of flowering between November and December, and January and February, respectively. In this study, both temperature (F = 2.01, P = 0.04) and precipitation (F = 2.85, P = 0.01) had shown significant effects on the relative abundances of green leaves but insignificant effects on other phenology stages. Higher green leaf abundances were recorded during high rainfall, whereas lower abundances of leaves were recorded in high temperatures. But, the relative abundances of Prosopis leaves showed inconsistent with the variations of precipitation. Thus, awareness creation for stake holders about the phenology calendar of Prosopis should be given to abandon the invasiveness of the species towards the prime grazing lands in the region.

4

Post-Industrial Areas Management, Evaluation of the Area’s Suitability for Redevelopment – Case Study

Michalski Krzysztof

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 3, Iss. 1

657--667

EN

The transformation of the Polish economy during the period of its transformation from a planned socialist economy into a market economy resulted, among others, in the emergence of a large number of post-industrial areas which are no longer used. Located often in developed urban areas, with many disadvantages such as contamination or unstable ownership status, they are not of interest to investors. Exploiting the potential they undoubtedly have would in many cases require the investment of considerable resources, but in order for these to be allocated to the investment, the investor expects to gain complete knowledge of the character and specificity of the place. The article is an example of a preliminary analysis of a selected post-industrial area, which helps to outline the direction of future area redevelopment.

5

Effectivity test of an eco-friendly sediment trap model as a strategy to control erosion on agricultural land

Haribowo Riyanto, Andawayanti Ussy, Lufira Rahmah Dara

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2019

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no. 42

76--82

EN

A sediment trap with bamboo materials can be utilized as one alternative of eco-friendly technology to reduce the erosion that occurred on agricultural land. This study aims to determine the most efficient form of that sediment trap in the field. Location study is in the Tulungrejo Village, Batu, Indonesia, which has andosol soil type and 35 cases of a landslide in 2013. Three forms of sediment traps were used (square, trapezoidal, and stratified type) with the purpose to find the most effective form. It is obtained that the most effective sediment trap is a stratified form with the 31.91% effectiveness or able to withstand sediment of 25.02 kg, while the adequate number is two pieces with the ability to withstand the most considerable sediment of (91.70%). Therefore this stratified form of sediment traps is effective in erosion prevention on agricultural land in the study area. For further development, it is required to test out the variations of the contents in a broader area with a more varied level of the slope.

PL

Pułapka z bambusu do wychwytywania osadów może być używana na terenach rolniczych do ograniczenia erozji jako jedna z alternatywnych technologii przyjaznych środowisku. Miejscem badań była wieś Tulungrejo, Batu w Indonezji. W badaniach terenowych podjęto próbę określenia najbardziej efektywnej pułapki spośród trzech form: kwadratowej, trapezoidalnej i warstwowej. Najlepsza okazała się pułapka warstwowa o skuteczności 31,91%, zdolna zatrzymać osad o masie 25,02 kg. Zestawienie dwóch takich pułapek dało skuteczność 91,70%. Warstwowa forma pułapek jest więc skuteczna w zapobieganiu erozji z terenów rolniczych na obszarze prowadzonych badań. W przyszłych pracach należy przeprowadzić podobne testy na innych obszarach o bardziej zróżnicowanej rzeźbie terenu.

6

Effectiveness and sustainability of remedial actions for land restoration in Abeokuta urban communities, Ogun state, Nigeria

Lawal-Abedowale O. A.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 32

53--61

EN

The destructive impact of land degradation on social and economic endeavours of the residents of certain urban areas of Abeokuta communities in Ogun State, Nigeria calls for remedial actions to restoring the affected land areas. This becomes essential in order to ensure safe inhabitation and enhanced socioeconomic engagements of the residents. Taken remedial actions in this regard included the use of sandbags, debris and wood logs, rubbles and stones, construction of contours and drainages. While each of these actions, in one way or the other, effectively improves the degraded land, it was concluded that the use of rubbles and stones, and drainage construction were sustainably durable for land restoration on the premise that these actions does not allow for water logging or flooding in of the study area. It was however recommended that these sustainable remedial actions should rather be pro-actively taken for prevention of land degradation than being taken as degraded land restoration actions basically because it is much cheaper to prevent environmental degradation than to have the degraded land restored.

PL

Destrukcyjny wpływ degradacji ziemi na socjalne i ekonomiczne przedsięwzięcia mieszkańców niektórych obszarów miejskich w Abeokuta w stanie Ogun w Nigerii wymaga podjęcia działań naprawczych w celu przywrócenia odpowiedniej jakości przekształconym obszarom. Jest to ważne ze względu na bezpieczeństwo i większe społeczno-ekonomiczne zaangażowanie mieszkańców. Działania naprawcze podjęte w tym zakresie obejmowały użycie worków z piaskiem, gruzu, kłód drewnianych i kamieni oraz tworzenie spadków i budowę drenaży. Choć każda z tych akcji w jakiś sposób wydajnie polepsza jakość zdegradowanej ziemi, stwierdzono, że użycie gruzu i kamieni oraz budowa konstrukcji drenarskich były odpowiednie do rekultywacji ziemi na tym obszarze, pod warunkiem że działania te nie doprowadzą do wysycenia ziemi wodą lub do zalania terenu. Zalecono jednak, aby działania naprawcze były raczej podejmowane w celu zapobiegania degradacji ziem niż ich rekultywacji, ponieważ dużo taniej jest zapobiegać degradacji niż rekultywować już zdegradowane tereny.

7

1D resistivity inversion technique in the mapping of igneous intrusives; a step to sustainable quarry development

Nwachukwu M. A., Nwosu L. I., Uzoije P. A., Nwoko C. A.

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2017

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Vol. 16, iss. 4

127--138

EN

The use of trial pits as a first step in quarry site development causes land degradation and results in more failure than success for potential quarry investors in some parts of the world. In this paper, resistivity, depth and distance values derived from 26 Vertical Electric Soundings (VES) and 2 profiling inversion sections were successfully used to evaluate a quarry site prior to development. The target rock Diabase (Dolerite) was observed and it had a resistivity range of 3.0 x 10⁴ - 7. 8 x 10⁶ Ω-m, and was clearly distinguishable from associated rocks with its bright red color code on the AGI 1D inversion software. This target rock was overlain by quartzite, indurate shale and mudstone as overburden materials. The quartzite, with its off-red colour, has a resistivity range of 2.0 x 10³-2.9 x 10⁵ Ω-m, while the indurate shale, with a yellowish-brown colour, showed resistivity values ranging from 6.1 x 10² - 2.8 x 10⁵ Ω-m. Topsoil was clayey, with a resistivity range from 8 - 8.6 x 10²u Ω-m and depths of 0.3-1.8 m, often weathered and replaced by associated rocks outcrops. The diabase rock, in the three prospective pits mapped, showed thicknesses of between 40 and 76 m across the site. The prospective pits were identified to accommodate an estimated 2,569,450 tonnes of diabase with an average quarry pit depth of 50 m. This figure was justified by physical observations made at a nearby quarry pit and from test holes. Communities were able to prepare a geophysical appraisal of the intrusive body in their domain for economic planning and sustainability of the natural resource.

8

Ocena zanieczyszczeń terenów zdegradowanych z wykorzystaniem informacji przestrzennej na przykładzie przemysłu hutniczego

Rozpondek R., Rozpondek K., Kacprzak M.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 3

106--113

PL

Celem badań była ocena stopnia zanieczyszczeń metalami ciężkimi fragmentu terenu zalesionego o powierzchni 147 ha (1050 x 1400 m) znajdującego się w okolicy Huty Cynku „Miasteczko Śląskie”, dla potrzeb procesów rekultywacji lub monitoringu. W badaniach zastosowano system GIS. W marcu 2016 roku zaplanowano regularną sieć 29 punktów pomiarowych. Na każdym z punktów pobrano dwie próbki gleb z wierzchniej warstwy gleby 0 – 20cm. Zostały one poddane analizom pod kątem pH, zawartości substancji organicznej i metali ciężkich (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb i Zn). Wartości pH wahały się między 3,7 a 7,9, materii organicznej 0,8 – 47,1% suchej masy próbki, As 0 – 32,5 mg/kg, Ba 14 – 804 mg/kg, Cd 0 – 19 mg/kg, Cu 3 – 58 mg/kg, Pb 22 – 1893 mg/kg, Zn 36 – 1377 mg/kg. W badanych próbkach nie wykryto niklu. Wykonano rozkłady przestrzenne analizowanych elementów. Stwierdzono znaczną rozpiętość wartości i zróżnicowanie przestrzenne danych. Następnie na podstawie Rozporządzenia Ministra Środowiska z dnia 1 września 2016 r. w sprawie sposobu prowadzenia oceny zanieczyszczenia powierzchni ziemi wytypowano tereny zanieczyszczone metalami ciężkimi. Przyjęto dwie różne dopuszczalne wartości stężeń: pierwsze zgodne z faktycznym sposobem użytkowania gruntu (dopuszczalne wartości dla grupy III – tereny zalesione) oraz drugie związane z ewentualnym podjęciem działań mających na celu zmianę sposobu zagospodarowania terenu (dopuszczalne wartości dla grupy I – tereny zabudowy mieszkaniowej, tereny rekreacyjne). Na podstawie wygenerowanych modeli wyznaczono i obliczono pole powierzchni obszarów, które zawierają wartości wyższe niż dopuszczone w przytoczonym rozporządzeniu. W przypadku grupy III wartości przekroczyły: Zn (obszar 0,9 ha), Pb (46,4 ha) i Cd (27,8 ha). Dla grupy I: As (0,3 ha), Ba (10,2 ha), Cd (53,9 ha), Pb (120,8 ha) i Zn (20,2 ha). Stężenia Ni i Cu były niższe niż wartości dopuszczalne. W pracy wyznaczono także strefy o najwyższych zawartościach metali ciężkich. Dodatkowo zaplanowano sieć monitoringu ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zanieczyszczeń punktowych.

EN

The aim of this study was to evaluate soil contamination by heavy metals of selected area in the vicinity of the Zinc Smelter „Miasteczko Śląskie” (surface area: 147 ha, 1050 x 1400 meters) for purpose of future reclamation, remediation and monitoring. The study used GIS. Network of 29 measuring points was planned, with particular emphasis on the area with the least amount of pure vegetation. In March 2016, two samples of soil were taken from the top layer of soil 0 – 20cm. Samples were analyzed in terms of pH, soil organic matter and total heavy metal content (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). Values of pH maintained in range of 3,7 – 7,9, organic matter 0,8 – 47,1% of solid content, As 0 – 32,5 mg/kg, Ba 14 – 804 mg/kg, Cd 0 – 19 mg/kg, Cu 3 – 58 mg/kg, Pb 22 – 1893 mg/ kg, Zn 36 – 1377 mg/kg. In collected samples Ni was not detected. Spatial distributions of results were created. A significant data range and spatial diﬀerentiation was noted. On the base of the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment from September 1st, 2016 on the method of conducting the assessment of contamination of the surface of the earth, areas contaminated with heavy metals were selected. Two diﬀerent concentration limits were adopted: first in accordance with the actual method of land use (permissible values for group III – woodland) and second relating to the possible undertaking of measures targeted at changing the land use (limit values for Group I – residential areas, recreational areas). On the basis of the generated models, the area of the surface size that contains values higher than allowed in the quoted regulation were determined and calculated. In case of group III the values were exceeded for: Zn (surface area 0,9 ha), Pb (46,4 ha) and Cd (27,8 ha). For group I: As (0,3 ha), Ba (10,2 ha), Cd (53,9 ha), Pb (120,8 ha) and Zn (20,2 ha). The concentrations of Ni and Cu were lower than the limit value. The paper also determined zones with the highest contents of heavy metals. In addition, a monitoring network with a special focus of area pollution was advised.

9

GIS in the Studies of Soil and Water Environment

Rozpondek R., Wancisiewicz K., Kacprzak M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 3

134--142

EN

GIS with the geostatistics are more frequently-used technique in environmental studies. Providing spatial information creates a possibility to place the results in space. Spatial information significantly affects the credibility and quality of research projects. It can be useful in determining certain relationships between monitoring and reclamation of degraded areas and to minimize and evaluate the costs related to environmental pollution. On the basis of practical and scientific examples, potential methods of applications of GIS and geostatistical methods in the study of water and soil environment was presented.

10

Land Sensitivity Analysis of Degradation using MEDALUS model : Case Study of Deliblato Sands, Serbia

Kadović R., Bohajar Y. A. M., Perović V., Simić S. B., Todosijević M., Tošić S., Anđelić M., Mlađan D., Dovezenski U.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 4

114--124

EN

This paper studies the assessment of sensitivity to land degradation of Deliblato sands (the northern part of Serbia), as a special nature reserve. Sandy soils of Deliblato sands are highly sensitive to degradation (given their fragility), while the system of land use is regulated according to the law, consisting of three zones under protection. Based on the MEDALUS approach and the characteristics of the study area, four main factors were considered for evaluation: soil, climate, vegetation and management. Several indicators affecting the quality of each factor were identified. Each indicator was quantified according to its quality and given a weighting of between 1.0 and 2.0. ArcGIS 9 was utilized to analyze and prepare the layers of quality maps, using the geometric mean to integrate the individual indicator map. In turn, the geometric mean of all four quality indices was used to generate sensitivity of land degradation status map. Results showed that 56.26% of the area is classified as critical; 43.18% as fragile; 0.55% as potentially affected and 0.01% as not affected by degradation. The values of vegetation quality index, expressed as coverage, diversity of vegetation functions and management policy during the protection regime are clearly represented through correlation coefficient (0.87 and 0.47).

11

The human impact on soil erosion and gul ling in the Moldavian Plateau, Romania

Ionita I.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 17

71-73

EN

Soil erosion, gullying and landslides have been recognized as the major environmental threats in the Moldavian Plateau of Eastern Romania. Five stages of land degradation over the last two centuries can be depicted, namely:i) a preparing stage for future land degradation (1829–1999) when the most dynamic change of the native landscape was recorded; ii) a transitory stage (1900–1920) associated with the extension of the cultivated land up to 48% of the total area; iii) the climax stage (1921–1970) defined by both the traditional up and down hill farming and the peak rate of land degradation during 1960's; iv) a decreasing tendency of land degradation (1971-1990) as a result of the extension of conservation practices and the rainfall pattern; v) the present-day revival of land degradation associated to the Act no. 18/1991 when up and down hill farming under small plots is on the screen again. The main objective of this study was to define the process:based erosion and sedimentation by providing quantitative information from long-term field measurements in small catchments.

12

Short to medium - term gully development : Human activity and gully erosion variability in selected Spanish gully catchments

Marzolff I., Poesen J., Ries J. B.

Landform Analysis

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2011

|

Vol. 17

111-116

EN

This study investigates how medium-term gully-development data differ from short-term data, and which factors are responsible for their spatial and temporal variability. Eight actively retreating bank gullies situated in Spanish basin landscapes were monitored for up to 11 years with high-resolution aerial photographs using unmanned remote-controlled platforms. The results of planimetric and volumetric change analysis using GIS and photogrammetry systems show a high variability of annual gully retreat rates both between gullies and between observation periods. The varying influences of land use and human activities with their positive or negative effects on runoff production and connectivity appears to play the most important role in these study areas, both for short-term variability and medium-term difference in gully development. The study demonstrates the importance of capturing spatially continuous, high-resolution three-dimensional data for detailed gully monitoring. It also confirms that short-term data are not representative of longer-term gully development, but they are still required to understand the processes - particularly human activity at varying time scales - causing gully-erosion variability.

13

The effects of protective enclosure on vegetation diversity, and productivity of degraded alpine Kobresia meadow (Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau)

Li S., Wang Q., Jing Z., Wang W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 3

495-502

EN

Grassland degradation due to anthropogenic and natural factors and their interactions is one of the worldwide ecological and economic problems because it reduces grassland productivity and diversity and leads to desertification. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of protective enclosure on vegetation composition and diversity and plant biomass of an alpine degraded meadow. The experiment was conducted at center of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau with two degraded (caused by overgrazing) alpine meadows: the lightly and severely degraded ones (LD and SD) and their enclosed areas with iron net (LDE and SDE, respectively). The areas 200 m x 150 m for each of four degraded alpine meadow treatments at average altitude 3,960 m a.s.l. were set for research. The lightly degraded plots were dominated by Scirpus distigmaticus (Kukenth.) Tang et Wang, Elymus nutans Griseb. and Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge. The dominating plants in severely degraded plots were: Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart ex Willd, Ajania tenuifolia (Jacq.) Tzvel, Lonicera minuta Batal. The results showed: (1) the vegetation cover of two degraded plots (LD and SD) has increased after taking the enclosure measures and the forbs dominated both plots. (2) Species richness has also increased in two enclosed degraded plots, respectively. There no significant differences in evenness and diversity between LD and LDE, and SD and SDE, respectively. (3) Enclosure may promote aboveground biomass, particularly grass and forb biomass in LD, and forb biomass in SD plots.

14

Zastosowanie GIS i metod teledetekcji do oceny degradacji środowiska przyrodniczego południowego skłonu Wyżyny Meghalaya, Indie

Prokop P.

Teledetekcja Środowiska

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2008

|

T. 40

28--52

15

Wpływ płytkiej eksploatacji na powierzchnię na przykładzie kopalni gipsu w Dzierżysławiu

Preidl W., Wójcik A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Górnictwo / Politechnika Śląska

|

2007

|

z. 276

139-149

PL

Kopalnia podziemna w Dzierżysławiu w województwie opolskim prowadziła do połowy lat 70. XX w. eksploatację złoża gipsów mioceńskich. Zlokalizowana w okolicach Kietrza na obszarze Bramy Morawskiej była jednym z nielicznych zakładów w Polsce, który eksploatował surowce budowlane metodami głębinowymi - systemem komorowym. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ tej eksploatacji na stopień zdegradowania terenu oraz możliwości jego wykorzystania do celów gospodarczych.

EN

Underground gypsum mine in Dzierżysław exploited Miocene gypsum deposit till middle 70. of the 20* century. Located nearby Kietrz in the area of Morawska Gate was one of the very few plants in Poland that used mining methods (so called 'chamber system') of extracting building materials. The article presents influence of gypsum exploration on land's degradation level and possibilities of its usage for economic purposes.

16

Wpływ intensywnej eksploatacji górniczej na sieć wodno - kanalizacyjną na wybranym przykładzie

Strzałkowski P.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Górnictwo / Politechnika Śląska

|

2007

|

z. 276

151-160

PL

W pracy przedstawiono propozycję analizy wpływów dokonanej eksploatacji górniczej na obiekty powierzchniowe, na przykładzie sieci wodnokanalizacyjnej. Propozycja ta odnosi się do przypadków, gdy w rejonie nie prowadzono pomiarów geodezyjnych lub gdy ich zakres był niewystarczający.

EN

The proposal of analysis of mining extraction influences on surface structures on the example of sewerage system. This proposal relates to cases, when results of geodetic measurements from considered area are unavailable.

17

Praktyczny przykład określania prognozowanej prędkości osiadania powierzchni terenu w rejonie projektowanej intensywnej eksploatacji górniczej

Ścigała R.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Górnictwo / Politechnika Śląska

|

2007

|

z. 276

173-181

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przykład realizacji prognozy wpływów, mającej na celu ustalenie prędkości osiadania powierzchni terenu w rejonie projektowanej, intensywnej eksploatacji. Analizę wykonano biorąc pod uwagę warunki panujące w jednej z kopalń GZW.

EN

The example of prognosis has been shown aiming at determination of subsidence speed in the area of planned intensive underground extraction. The analysis has been worked out for conditions of one of Upper Silesia Basin coal mine.

18

Środowiskowe i gospodarcze problemy spowodowane degradacją terenów w Górnośląskim Zagłębiu Węglowym

Santorius P., Białecka B., Grabowski J.

Prace Naukowe GIG. Górnictwo i Środowisko / Główny Instytut Górnictwa

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2007

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nr 1

85-99

PL

Efektem prowadzenia eksploatacji górniczej jest degradacja powierzchni ziemi w jej zasięgu. Degradacja powierzchni ziemi na terenach górniczych kopalń węgla kamiennego przejawia się głównie jako degradacja fizyczna, a jej uciążliwość sprowadza się zasadniczo do ograniczeń w zagospodarowywaniu powierzchni ziemi, a szczególnie do ograniczeń w zabudowie. Jest to szczególnie niekorzystne z uwagi na gospodarkę, ponieważ w istotny sposób ogranicza ponowne wprowadzenie terenu do obrotu gospodarczego. Górnośląskie Zagłębie Węglowe (GZW) jest położone na terenie dwóch państw - Polski i Czech, interesujące zatem jest porównanie problemów środowiskowych generowanych przez górnictwo w obu krajach, w tym szczególnie dotyczących terenów zdegradowanych. Tereny zdegradowane przez przemysł wydobywczy zajmują w GZW dużą powierzchnię, w małym tylko stopniu wykorzystywaną, stąd ważna dla ratowania ekosystemu, zgodnie z zasadą zrównoważonego rozwoju, jest rekultywacja i rewitalizacja tych obszarów. Rekultywacja i rewitalizacja terenów górniczych po zaprzestaniu działalności górniczej zarówno w Polsce, jak i w Czechach, stanowi poważny problem ekonomiczny, techniczny i społeczny, rozwiązanie którego powinno stanowić jedno z głównych zadań polityki ekologicznej. W artykule przedstawiono różny sposób podejścia do zagospodarowania terenów przemysłowych, zależny od uwarunkowań lokalnych, krajowego prawodawstwa oraz warunków społeczno-ekonomicznych. Podano także przykłady rozwiązań technicznych z zakresu rekultywacji i rewitalizacji terenów zdegradowanych, mogące stanowić rozwiązania modelowe do rozpowszechnienia w krajach sąsiednich.

EN

An effect of conducting mining works is a degradation of ground surface in their range. Degradation of ground surface on mining terrains of hard coal mines manifests mainly as physical degradation, and its ardousness reduces mainly to limitations of the ground surface management, and particularly to limitations in building engineering. It is particularly unfavourable for economy reasons, because it restricts in an essential way a re-introduction of such terrain to economic turnover. Upper Silesia Coal Basin (GZW) lies on terrain of two states: Poland and Czech Republic. Therefore, it is of interest to compare environmental problems generated by mining in both the countries and in particular the ones related to the degraded terrains. Terrains degraded by mining industry occupy large areas of GZW, being used in small only degree. Therefore, the most important thing for saving the ecosystem, in accordance with rule of sustainable development, is the reclamation and revitalisation of these areas. The reclamation and revitalization of mining terrains after ceasing of mining activity both in Poland and Czech Republic constitutes a serious economic, technical and social problem, solution of which should become one of main targets of ecological policy.