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EN
In the contemporary world, problems related to the labor market have become one of the most important goals of the economic policy of highly developed countries. Creating new jobs, developing economies, improving lives of local communities focus a lot of attention economists, politicians and policy makers. Companies belonging tot the SMS sector are characterized by a high level of flexibility and mobility. SMEs operate mostly on local markets, easily adapt to the place, time and resources, are open to the technical and organizational progress. The article presents employment in the SME sector in Poland and the EU including labor costs. The increase in employment directly translates into the improvement of the social situation and the standard of living of the inhabitants in regions. It also stimulates economic growth and creates the largest number of new jobs.
PL
We współczesnym świecie problemy związane z rynkiem pracy stały się jednym z najważniejszych celów polityki gospodarczej krajów wysoko rozwiniętych. Tworzenie nowych miejsc pracy, rozwój gospodarek, poprawa życia społeczności lokalnych, pozostaje w centrum uwagi ekonomistów, polityków, decydentów. Przedsiębiorstwa należące do sektora MSP charakteryzują się duża elastycznością i mobilnością. MSP działają najczęściej na rynkach lokalnych, łatwo dostosowują się do miejsca, czasu i zasobów, są otwarte na postęp techniczny i organizacyjny. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie roli sektora MSP dla rozwoju gospodarki regionalnej. W artykule przedstawiono zatrudnienie w sektorze MSP w Polsce i UE z uwzględnieniem kosztów pracy. Wzrost zatrudnienia bezpośrednio przekłada się na poprawę sytuacji społecznej oraz poziom życia mieszkańców w regionach. Przedsiębiorstwa te stymulując wzrost gospodarczy tworzą największą ilość nowych miejsce pracy.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę analizy udziału kosztów robocizny w całkowitych kosztach naprawy na przykładzie wyselekcjonowanego segmentu rynkowego. W celu ukazania wzajemnych zależności rozważania uzupełniono o autorskie symulacje hipotetycznych kosztów napraw. Zamierzeniem artykułu jest wykazanie, iż pomimo wzrostu dostępności rynkowej do różnych kategorii części zamiennych na polskim rynku naprawczym udział robocizny w całkowitych kosztach naprawy samochodów osobowych jest wciąż wymowny.
EN
The article attempts to analyze the share of labor costs in total costs of repair on the example of selected market segments of passenger cars in Poland. In order to demonstrate the interdependence considerations supplemented by copyright simulations of hypothetical cost of repairs. The intention of this article is to demonstrate that, despite the increase in availability of various alternative spare parts to repair the Polish market share of labor in total cost of repair of cars in Poland is still meaningful.
3
Content available remote Wpływ kosztów pracy na formę zatrudnienia
EN
The article presents the impact of labor costs on the possibility of using alternative forms of employment. Flexible employment is often dictated by labor costs, which occupy a very importan position in economic and social terms. They have a decisive influence on the amount of remuneration as well as the number of employees in the company. These elements depend on each other because labor costs should be directly proportional to the level of wages.
PL
Polska, będąc krajem UE, powinna realizować podstawowe cele tej Wspólnoty, którymi są: dobrobyt, pokój, demokracja i prawa człowieka, co powinno oznaczać w praktyce przekładanie się wzrostu gospodarczego na wzrost poziomu życia ogółu mieszkańców kraju oraz tworzenie egalitarnego społeczeństwa. Kierując się tym założeniem, treścią artykułu uczyniono analizę płac minimalnych w Polsce na tle krajów UE. W drodze tej analizy ustalono, że poziom płac minimalnych w Polsce pozostaje w całym okresie transformacji gospodarki, w relacji w szczególności do krajów UE-15, na bardzo niskim poziomie i nie spełnia wymogu płacy godziwej. Poza tym tak niskiego poziomu płac minimalnych w Polsce nie uzasadniają ani koszty pracy, ani czas pracy, ani też wydajność pracy.
EN
Poland being an EU country should achieve the basic objectives of the Community, such as: prosperity, peace, democracy and human rights, which should mean in practice transferring economic growth into increase of living standards of the country population and creating of an egalitarian society. Guided by this assumption the subject of the paper is to analyze the minimum wages in Poland in comparison with the EU countries. By this analysis it was found that the level of minimum wages in Poland stays throughout the whole period of the economy transformation, particularly in relation to the EU-15, at a very low level and does not meet the requirement of fair wages. Besides the fact that such a low level of minimum wages in Poland cannot be justified by labor costs, neither labor time nor labor productivity.
5
Content available remote Wpływ postępu technicznego i innowacyjności na koszty pracy
EN
Technological advances, particularly in innovative activity are important determinants of contemporary economic and social activities. They result in lower production costs, including labour costs. These effects are not materially significant. This follows from the fact that trends in the costs of businesses are the result of both factors leading to their growth and reduction. The increase in labor costs is due to an increase in labour productivity, laws, labour market, pressures for workers and trade unions. Technological progress and innovation, in addition to measures enforced by competition, are undoubtedly those factors which contribute to their relative decrease.
EN
This article presents the attempt to analyze labour costs under the contract of employment and alternative forms of employment. As is clear from the analysis, the greatest impact on labour costs in any organization is the level of basic salary under a contract of employment. From the perspective of the employer is carrying the most expensive form of employment for a range of obligations to the employee arising from the provisions of the Labour Code.
7
Content available remote Koszty pracy na tle kosztów całkowitych w przedsiębiorstwie
EN
Total costs of economic activity conducted by an enterprise comprise of factors of production costs engaged in the production maintenance. Total works labour costs are a component of enterprise overheads. They play an important role in the effectiveness estimation. Enterprise is obligated to conduct detailed multiranged analyses of works labour costs. The result of these analyses allow streamlining of labour costs, which is often treated as one of enterprise's development factor.
EN
Costs born by an economic unit to get, maintain and utilize of labour resourcer form the entire costs of labour. These costs - being the part of total costs of labour - are the indicator of its economic-financial standing. In this chapter efficiency, labour-absorbing and operational indicators have been discussed.
9
Content available The assessment of "Jatropha" as raw material for BDF
EN
Prevention of global warming is becoming urgent issue and "biofuel" gathering worldwide attention has been put into practical use not only in US, EU, Brazil or other countries but in Japan. As for its impact on environment, however, evaluation still varies including aninfluence on global economy, for example food price crisis that might have been caused by competition with food. In the previous study [1], one of the authors pointed out that "bio-ethanol" from crops is never "carbon neutra", that means the production and use of the fuel does not lead to a net increase in atmospheric CO concentration, nor useful as a countermeasure against global warming. The "second-generatio" of bio-fuel made from nonfood biomass has attracted much attention especially after the Hokkaido Toyako G8 summit held in November 2008. Among various plants or biomass materials, "Jatropha" has come to the front as one of the most promising candidates for future bio-diesel production. In fact, there are many plans or projects aiming at large scale cultivating Jatropha for bio-diesel oil production in several African or Southeast-Asian countries. However, it should be pointed out that there are too many unknown factors still remaining that are important in practical use of Jatropha oil, for example, productivity as well as sustainability, long-term impact of its large-scale use on soil quality, practical costs of the oil and so on. In this study, an assessment on the validity of Jatropha production was tried as quantitatively as possible using the data obtained from a field survey in Indonesia conducted by the authors in January and March of 2009. Although LCI data for LCA calculations obtained was very limited, the true reality of the situation about Jatropha could substantially be demonstrated to some extent. The main point was that the oil cost was dominated mainly by labor costs, because many work operations could not be mechanized and inevitably be manual handling tasks. In many cases, the labor costs could not be covered by the income from the Jatropha oil (or seed) due to the low productivity of the biomass, whereas the prime cost of the biodiesel oil was rather high expensive compared with fossil fuel.
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