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1
Content available remote Impact of water mist extinguisher construction on parameters of generated drops
EN
The paper analyses the impact that the construction of water mist extinguishers exerts on the size of generated drops. The test was based on the examination of three extinguishers of two producers, which have been available in the market in recent years. The test was carried out with the use of the IPS Drop Spectrum Analyzer (DSA). The device operates by using the photoelectric method to measure the parameters of the extinguishing stream microstructure. There were two measuring ranges: 0_1 414 μm and 0_2 658 μm. The test results present mean diameters of the generated drops, aggregated curves representative of their share as well as the analysis of the quality of spraying the extinguishing medium. The tests have shown that two out of three tested extinguishers do not generate water mist with standard parameters at a distance of 170 cm. The smallest mean diameters of drops were generated by extinguisher B, whereas the biggest ones by extinguisher C The highest level of spraying among all samples was found for extinguisher B. It’s Sauter diameter mean amounted to 564.03 μm. Further, it was shown what impact the construction of water mist extinguishers exerts on the size of generated drops.
PL
Przeprowadzomo symulacje numeryczne CFD z wykorzystaniem modeli przepływów wielofazowych Mixture i Eulerian w celu wyznaczenia pola przepływu, rozkładu ułamka objętościowego fazy rozproszonej i własności burzliwości w mieszalniku statycznym typu Kenics. Zbadano czułość obu modeli na wielkość kropel. Oba modele przewidują podobne wartości szybkości dyssypacji energii dla różnych rozmiarów kropel. Model Eulerian przewiduje kilkanaście procent wyższe wartości szybkości dyssypacji energii. Na podstawie wyznaczonej szybkości dyssypacji energii określono rozmiary kropel uzyskiwanych w mieszalniku.
EN
CFD numerical simulations using Mixture and Two-fluid models of multiphase flows were performed to determine flow field, distribution of dispersed phase volume fraction, and turbulence properties in Kenics static mixer. Sensitivity of both models to drop size was investigated. Both models predict similar values of energy dissipation rate for droplets of different size. Two-fluid model predicts over 10% larger values of energy dissipation rate. Calculated values of energy dissipation rate were used to predict sizes of drops produced in the mixer.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych nad oporami przepływu dwufazowego dla rozpylaczy wirowych z dwoma króćcami wlotowymi. Określono wpływ wysokości i średnicy komory mieszania na wartość współczynnika wypływu oraz wpływ parametrów pracy rozpylacza i jego konstrukcji na wielkości powstających kropel oraz ich rozkład w strudze. Zaproponowano równanie korelacyjne pozwalające przewidzieć wartości współczynnika wypływu.
EN
The results of experimental study on two-phase flow resistance for swirl atomizers with two inlet ports are presented. The effect of height and diameter of the mixing chamber on a value of discharge coefficient and the effect of atomizer design and operating parameters on the size of droplets and their size distribution were determined. The equation for the prediction of discharge coefficient values is also proposed.
EN
The paper presents a short description of the model of the phenomenon of droplet spreading in presence of a liquid film, as well as the experimental facility, calculations methodology and results of experimental research concerning determination of the boundary angle at which droplet begins to slide on the horizontal or inclined surface of the plate. Values of boundary angle have been applied to estimate the microscopic dynamic advanced angle of the droplet on the flat surface in presence of a liquid film.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono porównanie wyników obliczeń modelowych przebiegu chłodzenia i zamarzania kropel roztworów wodnych podczas zamrażania rozpyłowego z danymi doświadczalnymi. Wykazano, że modelowanie przebiegu procesu zamrażania rozpyłowego w warunkach bardzo szybkiego spadku temperatury w układzie wymaga uwzględnienia zjawiska przechłodzenia kropel. Pominięcie tego zjawiska może prowadzić do znacznego przeszacowania przewidywań końcowych rozmiarów zamarzniętych kropel cieczy.
EN
A comparison of modeling calculation results dealing with liquid droplets' cooling and freezing during spray-freezing with experimental data is presented in this paper. It was found that the modeling of spray-freezing process in case of rapid temperature drop in the system requires taking into account the effect of liquid supercooling. Neglecting this effect may lead to the overesti-mation of final size of frozen droplets.
EN
The control and optimization of particulate and droplet processes is of critical importance in many chemical manufacturing processes. Such processes have traditionally been designed and optimized based on theoretical assumptions, primarily because it was impossible to experimentally measure the fundamentals of these processes in real time. However, with the development of advanced in situ process analyzers such as the FBRM* and PVM* technologies, the behavior of such processes can now be fully understood and optimized efficiently. A brief introduction to the technologies will be followed by some real industrial case studies focusing on their application to crystallization and droplet processes.
PL
Kontrola i optymalizacja procesów, prowadzonych w układach zawierających różnego typu cząstki i krople, ma decydujące znaczenie w wielu chemicznych procesach produkcyjnych. Procesy te tradycyjnie były projektowane i optymalizowane w oparciu o założenia teoretyczne przede wszystkim dlatego, że nie było możliwości eksperymentalnego mierzenia ich przebiegu w czasie rzeczywistym. Jednakże, wraz z rozwojem zaawansowanych analizatorów dla procesów in situ takich jak techniki FBRM® i PVM7reg; natura takich procesów może być teraz w pełni zrozumiana i skutecznie optymalizowana. Przedstawiono krótkie wprowadzenie do tych technik oparte na badaniach rzeczywistych przypadków przemysłowych, koncentrując się na ich zastosowaniu w procesach krystalizacji i układach zawierających krople.
PL
W niniejszej rozprawie skoncentrowano się przede wszystkim na analizie procesu oddziaływania strumienia kropel z powierzchnią ciała stałego w zakresie temperatur powierzchni ścianki niższych od temperatury nasycenia cieczy lub bliskich jej. Na podstawie literatury, uzupełnionej wynikami badań doświadczalnych, dokonano szczegółowej analizy procesu rozlewania się i odparowania kropli cieczy z powierzchni ciała stałego do "nieruchomego" powietrza atmosferycznego. W pracy opisano także szczegółowo proces rozlewania się i odparowania kropli cieczy z powierzchni ciała stałego, gdy układ kropla-ścianka omywany jest strumieniem powietrza.
EN
The work presents hydrodynamic and thermal processes that occur during the contact of a droplet stream and air with the solid body. The above processes are applied in technologies of coating surfaces of solid bodies with various substances, as well as in processes of cooling the heated surfaces of products and installations. The work consists of 9 chapters, literature on the subject, and annex. Chapter 1 contains a brief characteristic of two-phase flows, as well as aims and scope of the work, Chapter 2 presents methods of droplet formation, and physical mechanisms due to separation of droplets on the surface of solid body. Chapter 3 deals with mathematical description of the two-phase flow consisting of droplets and mixture of air and vapor. Chapter 4 is the basic part of work. The chapter deals with conditions of reaction between droplets and environment. Depending on the dynamics of droplet's dropping and of initial surface temperature, classification of behavior of particular droplets after their contact with the surface of solid body has been made. The chapter deals with physical mechanisms that are responsible for the processes of droplet*s spreading and evaporating. It gives a detailed presentation of droplet's evaporation process in conditions when surface is wetted by droplet. It has been proposed to divide the whole process into phases. Characteristic parameters describing the droplet*s spreading process (wetting angles, wetting coefficients) have been defined. The chapter shows the mathematical description of the droplet's spreading process on the surface of solid body. and it presents the own model of the phenomenon of spreading of a single droplet. The model has been compared with simplified models of the other authors. The chapter deals also with the effect of parameters of humid air on the process of wetting the surface of a solid body by droplet, and it presents the own model of the phenomenon. The model refers to the effect of microscopic phenomena on the process of droplet's spreading on the surface. The scope of this part of the work covers also the phenomenon of convective motion of liquid in the droplet and on its free surface. The main phase of droplet evaporation has been divided into sub-phases, depending on presence of the borderline between flow structures on the free surface of droplet. Chapter 5 presents the discussion on thermal exchange between the stream of air with droplets and the surface of solid body. Theoretical models of the phenomenon of evaporation of a single droplet present on the surface with temperature lower than the bubble point of the liquid are given a detailed presentation in the chapter, as well as the own model of the phenomenon of evaporation of a single droplet with relation to the spreading coefficient. Chapter 6 gives information about the working stands, methods, and results of experimental research carried out by author. The research concerns determination of effect of characteristic parameters on phenomena of spreading and evaporation of a single droplet. The chapter gives also the analysis of effect of the velocity of air stream in the channel on the droplefs evaporation time, and analysis of conditions of its movement on the surface. The work gives the comparison of obtained results of own experimental research with calculation results obtained from theoretical models (Chapter 7). Chapters 8 and 9 contain recapitulation conclusions. The work is closed with literature on the subject and with annex which refers to methodology of map plotting for presence of droplet structure and liquid film on the surface.
8
Content available remote Diffraction methods of drop size measurement in polydispersive media
EN
The principles of the diffractive method of drop size determination in the aerosol stream of fuel of significant diversification of drop dimensions are presented. Three variants of data processing obtained from the light intensity distribution I(r) in the image plane are described. A comparison of both properties and applicability of the two variants is made.
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