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EN
The paper is related to the material behaviour of additively manufactured samples obtained by the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) method from the AlSi10Mg powder. The specimens are subjected to a quasi-static and dynamic compressive loading in a wide range of strain rates and temperatures to investigate the influence of the manufacturing process conditions on the material mechanical properties. For completeness, an analysis of their deformed microstructure is also performed. The obtained results prove the complexity of the material behaviour; therefore, a phenomenological model based on the modified Johnson–Cook approach is proposed. The developed model describes the material behaviour with much better accuracy than the classical constitutive function. The resulted experimental testing and its modelling present the potential of the discussed material and the manufacturing technology.
EN
This paper deals with rotational moulding. The relationship between mould speed and wall thickness in the upper, middle and lower areas of rotational moulded parts is investigated. Young’s modulus of moulded parts is determined via static tensile testing. A static compression test is performed to determine the maximum compressive force causing strain. The test is conducted on the wall of moulded parts, parallel to the main axis of rotation. Also, energy consumption in rotational moulding is investigated for different rotational speeds of the mould. Moulded parts are made of DOWLEX®2629UE linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). Experimental results are statistically analysed using STATISTICA 13. Non-parametric statistical tests are used for results analysis. The ANOVA method is employed to determine if there are any significant differences between obtained results. The statistical tests show that the range is much narrower for a speed ratio of 4:1. The narrowest range value is obtained for 12\3 rpm. The highest Young’s modulus values are obtained for the parts moulded at 12\3 rpm (1263.33 MPa) and 16\4 rpm (1263.67 MPa). The highest maximum compressive force is obtained for the parts moulded at 12\3 rpm (10 400 N). An analysis of the results demonstrates that the part moulded at 12\3 rpm has the most advantageous properties. For this mould speed, the power consumption amounts to 8.28 kWh. Experimental results and statistical analyses demonstrate that mould speed affects both moulded part quality and energy consumption in the rotational moulding process.
EN
This work deals with the electrically conductive textiles for heat generation in orthopedic compression supports. This study aimed to develop compression knitted structures with integrated electro-conductive yarns and investigate their heat generation characteristics and temperature changes during the time and under stretch which is required to generate compression. Combined half-Milano rib structured knitted fabrics were made by using silver (Ag) coated PA yarn of linear density of 66 tex and 235 tex, respectively. Six variants of specimens were developed by using different amount of electro-conductive yarns in a pattern repeat. It was found that stretch negatively influences temperature values as well as time in which the required temperature is reached. Therefore, the final wearing conditions have to be summed up during the designing of compression orthopedic heated supports.
EN
Ultrasonic vibration technology has been widely applied in plastic forming processes due to its advantages of material properties improvement. In this study, a transverse ultrasonic vibration-assisted compression (TUVC) system with the range of vibration amplitude from 16 to 48 µm is developed to compress the difficult-to-deformation materials. The experiment found that the temperature of the compressed sample with the vibration amplitude of 38 µm arrived at 164 ℃, hence the current constitutive models are deficient for the description of TUVC deformation behavior with the large vibration amplitudes. The results show that the flow stress declines under the coupling action of volume effect and surface effect, especially the amplitude is larger than 38 µm. To accurately depict the constitutive behavior of titanium alloy under TUVC, a hybrid constitutive model considering the difference of softening mechanism was proposed based on crystal plasticity theory, and the predicted curves are in good agreement with experimental results. Finally, the microstructure further revealed the differences of softening mechanism in TUVC, and numerous secondary α phase was precipitated. Consequently, the studies provide an insight into the deformation mechanism of TUVC and promote the application of ultrasonic vibration-assisted forming for the difficult-to-deformation alloy.
5
Content available remote The fidelity of compressed and interpolated medical images
EN
Due to the amount of medical image data being produced and transferred over networks, employing lossy compression has been accepted by worldwide regulatory bodies. As expected, increasing the degree of compression leads to decreasing image fidelity. The extent of allowable irreversible compression is dependent on the imaging modality and the nature of the image pathology as well as anatomy. Interpolation, which often causes image distortion, has been extensively used to rescale images during radiological diagnosis. This work attempts to assess the quality of medical images after the application of lossy compression followed by rescaling. This research proposes a fullreference objective measure of quality for medical images that considers their deterministic and statistical properties. Statistical features are acquired from the frequency domain of the signal and are combined with elements of the structural similarity index (SSIM). The aim is to construct a model that is specialized for medical images and that could serve as a predictor of quality.
PL
Obrazy medyczne umożliwiają specjalistom obserwację anatomii struktur oraz przebieg procesów fizjologicznych, które zachodzą w ludzkim ciele. Elektroniczna archiwizacja oraz możliwość cyfrowej komunikacji obrazów medycznych stały się niezwykle popularne w przemyśle systemów obrazowania medycznego. Dzięki nowoczesnym rozwiązaniom technologicznym możliwa jest zdalna diagnoza, szybszy dostęp do specjalisty, zdalne monitorowanie oraz ułatwiona komunikacja pomiędzy ośrodkami służby zdrowia. Limity szybkości sieci, eksplozja wzrostu technologicznego w dziedzinie modalności oraz ilość powstających, przetwarzanych i przesyłanych obrazów medycznych wpłynęła na rozważenie użycia metod nieodwracalnego kodowania w technologiach PACS przez światowe organy regulacyjne. Nieodwracalne kodowanie obrazów medycznych to między innymi kompresja i interpolacja oraz inne manipulacje obrazów. Zaletą użycia nieodwracalnego kodowania jest ulepszenie wydajności systemów poprzez zmniejszenie czasu przesłania oraz odtworzenia obrazu przez użytkownika. Kompromisem jest natomiast zmniejszona jakość obrazu. Niniejsze badania mają za zadanie zrozumienie i określenie efektów zaistniałych wskutek kompresji oraz interpolacji, które nieodwracalnie wpływają na jakość obrazów medycznych i mogą być zagrożeniem do prawidłowej diagnozy. Istotnym elementem badań jest zrozumienie efektów manipulacji obrazami wówczas, gdy obraz poddany jest kilku nieodwracalnym operacjom. W niniejszej pracy proponowany jest obiektywny miernik jakości obrazów medycznych, który oparty jest na deterministycznych i statystycznych właściwościach obrazów. Cechy statystyczne pochodzą z dziedziny częstotliwości Fouriera i są połączone z miernikiem Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). Proponowany model może być przydatny w ustaleniu wizualnych progów dla jakości obrazów medycznych, które są niezbędne do prawidłowej diagnozy medycznej.
EN
The paper deals with the working peculiarities of the support zones of reinforced concrete elements subject to bending with due account of the eccentric compression and tension. The authors performed simulation of the stress-strain behaviour of the indicated structures with the aid of “Lira” software which results are shown in the graphical and tabulated form. The performed simulation allowed of tracing the work of the studied sample beams till collapse. Such approach made it possible to single out and generalize the main collapse patterns of the inclined cross-sections of the reinforced concrete elements subject to bending on which basis the authors developed the improved method to calculate their strength (Karpiuk et al., 2019).
EN
The performance of some map applications can be improved not only through the compression of raster files or appropriate data server configuration, but also by using source file minification. Minification can be more or less effective. The objective of the paper is to perform a comparative analysis of selected online tools for minifying JavaScript code and to measure the impact of such minification on the performance of a map application. Minification and performance tests were conducted on a prototype map application. The application was developed as a ZoomLens component extending the functionality of any website. Various tools yielded similar results of the JavaScript file minification, and it did not affect the values of aggregate performance indices. In most cases, it reduced the JavaScript file size by over a half. It has been demonstrated that minification of JavaScript code alone may not be sufficient to improve the application performance noticeably.
EN
Replacement of classic inductive electricity meters with electronic meters (e.g. Smart type) enables remote reading of customer load profiles. Taking into account the European Union Directive, which says that 80% of meters should be replaced by electronic ones until 2020, one can expect a significant increase in the volume of data stored by Distribution System Operators (OSD). In connection with the above, one should consider whether or not to compress registered electrical power load profiles. The article discusses the topic of compression of electric power load profiles using the DCT and K-SVD (NN-K-SVD) methods.
PL
Wymiana klasycznych indukcyjnych liczników energii elektrycznej na liczniki elektroniczne (np. typu Smart), umożliwia zdalny odczyt profili obciążeń odbiorców. Uwzględniając dyrektywę Unii Europejskiej, która mówi o konieczności wymiany 80% liczników na elektroniczne do roku 2020, można się spodziewać znacznego zwiększenia wolumenu danych przechowywanych przez Operatorów Systemu Dystrybucyjnego (OSD). W związku z powyższym należy zastanowić się czy nie należy kompresować zarejestrowanych profili obciążeń elektroenergetycznych. W artykule poruszono temat kompresji profili obciążeń elektroenergetycznych z wykorzystaniem metody DCT oraz K-SVD (NN-K-SVD).
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy kompresji obrazów rastrowych. Na początku przedstawiona została motywacja istnienia kompresji jak i potrzeb jej dalszego rozwoju. Następnie opisane zostały rodzaje kompresji oraz sposoby pomiaru jej jakości. Ostatnia część artykułu zawiera opis innowacyjnych i obiecujących metod opartych o nowoczesne architektury głębokich sieci neuronowych.
EN
This paper concerns compression of raster graphics. First section justifies need for using compression and need for developing new methods. In the next sections compression taxonomy and metrics are discussed. Last part consists of description of modern and promising methods based on novel deep neural networks.
EN
The main purpose of this paper is the evaluation of the developed image encryption algorithm based on wavelet decomposition of images. Encryption algorithms DES (Data Encryption Standard) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) are used only for encryption of detail coefficients of the wavelet decomposition and encrypted images are the result of the inverse wavelet transform. Compressed data is also examined in the encryption process. This encryption approach is implemented in Matlab environment.
PL
Głównym celem tego artykułu jest ocena opracowanego algorytmu szyfrowania obrazów opartego o dekompozycję falkową obrazów. Algorytmy szyfrowania DES (Data Encryption Standard) i AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) są wykorzystane do szyfrowania tylko współczynników detali dekompozycji falkowej a zaszyfrowane obrazy są wynikiem odwrotnej transformacji falkowej. Skompresowane dane są również badane w procesie szyfrowania. Ten proces szyfrowania jest implementowany w środowisku Matlab.
EN
Nowadays, Warp-Knitted Spacer Fabrics (WKSF) have been widely used for many technical applications. Compressional behavior of WKSF is one of their important properties. Physical modeling is one of the solutions to predict these properties for engineered designing of WKSF. In this study, four common physical models are introduced and compared in order to simulate compressional behavior of polyester WKSF. Genetic Algorithm (GA) was applied to optimize each model parameter. The results showed that the Burger model has the highest adoption with 0.2 percent Mean Absolut Error (MAE). The effect of thickness, outer fabric structure and spacer monofilament density on viscoelastic properties of the samples were also studied.
EN
This paper presents a numerical investigation of cracking behaviour of rock-like disc containing one circular inclusion subjected to diametral compression, which is validated by physical tests in terms of the crack patterns and stress–strain responses. The numerical results indicate that if the inclusion strength is higher or close to the matrix strength, one dominated crack can form to split the disc into two parts. Otherwise, the crack branches can be observed besides the dominated crack. The inclusion eccentricity has important influences on the crack pattern of the rock disc. If the inclusion strength is lower than the matrix strength, the horizontal eccentricity can induce to a horizontal crack. The length of the horizontal crack is close related to the eccentricity that a higher eccentricity can lead to a longer horizontal crack. The vertical eccentricity can result in crack branch, which becomes shorter as the eccentricity increases. If the inclusion strength is higher than the matrix, the horizontal and vertical eccentricity cannot lead to crack branches and only one dominated crack can be observed. The disc nominal strength increases by increasing the horizontal or vertical eccentricity both for cases of the inclusion strength lower and greater than the matrix.
EN
Generally, in many cases of rock engineering, the openings often constructed in rock-mass containing non-persistent joints. However, comparing with the previous works, few studies investigate the failure or damage due to the crack propagation and coalescence around an opening. Based on the uniaxial compression tests and particle flow code (PFC) the interaction effect of opening and joints on the crack coalescence behavior around an opening are investigated in this study. From the view of experimental and numerical results, strength parameters are mainly effected by joints (inclination and distance). Specifically, the uniaxial compressive strength of jointed specimen (UCSJ) and elastic modulus of jointed specimen (EJ) of specimens decrease for 0° ≤ α ≤ 45° and increase for α > 45°. UCSJ and EJ increases with increasing joint distance (d) for all joint inclination angel (α) values, with the highest and lowest strengths obtained for d = 50 mm and d = 20 mm, respectively. The opening has a great influence on the failure mode of jointed specimen. Unlike previous results, in this study, jointed specimens present four new kinds of failure modes: Mode-I (horizontally symmetrical splitting failure); Mode-II (stepped failure at opening sides); Mode-III (failure through a plane); Mode-IV (mixed failure). The strength parameters and failure modes in the numerically simulated and experimental results are in good agreement, and the results are expected to be useful in predicting the stability of an opening in a non-persistently jointed mass.
EN
Microsoft Corporation products have overwhelmed almost all organiza-tions around the world even beside other operating systems like UNIX, Ubuntu and others. MS Office software products in particular, have being used widely in big portion of our work and business. In specific, MS Access and Excel are very famous and so usable software in between other Microsoft office products. Many similarities are shared between Access and Excel, meanwhile, many key differences are worth to point them out, too. Mainly, this research spotlights on primarily motivated topic of how they can manage data as they have been designed for. The mission of this research is to show how to employee MS Access and Excel in the right way in business work after indicating strength and weaknesses of both of them. Thus, we need to fulfill the right and suitable enough choice between Access and Excel that meets our business work requirements. A detailed list of significant features and key points are discussed and compered of both software leads to conducted proper software use.
PL
Praca dotyczy analizy porównawczej podpisywania obrazów cyfrowych przy użyciu cyfrowych znaków wodnych. W części badawczej przedstawiono narzędzia, testy oraz wyniki przeprowadzonych testów odporności cyfrowych znaków wodnych na przekształcenia, zniekształcenia i kompresję. W zakończeniu omówiono wnioski oraz wskazano kierunki dalszych badań.
EN
The work concerns a comparative analysis of well-known and widely used signing digital images using digital watermarks. It consists of three parts: the introduction to the subject matter, description of algorithms, and the research part. In the research part: tools, tests and results of digital watermarks resistance on the transformation, distortion and compression are presented. In conclusion, the findings are discussed and directions for further research identified.
16
EN
The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of scale of an auxetic cellular material sample on the evaluation of elastic properties. Size and boundary effects are studied in detail. This is achieved by conducting computer simulations of the auxetic structure under the typical loading exerted by the compression and simple shearing test performed by means of ABAQUS FEA. The material microstructure is discretized by the plane network of Timoshenko beam elements. The results of the studies give insight to the scale effects. Structures with designed properties can be potentially used for engineering applications.
EN
The authors focused on buckling resistance assessment of steel-I-section perfect beam-columns of the cross-section class 1 and 2, not susceptible to LT-buckling and subjected to compression and one directional bending about the section principal axes y–y or z–z. These assumptions lead to the case of elements considered as only sensitive to the flexural failure including second order in-plane bending and compression. The stability behaviour of elements subjected to different bending configurations and different static schemes was investigated through comprehensive numerical study with use of the finite element method. Geometrically and materially nonlinear analyses GMNA in case of perfect beam-columns and GMNIA fo the imperfect ones were carried out in reference to shell and beam element models. Static equilibrium paths accounting for pre- and post-limit behaviour were determined with use of the incremental-iterative algorithm taking into consideration displacement-control parameters. An analytical formulation for a quick verification of the perfect I-section beam-column resistance is proposed. Finally, the global effect of imperfections is also investigated using GMNIA. The verification method developed for perfect elements is extrapolated for imperfect beam-columns. The good agreement of the proposed analytical formulation is shown through an extensive comparison with more than 3500 results of finite element numerical simulations conducted with use of ABAQUS/Standard program.
EN
This article presents a system for evaluating how well do video codecs perform in still image compression. As it is time consuming and tedious to directly configure and run the reference H.265 (HEVC) and H.264 (MPEG4 AVC) codecs, our tool makes experimenting easier and more efficient. The system provides a graphical user interface for conveniently and quickly preparing input files, for repeatedly running video codecs, and for analysing output data. In the background, there are algorithms for forming video sequences and configuration files, for batch executing an encoder, and for extracting information from output files. Our research was mainly aimed at speeding-up experiments related to compressing an image represented as a video sequence composed of its polyphase components. The system has allowed us to experimentally verify that, like its predecessor, the H.264, the HEVC standard needs modified entropy codes for effectively processing decimated images.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje system do badania sprawności kodeków wideo w kompresowaniu obrazu. Ponieważ bezpośrednie konfigurowanie i uruchamianie referencyjnych kodeków H.265 (HEVC) i H.264 (MPEG4 AVC) jest pracą czasochłonną i żmudną, omawiane narzędzie pozwala przeprowadzać eksperymenty łatwiej i szybciej. System jest wyposażony w graficzny interfejs użytkownika do wygodnego i sprawnego przygotowywania ˙ plików wejściowych, do wielokrotnego uruchamiania kodeków wideo i do analizowania danych wyjściowych. Interfejs opiera się na podprogramach do formowania sekwencji wideo i plików konfiguracyjnych, do wsadowego uruchamiania koderów i do wydobywania informacji z plików wynikowych. Głównym celem pracy nad systemem było przyspieszenie eksperymentów nad kodowaniem obrazu reprezentowanego jako sekwencja wideo złożona z jego składowych polifazowych. System umożliwił eksperymentalne sprawdzenie, że podobnie jak H.264, standard HEVC może skutecznie przetwarzać obrazy zdecymowane, ale wymaga to zoptymalizowania kodów entropijnych.
Logistyka
|
2015
|
nr 4
9142--9150, CD3
EN
The expansion of joints in precast concrete pavements is highly compressed due to large annual temperature amplitudes, which often leads to concrete failure, caused by stress concentration. Within Polymer Flexible Joint (PFJ) technology development it is being examined if the technology is suitable for precast concrete pavements. This paper presents a verification of the joint mechanical behavior under compression, occurring in thermal load cases. In this work, there is tested a set of 20 compressed specimens of side dimension of cross section varying between 100 and 400 mm. All experiments are held up to a limit 80% of polymer strain. All specimens are modelled in Abaqus 6.12 with the use of Finite Element Method. Computed and laboratory experimental test results are compared. The convergence of empirical results with calculated data is shown in the paper, using different polymer material parameters.
PL
Dylatacje w prefabrykowanych nawierzchniach betonowych mogą być poddawane silnemu ściskaniu spowodowanemu wysoką wartością rocznych amplitud temperatur. Obciążenie to może wywoływać koncentrację naprężeń w konstrukcji nawierzchni, co w rezultacie może prowadzić do uszkodzenia betonu. W ramach prac badawczych poświęconych Polimerowemu Złączu Podatnemu (PZP) sprawdzane jest, czy technologia może być stosowana w prefabrykowanych nawierzchniach betonowych. W pracy zaprezentowano weryfikację doświadczalną pracy mechanicznej złącza. Próbki obciążono siłą ściskającą, która może występować w konstrukcji poddanej obciążeniom termicznym. Przebadano 20 próbek PZP poddanych ściskaniu o wymiarach boków prostokątnego przekroju poprzecznego wynoszących od 100 mm do 400 mm. Badania prowadzono do maksymalnego odkształcenia inżynierskiego w polimerze o wartości 80%. Wszystkie próbki zamodelowano w pakiecie obliczeniowym Abaqus 6.12, bazując na Metodzie Elementów Skończonych. Porównano numeryczne i eksperymentalne wyniki badań. Pokazano różnice w wynikach dla modeli numerycznych bazujących na różnych parametrach materiałowych.
EN
Searching for new refrigerants is one of the most significant scientific problems in refrigeration. There are ecological refrigerants commonly known: H2O and CO2. H2O and CO2 known as natural refrigerants, but they have problems:a high freezing point of H2O and a low triple point of CO2. These problems can be solved by the application of a hybrid sorption-compression refrigeration cycle. The cycle combines the application possibility of H2O in the high temperature sorption stage and the low temperature application of CO2 in the compression stage. This solution gives significant energy savings in comparison with the two-stage compressor cycle and with the one-stage transcritical CO2 cycle. Besides, the sorption cycle may be powered by low temperature waste heat or renewable heat. This is an original idea of the authors. In the paper an analysis of the possible extension of this solution for high capacity industrial refrigeration is presented. The estimated energy savings as well as TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) index for ecological gains are calculated.
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