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Knowledge management practices in higher education institutions - a comparative study

Nawaz Nishad, Durst Susanne, Hariharasudan A., Shamugia Zurabi

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2020

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Vol. 22, No. 2

291--308

EN

The purpose of this paper is to study Knowledge Management (KM) practices in a number of higher education institutions from Europe, Asia, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, as reported by the respective faculty members. The KM practices assessed were Knowledge Perception (KP), Knowledge Gathering (KG), Knowledge Creation (KC), Knowledge Sharing (KS), Knowledge Diffusion (KD), and Knowledge Retention (KR) and compared across the three regions to understand the similarities and differences in KM practices. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire and distributed online among faculty members of various universities in Europe, Asia and GCC countries. To draw meaningful inferences, scales for reliability, one-way ANOVA and Ttest were used to analyze, compare and interpret the data. The results indicate that there are no significant differences among the higher education institutions regarding KP, KC, KS, and KD. There is, however, a significant difference with regards to KG and KR. The findings of the study help to serve as input to higher education institutions from three different regions in developing best practices of KM for improving performance.

PL

Celem tego artykułu jest zbadanie praktyk zarządzania wiedzą (KM) w szeregu instytucji szkolnictwa wyższego z krajów Europy, Azji i Rady Współpracy Zatoki Perskiej (GCC), zgodnie z raportami odpowiednich członków wydziału. Ocenione praktyki KM obejmowały postrzeganie wiedzy (KP), gromadzenie wiedzy (KG), tworzenie wiedzy (KC), dzielenie się wiedzą (KS), rozpowszechnianie wiedzy (KD) i zatrzymywanie wiedzy (KR) i porównano je w trzech regionach, aby zrozumieć podobieństwa i różnice w praktykach KM. Dane zebrano za pomocą ustrukturyzowanego kwestionariusza i rozprowadzono online wśród wykładowców różnych uniwersytetów w Europie, Azji i krajach GCC. Aby wyciągnąć znaczące wnioski, do analizy, porównania i interpretacji danych wykorzystano skale niezawodności, jednokierunkową ANOVA i test T. Wyniki wskazują, że nie ma istotnych różnic między uczelniami pod względem KP, KC, KS i KD. Istnieje jednak znacząca różnica w odniesieniu do KG i KR. Wyniki badania pomagają instytucjom szkolnictwa wyższego z trzech różnych regionów opracować najlepsze praktyki KM w celu poprawy wyników.

2

Knowledge creation and solution generation methods in the design and management of rural development

Krakowiak-Bal A., Wdowiak W., Ziemiańczyk U.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr II/2

1--126

EN

The goal of the monograph was to: • show sample spheres of functioning and cooperation of institutions acting for rural development and principles of developing processes and procedures for organizing or modernizing information and knowledge as well as define adequate inventive methods for generating ideas, • elaborate on principles and rules of the methodology for generating ideas in the construction of options for solving problems, formulating criteria and conducting the evaluation of solution variants, selecting the optimal variant and implementing the chosen variant as the final result of the study, • distinguish the sample thematic areas of knowledge management in rural areas and define adequate methods of creativity and innovation, with pointing out the stages of appropriate methodologies and methods applied. The presentation of the typology and characteristics of inventive methods for generating solutions and creating knowledge, in the context of methodologies to improve organization of rural areas, which strengthen their competitiveness and innovation based on the principles of sustainable development, was assumed as the main research problem requiring a solution. Problems and methods for generating solutions were defined in conjunction with the study entitled “Organizational standards and rural development in the context of information and knowledge management” (Krakowiak-Bal, Wdowiak, Ziemiańczyk 2017 – subsection 3.3), and the issue of knowledge creation and corresponding methods with the study entitled “Knowledge management in rural development” (Krakowiak-Bal, Łukasik, Mikuła, Pietruszka-Ortyl, Ziemiańczyk 2017). These connections in the case of the aforementioned studies consisted in: • emphasizing the possibilities of applying heuristic methods in generating ideas of solutions presented in Chapter 2 and 3 of this monograph together with the methodologies and Anglo-Saxon methods of improving the organization, including rural areas, presented in the aforementioned Subchapter 3.3, and • emphasizing also the possibilities of applying the heuristic Japanese methods of continuous improvement in knowledge creation, presented in Chapter 4 of this monograph in conjunction with the Japanese methods of continuous improvement of the organization, presented in the aforementioned Subchapter 3.3, in the context of the second study cited above. Solutions generation is a fundamental element of the process of improving the organization, including the organization of rural areas, presented in the monograph. This activity is carried out through the following groups of activities: preparation and definition of a project problem, creation of solution variants and setting evaluation criteria, evaluating options and developing the best solution. Taking into account the review and defined research methodologies (Krakowiak-Bal, Wdowiak, Ziemiańczyk 2017, pp. 118-136), their stages in which solutions are generated can be pointed out. And so in: • the descriptive and improvement approach the stage was described as ‘the critical analysis and evaluation of the empirical material accumulated in the course of observation’, • the functional modeling approach the stage was expressed as ‘the analysis of the latest, model solutions’, • the diagnostic functional approach the stage was defined as ‘a method of idealization in finding optimal solutions’, • the general outline of the above approaches in view of J. Trzcieniecki – in the phase of ‘analysis and assessment of improvements’, • the classical methodology as ‘preparation of conditions and costs’, • the diagnostic methodology as ‘analysis and synthesis’, • the prognostic methodology as ‘building a reference system’ (in the context of purpose, entry, exit, course of organization process, environment, set of system elements), • the study of methods of work as ‘critical analysis and assessment of the facts’, • the analysis of values according to W. Biliński as ‘reflections – creative discussion” and “selection of the optimal solution’, • the analysis of values according to Z. Martyniak as ‘analysis of functions and searching for new solutions’, • the methodology of spatial organization of work as ‘analysis of solution variants’. Basic processes with the application of knowledge, also in rural areas, i.e. operational knowledge management tasks include (Krakowiak-Bal, Łukasik, Mikuła, Pietruszka-Ortyl, Ziemiańczyk 2017, p. 68 et seq.): • identification (localization of knowledge), • transfer (acquiring, disclosing, disseminating knowledge and sharing knowledge), • gathering (systematic collection of knowledge and its codification), • selection of sets of knowledge, • new knowledge creation, • combining sets of knowledge, • saving, or registration of knowledge in a codified form, • storage of knowledge carriers, • assessing the usefulness of knowledge, • applying knowledge (creating visions and concepts of action, solving problems and performing current tasks). Knowledge creation consists in the appropriate selection and use of the specificity of selected methods in knowledge management. This specificity concerns the Japanese methods of so-called continuous improvement in knowledge creation, presented in Chapter 4 of this monograph. The detailed layout of the study presented below was conditioned not only by the assumed aims of the elaboration, but also by the specificity of Anglo-Saxon epistemology, also referred to as the Western or the Japanese epistemology. The mainstay for the notion of knowledge in the western perspective, formulated on the basis of philosophy as ‘justified and true belief’, is the Plato’s idea stating that ‘absolute truth can be derived from rational reasoning based on certain axioms’. This was the cause of criticism by Aristotle who emphasized the pivotal role of sensual perception in this regard. However, the following issues contributed to the success of Plato’s approach (Nonaka, Takeuchi 2000): • Descartes’ rationalism, allowing skepticism with the conviction ‘I think; therefore I am’, • Locke’s empiricism, emphasizing experience as a source of ideas, dividing them into perceptions and reflections, • combination of empiricism with rationalism and Kant’s statement that not all knowledge results from experience, • the Hegelian dialectical unity of opposites, • introduction of interaction between the cognizer and the cognizing person as well as the relationship between man and the environment in Marx’s view, • linking knowledge strictly to Heidegger’s action, rejecting completely the thinking subject in the concept of Descartes, • pragmatism and the statement that ‘only the effective idea is true’, because ideas are devoid of values if they do not go into action, propagated by James. In turn, the Bacon’s concept of operational knowledge which emphasizes social effects and comprises the essence of civilization progress is the foundation of the organizational concept of knowledge in Japanese terms, formulated by I. Nonaka and H. Takeuchi (2000), exposing “the ability of the corporation as a whole to generate new knowledge, its dissemination and embodiment in products, services and systems”. These two perceptions of knowledge, the Anglo-Saxon and the Japanese, form the basis for differentiating in the study two different theoretical approach-es and practical applications of methods for generating solutions (Chapter 2 and 3) and for knowledge creation (Chapter 4). Chapter 1 of the study, consisting of three subchapters, is the background for reflection, emphasizing the role of heuristics, hermeneutics and semiology in the process of building a set of rules for creative thinking and presentation of solutions. The systems of thinking, heuristic and cognitive biases defined by D. Kahneman are the essence of this chapter. The considerations are complemented by hermeneutic analysis and exegesis, the indicated types of heuristics and their characteristics as well as the semiological aspects. Chapter 2, containing three subsequent subchapters, presents the characteristics and typology of selected inventive methods in the context of the basic concepts and evolution of methods. The criteria for division and typologies of the inventive methods precede the characteristics of selected inventive principles and solutions. The possibilities and principles of applying inventive methods are presented in Chapter 3. First, rural areas as the subject of the study are presented (Subchapter 3.1). In the subsequent subchapters theoretical foundations of the theory of creative thinking and knowledge creation (Subchapter 3.2) as well as the methodology of knowledge creation and creatics as the basic research tool (Subchapter 3.3) are discussed. Subchapter 3.4 presents the IDEAL model as the method for formulating decision problems. Inventive methods in organizational design are discussed in Subchapter 3.5 whereas the assumptions of the industrial inventics and the algorithm for inventive problems solving are described in Subchapter 3.6. Subchapter 3.7 concerning the methodology for generating solutions with the indication of inventive methods finalizes the chapter. Chapter 4 deals with corporate models of knowledge organization and methods of knowledge creation. The first group includes and defines the SECI spiral, the OPEC spiral and the DCCV spiral as well as the Gilbert, Probst, Raub and Romhardt’s model. The second one includes: the EDIS spiral of debate in the aspect of the double debate principle (4.2.1.), the Experimental EEIS spiral in the context of verification (4.2.2.), the Hermeneutical EAIR spiral in the context of reflection (4.2.3.), the Triple Helix spiral of knowledge creation processes (4.2.4), the ARME spiral of revolutionary knowledge creation (4.2.5.), the Knowledge Pentagram of Nakamori in the i-System approach (4.2.6.), the Nanadsudaki Septagram of seven spirals of knowledge creation (4.2.7) and the Creative Space model (4.2.8.). In the future, the thematic scope of the study should be enriched with further methods of creative thinking in management, knowledge creation and organization methods as well as considerations regarding models for intellectual resource management in rural organizations. The authors hope that the work will contribute to the dissemination of the inventive methods for generating solutions as well as knowledge creation and organization methods among employees of institutions co-contributing to rural development. It can also become a source of information and a textbook for learning about these methods for students at environmental and agricultural universities. Moreover, it might be a contribution to scientific research in this field.

3

Kształtowanie zaufania na potrzeby tworzenia i dystrybucji wiedzy w organizacji sieciowej

Bendkowski J.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2014

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z. 69

39--52

PL

W przedsiębiorstwie sieciowym wiedza tworzona jest w ramach spontanicznie wyłaniających się układów relacyjnych, obejmujących różnych uczestników sieci. W tej sytuacji warunkiem koniecznym uruchomienia procesu kreowania i dystrybucji wiedzy jest zaufanie. W artykule przedstawiono badania strukturalnych przesłanek rozwoju zaufania we wspólnocie działań na potrzeby generowania wiedzy.

EN

In network organization knowledge is created in spontaneously emerging relational systems, which consist of various actors. In this situation trust is the necessary condition to initiate the process of knowledge creation and distribution. The paper presents research on structural dimensions of trust in Community of Practice in context of knowledge creation.

4

Kształtowanie wspólnot wiedzy. Główne wyzwania dla organizacji

Bendkowski J

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2014

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z. 73

36--46

PL

Sukces organizacji jest warunkowany m.in. jej zdolnością do stworzenia warunków dla spontanicznego powstawania nieformalnych i samoor-ganizujących się wspólnot wiedzy oraz ich wykorzystania na potrzeby tworzenia i dystrybucji wiedzy. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości wpływu organizacji macierzystej na kształtowanie wspólnot wiedzy za pomocą czynników osobowych i kontekstowych w obszarach: osobowym, interakcji, procesów wiedzy oraz inte-gracji z organizacją macierzystą.

EN

A condition for organizational success is i. a. the ability to create a context in which informal and self-organizing entities like Communities of Knowledge would emerge in order to use them as a tool for knowledge creation and distribution in organization. The paper presents how organization can influ-ence forming and development of knowledge communities using personal and contextual factors in following dimensions: people, interactions, knowledge pro-cesses, and degree of integration with host organization.

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Rola uczelni wyższych w kreowaniu innowacyjnej gospodarki opartej na wiedzy

Fedorczak-Cisak M.

Materiały Budowlane

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2014

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nr 7

69--71

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rolę, jaką powinny pełnić uczelnie wyższe w rozwoju gospodarczymi przemianach wynikających z polityki europejskiej, szczególnie w sektorze budowlanym. Zarysowano główne nurty zmierzające do zwiększenia efektywności energetycznej oraz przedstawiono kilka najważniejszych działań podejmowanych przez ośrodki akademickie, a przede wszystkim Politechnikę Krakowską oraz Małopolskie Centrum Budownictwa Energooszczędnego.

EN

The article presents the role that universities should play in economic development and the changes resulting from European policy, especially in the civil buildings sector. The paper presents the directions of measures to increase energy efficiency and a few key activities undertaken by academic institutions, and above all, Cracow University of Technology and Malopolska Centre of Energy Efficient Building.

6

Technologiczne czynniki kreowania i dyfuzji wiedzy w przedsiębiorstwie sieciowym

Bendkowski J.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2013

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z. 63

517--530

PL

W przedsiębiorstwie sieciowym wiedza tworzona jest w ramach spontanicznie wyłaniających się układów relacyjnych, tworzących samoorganizujące się i niesformalizowane wyspy wiedzy. Przykładem takiej sieci wiedzy jest wspólnota działań, tj. grupa ludzi, których celem jest wytworzenie wiedzy na temat wspólnego obszaru zainteresowań i w związku z tym współpracujących ze sobą realnie lub wirtualnie. W artykule przedstawiono uwarunkowania kształtowania i rozwoju wspólnot działań w wymiarze technologicznym.

EN

In network organization knowledge is created in the spontaneously emerging relational systems, forming a self-organizing and informal knowledge islands. An example of such a knowledge network is community of practice, i.e. a group of people working on similar problems and interested in solving them, and therefore cooperating in co-located or dispersed (virtual) environment. The paper presents technological determinants of CoP development.

7

Uniwersytet - droga ku społecznej odpowiedzialności

Leja K.

Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy

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2010

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nr 4

43-57

PL

W artykule autor podejmuje problematykę ewolucji uniwersytetu od modelu liberalnego do społecznie odpowiedzialnej organizacji. Autor dostrzega elementy społecznej odpowiedzialności na każdym etapie rozwoju uniwersytetu, jednak ich kumulacja pojawia się współcześnie, co jest związane z postrzeganiem interesariuszy uczelni jako współtwórców oferowanych usług. Kluczem do sukcesu współczesnego uniwersytetu jest podejście do tworzenia wiedzy, czerpiąc z dorobku Gibbonsa i współpracowników. W podejściu tym przyjmuje się, że uniwersytet nie jest już monopolistą w tym zakresie.

EN

The author takes up the university evolution from liberal to socially responsible organization. The author noticed the elements of social responsibility at each phase of university development, but nowadays they accumulate, which is associated with the stakeholder's perception as university co-offered services. The key factor to the success of the modem university is the knowledge creation, while drawing on the works by Gibbons et al., because it creates the possibility for universities to be perceived as the organization serving environment.

8

Ontology Creation Process in Knowledge Management Support System for a Research Institute

Chudzian C.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

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2008

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nr 4

47-53

EN

Though the issue of knowledge management is a hot subject of interest in nowadays market companies, integrated solutions fit to the specific needs of research institutes still require more attention. This paper documents a part of the research activities performed at National Institute of Telecommunications, related to development of research institute knowledge management support system. The ideas lying in the background of the system come from the recent theories of knowledge creation and creativity support and from experience with everyday practice of knowledge management in market companies. Main focus is put here on the issue of creation of a research topics ontology that is meant to be a semantic backbone of the system. Three-stage approach is proposed, aiming at the construction of ontologies for different levels of organizational hierarchy, from individual researcher, through group or unit, up to the whole institute. Created ontologies are linked to knowledge resources and support diverse activities performed at those levels.

9

Telecommunications, multiple criteria analysis and knowledge theory

Wierzbicki A. P.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

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2005

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nr 3

3-13

EN

Telecommunications requires multiple criteria analysis and decision support. It is shown how some basic facts from telecommunications and informational sciences can be used to formulate a rational theory of intuition, developed as a complement of multiple criteria decision support. This paper presents a method called creative space used for integrating various approaches to knowledge creation and based on SECI spiral, I5 system and rational theory of intuition. Questions of supporting new technology creation by constructing specialized creative environments similar to decision support environments are also indicated.

10

Umiejętności kierownicze a proces kreowania wiedzy w organizacji

Bendkowski J.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2004

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z. 24

9-17

PL

W procesie kreowania wiedzy w nowoczesnej organizacji znacząco wzrasta rola człowieka wraz z jego umiejętnościami pozyskiwania, przetwarzania i przekazywania informacji jako elementu wzrostu jej efektywności i skuteczności. Proces zdobywania i przetwarzania wiedzy polega w swojej istocie na zdobywaniu wiedzy i jej dostarczaniu pozostałym członkom organizacji. W artykule przedstawiono koncepcje tzw. Trójwymiarowego modelu przywódcy łączącego wiedzę fachową i umiejętności przywódcze z odpowiednimi cechami osobowościowymi, charakterystycznymi dla kultury profesjonalizmu.

EN

The role of human in the being in the modern organization with his skills to acquire, transform and transfer information has become more important as an instrument to increase ins effectiveness. The knowledge creation process is in its essence a process of knowledge acquisition and delivery to the other organization members. The following paper presents the concept of the three-dimensional leadership as a combination of technical and leader competences, as well as characteristics typical for the professional culture.