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1

Implementation of WSN based smart irrigation system

Mohammed Emad Ahmed, Zaidan Hakam Marwan, Mohammed Zaid Ghanim

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 6

27--31

EN

This research paper introduces a real-time, fully automated wireless sensor network (WSN) prototype for irrigation systems in agricultural fields. This automated WSN depends on the soil conditions, like the soil moisture, and takes action accordingly. The WSN is based on the ZigBee protocol represented in the XBee module. The aim is to protect the crops from over/under watering resulting in better crop quality and quantity. Also, this WSN reduces human intervention costs and eliminates or reduces water waste to the minimum acceptable extent. The WSN nodes are classified into three types, the coordinator node, the sensing node, and the relaying node. Sleep mode is used in the sensing node while inactive to achieve the best possible energy savings strategy. Four zones are to be considered in this experimental study. Results showed that the water flows only about 35% of the time of the six observation hours on average in the four zones.

PL

W tym artykule badawczym przedstawiono działający w czasie rzeczywistym, w pełni zautomatyzowany prototyp bezprzewodowej sieci czujników (WSN) dla systemów nawadniających na polach rolniczych. Ten zautomatyzowany WSN jest zależny od warunków glebowych, takich jak wilgotność gleby, i podejmuje odpowiednie działania. WSN jest oparty na protokole ZigBee reprezentowanym w module XBee. Celem jest ochrona upraw przed nadmiernym/niedostatecznym podlewaniem, co skutkuje lepszą jakością i ilością plonów. Ponadto ten WSN zmniejsza koszty interwencji człowieka i eliminuje lub zmniejsza marnotrawstwo wody w minimalnym akceptowalnym stopniu. Węzły WSN dzielą się na trzy typy: węzeł koordynujący, węzeł wykrywający i węzeł przekazujący. Tryb uśpienia jest używany w węźle czujnikowym, gdy jest nieaktywny, aby osiągnąć najlepszą możliwą strategię oszczędzania energii. W tym badaniu eksperymentalnym należy wziąć pod uwagę cztery strefy. Wyniki pokazały, że woda przepływa średnio tylko przez około 35% czasu z sześciu godzin obserwacji w czterech strefach.

2

Evaluation of shallow groundwater suitability for irrigation purposes : A case study from Doornfontein area, South Africa

Moges Simeneh S., Dinka Megersa O.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 58

189--197

EN

The present study aims at evaluating the quality of shallow groundwater (SGW) and its suitability for irrigation purpose in the most urbanised part of Johannesburg city, South Africa. The SGW samples were collected in three consecutive years and analysed for 20 selected physicochemical parameters, and heavy metals. The results were compared with the South African water quality, and Food and Agricultural Organization irrigation water quality guidelines, and standard indices derived from laboratory outputs. The results of the study show that all physiochemical parameters and heavy metals were within the limits set by both guidelines for irrigation purposes, except for potassium (3.58 mg∙dm-3) and manganese levels (3.152 mg∙dm-3). The calculated irrigation parameter values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly’s ratio (KR) and permeability index (PI) were within the permissible range of irrigation water quality standards. The findings of this study provide helpful information for decision-makers such as utilisation of the studied groundwater for irrigation uses.

3

Dendrometric evaluation of Helianthus annuus under water deficit conditions

Obročník Oliver, Bárek Viliam

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

50--53

EN

Drought is characterised as a recurring climatic phenomenon with prolonged duration, affecting land through below-average rainfall and often accompanied by high temperatures. When the available water falls below the optimum level, water deficit or water stress arises, disrupting normal plant processes. This condition poses challenges for plant growth and development as it hampers the internal water transport, induces stomatal closure, and limits access to photosynthetic resources. The study employed the annual sunflower as the experimental plant. The plants were cultivated in a controlled environment with a temperature ranging from 20 to 25°C and a humidity level of 55 to 60%, supplemented by MARS HYDRO artificial LED lighting set to a 12-h photoperiod. Radial changes in the plant stems were monitored using a DD-S type dendrometric sensor to measure radial fluctuations. The collected data were recorded in a dendrometric data logger DL 18. Data collection occurred at hourly intervals from February 20 to March 9, 2023. The nine plants were divided into three groups, each comprising three plants. All plants from groups 1 and 2 received irrigation at one-day intervals (group 1 - 80 cm3 per plant, group 2 - 40 cm3 per plant) and group 3 was not irrigated. Based on these findings, visible water stress was evident in the plants under experimental conditions. Consequently, continuous monitoring throughout the growing season will be essential to adjust the irrigation rate to meet the requirements of the plants.

4

The Effects of the Quality of Irrigation Water Used on Agricultural Soils in Coastal Chaouia, Morocco

Rafik Fadwa, Saber Najib, Halima Oumaima Iben, Douaik Ahmed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

50--60

EN

The Coastal Chaouia region is located south of the Casablanca city (Morocco). Since the 1970s, groundwater has been used intensively for irrigation, previously for growing citrus and currently for vegetables and forages. The increase of irrigated soils by pumping has induced environmental problems such as the degradation of groundwater quality and salt water intrusion. For these reasons, this work aimed to study the impact of the irrigation water quality upon the agricultural soils. During the study, 71 samples of well water and soil were taken to represent the whole considered area, which comprised 3 different zones (0–1.8 km, 1.8–4.5 km, and 4.5–11 km from the coast). The analyzed parameters were salinity and pH. The results showed firstly that the soil pH average values decrease for the three zones with 7.73, 7.57, and 7.52, respectively. However, the water pH averages vary from 7.24 to 7.49. For the soil electrical conductivity, it represents a light decrease moving from the nearest zone to the sea to the far one (average of 3.54, 2.66, and 2.33, respectively). A similar result is for observed water electrical conductivity with average of 6.83, 5.30, and 2.06, respectively, for the three zones. The analyses of the soil and water salinity show that both salinities decreased moving from the coast to inland. Richard and Wilcox charts have confirmed the strong mineralization and the poor quality of most of the well water which are close to the sea.

5

Long-term Changes in the Stability of Agricultural Landscapes in the Areas of Irrigated Agriculture of the Ukraine Steppe Zone

Pichura Vitalii, Potravka Larisa, Domaratskiy Yevhenii, Vdovenko Nataliia, Stratichuk Natalia, Baysha Kira, Pichura Ivan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

188--198

EN

Spatio-temporal assessment of the sustainability of agricultural landscapes over a long period (1892–2020 – 130 years) was carried out on the basis of archival spatial data for the territory of the Dnieper district of the Tauride province and modern data from the State Agency for Water Resources of Ukraine. Taking into account the historical patterns of the development of agriculture on the territory of the Dnieper district and the results of spatial modeling in 1892, territories with low (4.1 thousand hectares – 0.3% of the total area) and medium (310.3 thousand hectares – 23.8%) level of sustainability of agricultural landscapes, which are located in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, were identified. However, the large-scale development of the territory for agricultural land and the development of irrigated agriculture have led to the activation of land degradation processes, soil fertility and the deterioration of the stability of agricultural landscapes over large areas. As a result of spatial modeling, the state for 2020 in the irrigation zone recorded significant areas of agricultural land and adjacent territories with low (179.1 thousand hectares – 13.7% of the total area) and medium (419.0 thousand hectares – 32.1%) stability level. A comparative analysis of the stability of agrolandscapes for two time periods (1892 and 2020) showed that large-scale agricultural land development and an imbalanced land-use culture lead to constant and almost irreversible processes of reducing the stability of agrolandscapes in the areas of irrigation reclamation.

6

Identification and Database Creation of Selected Historic Irrigation Structures in the Czech Republic

Karásek Petr, Pelíšek Igor, Pochop Michal

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

256--264

EN

Since the 19th century, the irrigation industry on the territory of the Czech Republic has undergone considerable technological development and an increase in irrigated areas. Irrigation has become an important part of the Czech landscape. Large complex irrigation systems of tens to hundreds of km2 have been built. Towards the end of the 20th century, there was a significant decline due to the change of political regime, abolition of agricultural companies, etc. Irrigation systems and buildings were often destroyed, devastated, left without maintenance. There have also been several changes in the administrative management of the irrigation sector. The consequence was that there was no single database of irrigation systems. At present, a database of these irrigation systems is being compiled by the Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation using geographical information systems (GIS). In connection with climate change, the threat of drought, and irregular distribution of precipitation during the growing season, and the issue of irrigation are back on trend. In this study the current state of irrigation systems in the Czech Republic was presented. In the Czech Republic, a total of 175115 ha of irrigation area has been recorded so far (of this area, about 41% is currently in functional). Selected historic irrigation structures were documented by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).

7

Geochemistry and Water Quality Assessment of Continental Intercalary Aquifer in Ouargla Region (Sahara, Algeria)

Boussaada Nawel, Bouselsal Boualem, Benhamida Slimane Abdeldjabbar, Hammad Nabila, Kharroubi Maha

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

279--294

EN

Groundwater is vital for all living beings and the socio-economic development of arid regions. The present study evaluated the pertinence of groundwater of the continental intercalary (CI) aquifer in the Ouargla region for domestic and agricultural purposes. Sixteen (16) water samples were collected and analyzed for physical parameters, major cations and anions. The appreciation of groundwater potability was compared with the WHO (2017) standards. Agricultural water quality was evaluated using the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) method and the study of irrigation parameters: EC, SAR, SSP, PI, KR, PS and MAR. The results show that the CI waters are dominated by mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type (56.3%) and Ca-Cl type (43.7%). Natural rock-water interactions, including silicate weathering, evaporite dissolution and cation exchange, were the dominant processes controlling the mineralization of CI waters. According to WHO (2017), EC (100%), T (100%), TDS (100%), Na+ (87.5%), K+ (100%), Ca2+ (12.5%), Mg2+ (18.75%), SO42- (100%), and TH (100%), samples exceed the permissible limit, indicating that most of the groundwater samples do not have good quality for drinking purposes. The calculated IWQI showed that 31.25% of the water samples were in the good category and 68.75% in the doubtful category.

8

Evaluation of the Drinking and Irrigation Quality of Groundwater in Basrah, Iraq

Mohammed Ahmed Ihsan, Naimi Sepanta, Dawood Ammar Salman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

260--271

EN

This study assessed the quality of groundwater in south of Basrah governorate from three regions (Zubair, Safwan and um-Qaser), as well as its expediency for drinking purposes and irrigation. Fifty groundwater specimens from various locations were, whereas their physical and chemical parameters were assessed. The WQI was used to measure overall water quality, and the results were displayed using GIS. The calculation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) took twelve physiochemical parameters into account, including pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, SO4-2, Cl-, HCO3- and NO3-. The groundwater in Basrah was found to be of generally low quality, with significant levels of salinity, hardness, and TDS. The groundwater in the research region was not fit for human consumption, according to (WHO, 2011) standards for drinking water. Applying WQI revealed that, with the exception of two wells, the ground water in the research area was classed as very poor-unsuitable type. The GIS analysis assisted in identifying the places with the best water quality and those with the most serious issues. The groundwater of research region was used for irrigation purposes. The indices considered included SAR, SSP AND MH%. The groundwater from the study area is generally in good condition and may be utilized for irrigation, as shown by the estimated water indices when compared to the accepted standards.

9

Szacowanie potrzeb deszczowania terenów zieleni w zróżnicowanej przestrzeni urbanistycznej

Rolbiecki Stanisław, Rolbiecki Roman, Kuśmierek-Tomaszewska Renata, Żarski Jacek, Łangowski Ariel

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2023

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nr I/1

187--204

PL

Celem pracy było określenie różnic potrzeb deszczowania trawnika wynikających z niejednorodności topograficznej miasta Bydgoszczy i zróżnicowanych pod względem zagospodarowania terenów zamiejskich. Pomiary meteorologiczne prowadzono w okresie od maja do września na terenach zróżnicowanych pod względem stopnia urbanizacji i formy pokrycia terenu: centrum dużego miasta, peryferia miejskie i obszar użytkowany rolniczo. Na podstawie wielkości obliczonych potrzeb wodnych trawnika określono zakres deficytów opadów w okresie wegetacji roślin. Stwierdzono, że sumy opadów sezonowych w porównywanych lokalizacjach kształtowały się na podobnym poziomie, jednakże zaobserwowano dużą zmienność czasową tego wskaźnika w poszczególnych sezonach. Pod względem warunków ewaporometrycznych zaobserwowano wyraźne różnice pomiędzy analizowanymi lokalizacjami. Średnio, największe sumy ewapotranspiracji wskaźnikowej wyznaczono dla centrum miasta, co jest efektem powstającego na tym obszarze zjawiska „miejskiej wyspy ciepła”. Natomiast najmniejsze straty wody na skutek ewapotranspiracji wystąpiły na terenach wiejskich. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy pozwoliły stwierdzić, że potrzeby deszczowania trawnika cechowała zarówno zmienność czasowa jak i przestrzenna. Zdecydowanie największe potrzeby deszczowania wystąpiły w warunkach miejskich, mniejsze na terenach wiejskich użytkowanych rolniczo, a najmniejsze na obrzeżach Bydgoszczy.

EN

The study aimed to determine the differences in lawn irrigation needs resulting from the topographical heterogeneity of the city of Bydgoszcz and surrounding areas. To gather the data, meteorological measurements were carried out in the period from May to September 2012-2014, in areas diversified in terms of the degree of urbanization and land cover: the center of a large city, urban peripheries and rural area. Based on the calculated water needs of the lawn, the range of rainfall deficits during the lawn growing period was determined. It was found that seasonal rainfall totals in the compared locations were at a similar level, but a large temporal variability of this indicator was observed in individual seasons. In terms of evapotranspiration, clear differences were noted between the analysed locations. On average, the highest amounts of potential evapotranspiration were found in the city center, which may be the result of the urban heat island phenomenon forming over this area. However, the lowest water loss due to evapotranspiration took place in the rural area. As a result of these, the analysis showed that the lawn's irrigation needs were characterized by both temporal and spatial variability. By far the greatest irrigation needs occurred in urban space, lower in rural areas, while the lowest on the outskirts of the city, in the Fordon district.

10

Delay factors in the construction of irrigation and hydropower projects in Vietnam

Nguyen Van Son, Nguyen Huu Hue, Nguyen Duc Anh, Hai Dinh Tuan

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 69, nr 1

5--20

EN

Irrigation and hydropower are among the most important sectors in the construction industry that propel the economic needs of a developing country like Vietnam. The construction of these projects often suffers from severe delays, leading to financial losses and other negative impacts on the economy. This paper aims to determine delay factors in the construction of these projects. Among many, 39 most important candidates of delay causes were identified from the literature review. Further surveys on project participants were conducted for the severity of these causes. An exploratory factor analysis was utilized to identify latent factors that cause delays in construction projects. The analysis result categorized a few groups of factors such as abnormal factors on the construction site (e.g., labor accidents, hydrology, water flow, extreme weather) and technical factors related to the construction contractor (e.g., unsuitable schedule, outdated construction technology, unprofessional workers) that have the greatest impact on the delay in construction of irrigation and hydropower projects in Vietnam. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge of project management and risk management, hence an improvement in the efficiency of the project sectors’ performance.

11

Przyszłość pól irygacyjnych Wrocławia

Gierko Aleksandra

Zieleń Miejska

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2022

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Nr 3

36--38

PL

Kiedy w 1881 r. uruchomiono pola irygacyjne we Wrocławiu, zapewne nie spodziewano się korzyści dla środowiska przyrodniczego, jakich w przyszłości będzie dostarczał ten zalewany ściekami teren.

12

The evaluation of irrigating meliorations efficiency after the change of climatic conditions

Zaporozhchenko Viktoriia, Tkachuk Andrij, Tkachuk Tetyana, Dotsenko Viktor

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

199--204

EN

The article reviews one of the important problems of water usage – operational management of irrigation. The article discusses a methodological approach to the estimation of economic efficiency of water usage in the conditions of climate change in the territory concerned. So far, there has not been a simple method to determine this indicator. When assessing climatic conditions, taking into account their influence on the productivity of agricultural crops, it is necessary to take into account meteorological factors that have a decisive influence on the development of agricultural crops and, accordingly, determine their yield. These include primarily heat and moisture. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account their possible negative influence on the development of plants, considering that for each crop a certain optimum regime of temperature and soil moisture is required in different phases of its growth. To assess climatic conditions taking into account the potential crop productivity, we can use the CPA formula. Calculations have shown a close relationship between the CPA and the yield of agricultural crops. Correlation coefficients of the obtained bonds vary from 0.85 to 0.98 depending on the culture and the territory.

13

Qualitative assessment of the waters of the coastal aquifer Ghis-Nekor (Central Rif, Northern Morocco) in view of agricultural use

Benyoussef Said, Arabi Mourad, El Ouarghi Hossain, Ghalit Mohammad, El Yousfi Yassine, Azirar Maryam, Ait Boughrous Ali

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

245--250

EN

The rainfall irregularity in the Al-Hoceima area places the Ghis-Nekor coastal aquifer as a primary resource for water supply. However, it is of paramount priority to adopt management and optimization plans that can mitigate the effects of the irrational use of the resource and the deterioration of its quality in the region of our study. In order to study the alteration aspects of this aquifer, 26 wells were sampled and their suitability for irrigation was assessed. The sodium adsorption rate (SAR) values indicate that most groundwater samples fall into the risk classes of high salinity and low sodium (C3-S1) and high salinity and medium sodium (C3-S2). The results also show a medium to high alkalinity risk due to the high concentration of HCO3-. The excess of salts is largely due to the intensive exploitation of groundwater and to the phenomenon of salt-water intrusion into the coastal karst aquifer. As a result, the quality of groundwater is not adapted to sustainable agricultural production and soil balance, which requires controlled monitoring to ensure its rational use with a view to the sustainable development of the region.

14

Assessment of rainfall efficiency in an apple orchard

Treder Waldemar, Klamkowski Krzysztof, Tryngiel-Gać Anna, Wójcik Katarzyna

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

51--57

EN

Atmospheric precipitation is the major input to the soil water balance. Its amount, intensity, and temporal distribution have an indubitable influence on soil moisture. The aim of the study (conducted in the years 2010-2013) was to evaluate soil water balance in an apple orchard as determined by daily rainfall. The amount and intensity of rainfall and daily evapotranspiration were measured using an automatic weather station. Changes in soil water content was carried out using capacitance probes placed at a depth of 20, 40 and 60 cm. The most common were single events of rainfall of up to 0.2 mm, while 1.3-3.6 mm rains delivered the greatest amount of water. A significant correlation was found between the amount of daily rainfall and changes in water content of individual soil layers. The 15-45 cm and 15-65 cm layers accumulated the greatest amount of high rainfall. The study showed a significant influence of the initial soil moisture on changes in the water content of the analysed layers of the soil profile. The lower its initial moisture content was, the more rainwater it was able to accumulate.

15

An innovative idea : Injection valves for irrigation ducts

Benin Dmitrii M., Snezhko Vera L.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 54

220--224

EN

More than 4.6 mln ha in the Russian Federation are irrigated. Their culvert hydraulic structures are part of network structures and are the most widespread. After the crisis of the 1990s, proper maintenance of many reclamation systems was impossible due to a lack of funds. This led to the loss of about half of the water taken from irrigation sources in irrigation canals. The planned increase in the technical level of irrigation systems requires the automation of the operation of both the entire system as a whole and separately located culverts. This will avoid significant losses of water supply for irrigation and prevent water shortages with the insufficient discipline of water users. Means of hydraulic automation of water supply are being installed on small irrigation canals in Russia. A water flow regulating valve is proposed, with no mechanical movinparts, and gates are not involved in the control process. The operation of the structure is based on the injection effect, in which excess water entering the downstream with a decrease in water consumption begins to circulate between the outlet section of the transit pipe and the diffuser at the end section of the valve. Using the methods of measuring hydrodynamics and the theory of jet devices, theoretical dependences were obtained, which make it possible to determine the main hydraulic characteristics of the structure. The design form of the flow part of the regulator has been developed and a physical model has been made. In a mirror hydraulic flume, the operation modes of the water outlet were studied with and without regulation. The actual values of hydraulic parameters were obtained, which confirmed the validity of the use of theoretical dependencies. The discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results is within the experimental error. It has been proven that it is possible to circulate excess water between the downstream and intermediate pools of the regulator.

16

Groundwater Quality Assessment of Hassi Messaoud Region (Algerian Sahara)

Touahri Mahmoud, Belksier Mohamed Salah, Bouselsal Bouualem, Kebili Mokhtar

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 11

165--178

EN

In the Hassi Messaoud region, is groundwater the only source of water to meet daily demands, especially for consumption, domestic needs, industry and irrigation. This study focused on the evaluation of groundwater quality for potability and irrigation supply and the understanding of mineralization processes in the Mio-Pliocene (CTM), Senonian (CTS) and continental intercalary (CI) aquifers. For this study, 38 boreholes were sampled and analyzed for different parameters: pH, EC, TDS and major ions. The assessment of the relevance of groundwater in the study area was tested by the application of the water quality index (WQI) method. The suitability of the water for agricultural use was tested using the parameters of; EC, SAR, Na%, KR, PI and MH. The results illustrate that the groundwater in the study area is grouped into three classes: poor, very poor and unsuitable. Regarding groundwater use in irrigation, the results indicate that the waters of Hassi Messaoud are unsuitable for irrigation according on the EC and Wilcox diagram. The groundwater of the investigated area presents two types of water; Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3. The study of the mineralization process of water using the Gibbs diagram and binary diagrams and the indices of saturation showed that the mineralization of water is controlled by the dissolution of evaporites and carbonates, silicate weathering and cation exchange. The participation of anthropic contributions is also noted in the Mio-Pliocene aquifer.

17

Groundwater Geochemical and Quality of the Continental Intercalary Aquifer in Béni Ounif (Southwest Algeria)

Abdellah Arfa, Boualem Bouselsal, Aziez Zeddouri, Mokhtar Kebili

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 9

1--12

EN

The main objective of this work was to study the status of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation uses in the locality of Beni Ounif. A total of 16 samples were taken at different locations in the study area from boreholes to capture the continental intercalary (CI) aquifer for physicochemical analysis. This work used the groundwater quality index (GWQI) method to evaluate water potability. The irrigation water quality was assessed by studying EC, SAR, Na%, KR, PI, and MR parameters. In addition, the mechanisms of mineralization of these waters were highlighted by the study of Piper, Gibbs, bivariate diagrams, and the calculation of saturation indices. The results show that the CI waters would have chemical constituents in accordance with the WHO guide values and the Algerian guide values for drinking water. The GWQI method showed a good quality of CI waters for consumption in the study area. On based the irrigation water parameters, the IC water samples are acceptable for irrigation provided that drainage techniques are applied to the cultivated land for tipsy soil salinization. In addition, the study of Piper, Gibbs, bivariate, and mineral saturation diagrams shows that the CI waters of the study area are of Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl type, and the hydrogeochemical processes that control their mineralization are complex, namely, the alteration of silicate and carbonate minerals, the dissolution of gypsum and exchange ion.

18

Features of Creating a System of Space Monitoring of Water-Supplied Territories for Irrigation in the South of Kazakhstan

Malakhov Dmitry V., Tskhay Mikhail, Kalashnikov Alexander A., Bekmukhamedov Nurlan E., Kalashnikov Pavel A., Baizakova Aigul

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 11

202--216

EN

The location of a significant part of the agricultural territories of Kazakhstan in the risk agriculture zone implies the development and further application of an objective monitoring system for irrigated territories. The purpose of the study was to develop methods for on-the-spot and long-term recognition of irrigated massifs and verification of methods in the conditions of the territories of southern Kazakhstan. The paper describes the methods of on-the-spot recognition of irrigated fields, the general assessment of irrigated areas for the growing season, as well as the method of recognizing promising areas for irrigation. The on-the-spot recognition of the fields is based on the use of such spectral indices as the Global Vegetation Moisture Index, Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and the xanthophyll index, combined into a single system by the Decision Tree algorithm. The assessment of irrigated areas is based on differences in the physiological state of plants in conditions of normal water supply and plants experiencing a lack of moisture. The evaluation system includes the calculation of the temperature difference according to the corresponding satellite data and the calculation of the difference in vegetation indices for the same period. The difference in vegetation indices in irrigated fields has positive values due to a steady increase in green biomass, and the temperature difference, on the contrary, is negative or zero, since healthy plants, with normal water supply, actively evaporate moisture to maintain optimal temperatures of biochemical processes. To develop these methods, ground data from 2017–2021 were used. Verification of the methods with ground data demonstrated acceptable accuracy (87% in the on-the-spot assessment of irrigated fields; 60–90% in the general assessment of irrigated areas), while the methods have significant potential for further improvement.

19

Analysis of the Chlorophyll and Carotenoids Content in Brassica Chinensis Plants Using IoT-Based Sprinkle Irrigation

Noerhayati Eko, Mustika Soraya Norma, Mardiyani Siti Asmaniyah, Ingsih Ita Suhermin, Afroni Muhammad Yasa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

25--33

EN

The agricultural sector is currently witnessing the use of Internet of Things (IoT) to drive significant innovations across key interests, particularly irrigation. A sprinkler designed with an Arduino controller was developed in this study. The device is among the fastest growing agricultural irrigation systems. The plant studied is Brassica Chinensis, because this vegetable is one of the most commonly consumed vegetables by Indonesian people. However, emphasis is also placed on plant quality as an important consideration, not only on the device’s operational performance. The purpose of this research was to compare the plant quality, including the dissolved solids, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and vitamin C using manual and Arduino-based sprinkler. As consequence, three treatment methods were employed, termed: the use of manual sprinkle, e.g. P0, and Arduino-based IoT sprinkler, described as P1 and P2. Under these conditions, the chlorophyll quality was comparable to the results obtained using the manual application. P1 is a situation where the sprinkler is manually set by the farmer via the app. Meanwhile, P2 uses a sprinkler which is automatically regulated by the system. Under these conditions, the chlorophyll quality generated with the IoT sprinkler was comparable to the results obtained using the manual application.

20

Effect of the agriculture on the quality of groundwater in the alluvial aquifer of the Tadjenanet area (eastern Algeria)

Khedidja Abdelhamid, Dib Imen

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2022

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no. 3

45--57

EN

The region of Tadjenanet is in eastern Algeria in the high plains, characterized by a varied age detritus Mio-Plio-Quaternary. Some geological formations can be an important source of groundwater (alluvial sand, shell limestone, gravel). Its location in semi-arid area involves evaporation pronounced even tilt the balance in a chronic deficit, excluding periods characterized by rainfall events. Agriculture in the study area is the first socio-economic activity and the largest consumer of water resources. It is therefore necessary to consider for effective water management. Indeed, the combination of hydrogeological and hydro chemical geological mapping, geophysics, harvested from field data and their interpretations can be an excellent tool for deciding the suitability of water for irrigation. The analysis of the physicochemical data shows an increase in the concentration of nitrates reaching 200 mg · l–1, as well as the analysis by the Richards SAR parameter shows that most groundwater samples are generally suitable for agricultural purposes with 33%, belong characterizing poor quality. Indeed, the groundwater in the region generally requires prior treatment before consumption and use depending on the type of crop. The assessment of the quality of the water in the region and its consequences on the soil and the types of crops has enabled the authorities concerned to manage the water supply adequately to preserve and protect this vital source for the future from any risk of contamination.