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1

Capabilities of Thomson parabola spectrometer in various laser-plasma- and laser-fusion-related experiments

Tchórz Przemysław, Szymański Maciej, Rosiński Marcin, Chodukowski Tomasz, Borodziuk Stefan

Nukleonika

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2023

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Vol. 68, No. 1

29--36

EN

The Thomson parabola spectrometer (TPS) [1] is a well-known, universal diagnostic tool that is widely used in laser plasma experiments to measure the parameters of accelerated ions. In contrast to other popular ion diagnostics, such as semiconductor detectors or ion collectors, the TPS is not greatly affected by electromagnetic pulses generated during high-power laser interaction with matter and can be tuned to acquire data in various energy ranges of accelerated ions, depending on the goal of the experiment. Despite the many advantages of this diagnostic device, processing the collected data is a diffi cult task and requires a lot of caution during interpretation of gathered results. In this work, we introduce the basic principles of operation and data analysis based on the numerical tool created specifi cally for the TPS designed at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, present a range of data obtained during various recent experiments in which our TPS was used, and highlight the diffi culties in data analysis depending on the purpose of the experiment and the experimental setup.

2

Improved copper sorption on grafted kaolinites of different structural order

Koteja A., Matusik J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

96--97

EN

Kaolin group minerals exhibit relatively low sorption capacity as the migration of ions and their sorption in the interlayer space is not possible. The ions attraction is limited to the particles faces and edges through surface complexation and ion-exchange mechanisms. The ongoing research on functionalized kaolinites enabled to synthesize new nanomaterials with possible applications in industry and environmental protection. The modification procedures mainly involve structure alteration by intercalation and/or grafting processes. It is worth to underline that kaolinite 1:1 layer has exposed inner surface hydroxyls which are susceptible for reactions with selected organic molecules and as a results new materials with interesting properties may be obtained. Heavy metals in excessive amount are toxic and may lead to serious health problems. Thus, the purification of heavy metal contaminated aqueous solutions is of environmental importance. The aim of the study was to examine the sorption properties of kaolinites grafted with selected aminoalcohols towards Cu(II). For the experiments, two types of Polish kaolinites were chosen: well ordered type from Maria III deposit (M) (located about 20 km SW from Bolesławiec) and poorly ordered type from Jaroszów deposit (J) (located about 10 km NE from Strzegom). The modification consisted of (i) a preparation of kaolinite-dimethyl sulfoxide intercalate (MDMSO and JDMSO) and (ii) its further grafting with diethanolamine (DEA) or triethanolamine (TEA) (Letaief & Detellier 2007). The synthesized MDEA, MTEA, JDEA and JTEA samples were examined using XRD, IR and CHNS methods. The Cu(II) sorption equilibrium experiments were performed for the 0.005-10.0 mmol/L concentration range at room temperature (initial pH 5). The suspensions (20 g/L) were shaken for 24 hours. Afterwards, the Cu(II) concentration was measured using AAS method. The d001 reflections for the MDEA, MTEA, JDEA and JTEA increased from 7.2 Å (M and J samples) to 10.2 Å, 10.8 Å, 10.1 Å and 11.0 Å, respectively which confirmed the formation of grafted compounds. The presence of organic molecules resulted in an appearance of C-H stretching bands (2800-3000 cm-1) in the IR spectra. Moreover, changes in the O-H stretching region (3600-3700 cm-1) were also noticed due to interaction of aminoalcohols with kaolinites hydroxyls. An assumption was made that the sorption of cations will take place by the nitrogen lone electron pair of the grafted DEA or TEA. Thus, the theoretical sorption capacity associated with nitrogen was calculated on the basis of CHNS analysis and was the following: 184 mmol/kg (MDEA), 223 mmol/kg (MTEA), 122 mmol/kg (JDEA) and 323 mmol/kg (JTEA). The highest Cu(II) sorption was observed for the JTEA sample: 119 mmol/kg, while for the J and JDEA samples it reached 65 mmol/kg and 88 mmol/kg, respectively. The sorption improvement was less pronounced for materials based on the M sample. Both for the pure M sample and the MTEA sample, the sorption capacity was equal to ∼62 mmol/kg, while for the MDEA sample it was higher and reached 72 mmol/kg. It can be concluded that the performed modifications have improved the kaolinites sorption capacity. The improvement was due to cations attraction by the nitrogen lone electron pairs after their migration into the interlayer space. Worth emphasizing is that the Cu(II) ions readily form Cu-aminoalcohol complexes in aqueous solutions (Karadag et al. 2001). As a result of such mechanism, the pH value has increased, which is attributed to competitive protons sorption. The adsorption energy, estimated on the basis of Dubinin-Radushkevich equation, for all the reactions was in the 10-14 kJ/mol range. This indicates that the adsorption energy corresponds to energies characteristic for the ion exchange reactions (Debnath & Ghosh 2007). In most cases the sorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model.

3

Application of ion chromatography and energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry for examination of chemical composition of mineral fertilizers

Michalski R., Łyko A., Szopa S.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2011

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Vol. 37, no. 2

93-107

EN

Product quality tests require accurate and precise analytical techniques. Fertilizers belong to a group of products whose chemical composition is of great importance due to health, environmental and economic reasons. The following paper presents the results of the research into the content of selected substances in several mineral fertilizers manufactured in Poland. Ion chromatography (IC) was employed to determine selected inorganic anions and cations, whereas energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) was used to determine the content of selected elements.

PL

Badania jakości produktów wymagają stosowania dokładnych i precyzyjnych technik analitycznych. Do produktów, których skład chemiczny ma ogromne znaczenie zarówno ze względów zdrowotnych, ekologicznych, jak i ekonomicznych, należą nawozy mineralne. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości wybranych substancji w kilkunastu nawozach mineralnych produkowanych w Polsce. Do oznaczania wybranych nieorganicznych anionów i kationów wykorzystano technikę chromatografii jonowej (IC), a do badania zawartości wybranych pierwiastków technikę spektrometrii fluorescencji rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii (EDXRF).

4

Nowe aspekty alkilowania aryloacetonitryli w warunkach katalizy międzyfazowej

Fedoryński M., Jezierska-Zięba M., Kąkol B.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2009

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T. 88, nr 8

872-876

5

Jonity w produkcji i oczyszczaniu biodiesla oraz oczyszczaniu i zagospodarowaniu glicerolu

Kociołek-Balawejder E., Pińkowska H.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2008

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T. 87, nr 10

1012-1018

6

Analiza statystyczna wpływu odległości i głębokości poboru próbek od drogi na zawartość niektórych jonów metali ciężkich w glebie

Słowik T., Piekarski W., Tarasińska J.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2006

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R. 10, nr 6(81)

275-283

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów jonów metali ciężkich w glebach poboczy dróg znajdujących się na terenach chronionych oraz ich analizę statystyczną.

EN

The paper presents results of the measurements and the statistical analysis of the concentrations of selected heavy metals ions in the wayside soil of the nature reserve area.

7

Komputerowe projektowanie kolumnowych wymieniaczy jonitowych

Piekarski J., Lubierski M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Białostockiej. Inżynieria Środowiska

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2003

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Z. 16, t. 1

144--152

PL

Na świecie produkowana jest ogromna ilość jonitów, mająca stale tendencję wzrastającą, a także brak jest jednolitej i porównywalnej metody oceny podstawowych parametrów użytkowych jonitów. Dlatego wykonano i przedstawiono charakterystykę autorskiego programu komputerowego, opracowanego do obliczania podstawowych wymiarów i analizy eksploatacyjnej wymienników jonitowych. Opisano obsługę programu, zakres jego stosowalności oraz przykład. Przedstawiony program jest prosty w obsłudze, zawiera szereg pomocniczych funkcji i procedur ułatwiających pracę.

EN

The huge quantity of ionites is produced in the world, with constantly increasing tendency, and there is no uniform and comparable method of basic usage ionites parameters assessment. Therefore author's computer programme worked out for calculation of basic dimensions and exploitational analysis of the ion exchangers was created and its characteristics is presented. Programme usage, range of its applicability as well as an example are described. Presented programme is simple, contains auxiliary functions and procedures facilitating work.

8

Struktura ciekłej wody. Cz.2. Struktura wody w obecności jonów

Dutkiewicz E., Jakubowska A.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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1998

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[Z] 52, 11-12

787--801

PL

W związku z trudnościami w opracowaniu strukturalnego opisu, który wyjaśniłby dynamiczne zachowanie czystej wody, w konsekwencji muszą pojawiać się również problemy w opisaniu jej struktury w obecności kationów i anionów. Stopień uporządkowania struktury wody wokół poszczególnych jonów badano wielokrotnie i to różnymi metodami. Jednakże, jak to zostanie przedstawione w dalszej części niniejszego artykułu, wyniki owych prowadzonych niezależnie od siebie badań nie zawsze są ze sobą zgodne. \między innymi może to być wynikiem braku jednoznacznego opisu strukturalnego wody.

EN

The aim of this work was to present and compare various methods of the determination of the influence of ions on the water structure. The reasons of the discrepancies between the results obtained by different workers and methods are explained. We have presented the model of the hydrated ion proposed by Marcus, who used this model to describe the hydration process and its conceptual stages. In the model of 'fluctuating icebergs' proposed by Frank and Evans, solutes were considered to order water molecules around themselves. Ordering of water ('iceberg formation') was believed to occur by the formation of interconnected networks of hydrogen bonds. Solutes which imposed order (i.e. promoted iceberg formation) were considered to be structure makers. Similarly, solutes which decreased order were said to be structure breakers. The influence of ions on the water structure can be determined by means of: 1) comparison of the interaction energies among water molecules around the ion with those in pure water; 2) the viscosity B-coefficients of the Dole-Jones equation, the average number of hydrogen bonds in which a water molecule participates (DGHB), a residual entropy (Sstr) and heat capacity of hydration (Cpstr) due to the change in the structure of the water ; 3) analyzing the laser-Raman spectra of water in the region of OH stretching vibration. We have compared the results of investigations of structure-making and structure-breaking properties of the ions. The observed discrepancies between the results obtained by different workers and methods can be caused by: 1) a different interpretation of the influence of the hydrated ion on the water structure, 2) experimental results depend on the phase of water: bulk or interfacial region, in which the measurements were performed (different properties and structure of both water phases, 3) different definitions of the hydration sphere implying a confusion in the concept of the ion hydration structure, 4) different sensitivity and accuracy of the measurement methods used, 5) different models, assumptions and simplifications, 6) the different orientation of water dipoles around cations and anions has not been taken into account in models and calculations.