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Assessment of impact of vehicle traffic conditions: urban, rural and highway, on the results of pollutant emissions inventory

Bebkiewicz Katarzyna, Chłopek Zdzisław, Sar Hubert, Szczepański Krystian, Zimakowska-Laskowska Magdalena

Archives of Transport

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2021

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Vol. 60, iss. 4

57--69

EN

The use of motor vehicles varies considerably under distinct traffic conditions: in cities, outside cities as well as on motor-ways and expressways. The impact of road traffic on the natural environment has been studied for many years, including in terms of the nature of the operation of motor vehicles. This problem is particularly important in highly urbanized areas, where traffic congestion is the source of increased emissions of harmful compounds contained in exhaust gases. For this reason, many cities have traffic restrictions, especially for those cars that do not meet the most stringent emission standards. Environmental protection is the driving force behind the development of modern combustion engine supply systems, which allow for proper control of the combustion of petroleum-derived fuels. The exhaust gas cleaning systems in the form of catalytic converters or particulate matter filters are also playing a very important role. Considerable differences in internal combustion engine operating states, both static and dynamic, result in important differences in pollutant emissions. Likewise, the national annual pollutant emission is affected by the share of distances travelled by vehicles under various traffic conditions. At the same time, it is very difficult to estimate exhaust emissions from road transport sources. Very interesting method of emission estimation is the application of the data included in the emission inventory which are a valuable source of information on exhaust emissions under various operating conditions. In the present study, the annual pollutant emissions were analyzed: at a national level (total pollutant emission) and in distinct traffic conditions. There were found large differences between individual pollutants’ shares in the emissions from vehicles under the tested traffic conditions. This is particularly evident for nitrogen oxides with the highest emission share outside cities, as opposed to other substances with the highest emission shares in cities, where traffic congestion is taking place.

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Inventory of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland using the COPERT 5 software

Bebkiewicz Katarzyna, Chłopek Zdzisław, Lasocki Jakub, Szczepański Krystian, Zimakowska-Laskowska Magdalena

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

150--154

EN

This article presents results of the inventory of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland. To determine emission from motor vehicles in Poland COPERT 5 software was used for the first time. In addition, a comparison of the national emission from motor vehicles in 2016 and in 2015 was included. Pollutants harmful to health were considered primarily: carbon monoxide, organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Emission of substances contributing to the intensification of the greenhouse effect were also examined: carbon dioxide, ammonia and nitrous oxide. It was found that the relative increase in volume of emission of carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds is less than 10%, and nitrogen oxides and particulate matter less than 15%. The relative increase in carbon dioxide emission is approximately 14%, which corresponds to a relative increase in fuel consumption. The relative increase of volume of heavy metal emission is similar. The assessment of the energy emission factor (emission of pollution related to energy equal to used fuel) proves that - amongst pollutants harmful to health - for carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds there is a relative reduction by approximately 5% in 2016, and for nitrogen oxides and particulate matter - increase by approximately (3-4)%.

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Emission of pollutants from motor vehicles in Poland comparing to pollutant emission in the European Union

Bebkiewicz Katarzyna, Chłopek Zdzisław, Szczepański Krystian, Zimakowska-Laskowska Magdalena

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

56--60

EN

The inventory results of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland comparing to the emission of pollutants in the European Union have been presented in the paper. The analysis is based on the official results of the pollution inventory reported to the European Union. Emission of the following substances was considered for the years 1990-2016 for Poland and the European Union from all civilization and road transport activities: carbon monoxide, non-methan volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter consisting of fractions: total suspended particles, PM10 and PM2.5. It was observed that the share of pollutant emission from road transport in Poland is smaller than for the entire European Union. This is especially evident in the case of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. As a result of the analysis of the emission inventory in the European Union, it was confirmed that the share of motorization in the emission of pollutants harmful to human health is significantly smaller in Poland than in the entire European Union. Therefore, conducting a detailed analysis of specific distance emission of pollutants from a statistical vehicle as well as extending research on greenhouse gas emission from motor vehicles is recommended.

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Theory and practice of inventory pollutant emission from civilization-related sources: share of the emission harmful to health from road transport

Chłopek Z., Dębski B., Szczepański K.

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2018

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Vol. 79, nr 1

5--22

EN

The article presents authors’ generalization of the methods used for the inventory of pollutant emission from civilization-related sources. The study has been illustrated with results of an evaluation of the share of road transport in pollutant emission from civilization-related sources in Poland in 2015 with respect to the contribution of road transport to total pollutant emission. Official results of an inventory of the emission of substances harmful to health of living organisms, carried out by the National Centre for Emissions Management (KOBiZE) at the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute, have been presented. The said results are reported in the European Union. They pertain to the civilization-related sources classified as in SNAP (Selected Nomenclature for sources of Air Pollution). It has been found that among the most important environmental hazards related to the emission of substances harmful to health from civilization-related sources, road transport is chiefly accountable for nitrogen oxides emission; however, the national annual emission of nitrogen oxides in Poland has been decreasing from as long ago as 2007, in spite of a significant growth in the number and intensity of use of motor vehicles. The contribution of motorization to the air pollution with particulate matter is relatively small. Definitely, dusts are predominantly emitted by the power industry, especially the dispersed emission sources. Road transport has been found to emit particularly small quantities of one of the most harmful air pollutants, i.e. sulphur oxides. This has been achieved thanks to widespread introduction of low-sulphur fuels. Thanks to the introduction of unleaded fuels to general use, only trace influence of road transport on lead emission has been recorded.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono autorskie uogólnienie metodyki stosowanej w inwentaryzacji emisji zanieczyszczeń ze źródeł cywilizacyjnych. Rozważania zilustrowano wynikami oceny transportu drogowego w emisji zanieczyszczeń ze źródeł cywilizacyjnych w Polsce w 2015 r. ze względu na udział transportu drogowego w całkowitej emisji zanieczyszczeń. Przedstawiono oficjalne wyniki inwentaryzacji emisji substancji szkodliwych dla zdrowia organizmów żywych, wykonanej w Krajowym Ośrodku Bilansowania i Zarządzania Emisjami Instytutu Ochrony Środowiska – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego. Wyniki te są raportowane w Unii Europejskiej. Wyniki emisji zanieczyszczeń dotyczą źródeł działalności cywilizacyjnej zgodnie z klasyfikacją SNAP (Selected Nomenclature for sources of Air Pollution). Stwierdzono, że spośród najważniejszych zagrożeń środowiska w związku z emisją ze źródeł cywilizacyjnych substancji szkodliwych dla zdrowia transport drogowy jest przede wszystkim odpowiedzialny za emisję tlenków azotu, jednak krajowa emisja roczna tlenków azotu w Polsce już od 2007 r. zmniejsza się, mimo znacznego przyrostu liczby samochodów oraz intensyfikacji ich użytkowania Stosunkowo mały jest wkład motoryzacji w zanieczyszczenie powietrza cząstkami stałymi. Decydującym źródłem emisji pyłów jest energetyka, szczególnie rozproszone źródła emisji. Szczególnie mała jest emisja z transportu drogowego jednego z najpoważniejszych zanieczyszczeń powietrza – tlenków siarki. Osiągnięto to dzięki powszechnemu wprowadzeniu niskosiarkowych paliw. Śladowy jest również wpływ transportu drogowego na emisję ołowiu – dzięki wprowadzeniu do eksploatacji paliw bezołowiowych.

5

The influence of the properties of vehicles traffic on the total pollutant emission

Bebkiewicz K., Chłopek Z., Szczepański K., Zimakowska-Laskowska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2017

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z. 1/110

89--101

EN

To study the influence of the traffic on the total emission model is used total emission. The model of total emission is identified for the structure of the vehicle fleet in Poland in 2014. The quantity of vehicles and structure of the fleet is derived from the information collected in Polish Central Vehicle and Driver Register system (CEPiK). The data on the intensity and the mileage of vehicles in each category was adopted basing on information from the literature and own research. The article analyzes the impact of the character of traffic vehicles on the total emission defined for traffic in urban, rural and on the highways area.

PL

Do badania wpływu charakteru ruchu pojazdów samochodowych na całkowitą emisję zanieczyszczeń wykorzystano model całkowitej emisji zanieczyszczeń, zidentyfikowany dla stanu motoryzacji w Polsce w 2014 r. Liczność pojazdów poszczególnych kategorii elementarnych przyjęto na podstawie informacji zawartych w bazach Systemu Informatycznego Centralnej Ewidencji Pojazdów i Kierowców. Dane nt. intensywności oraz sposobu użytkowania pojazdów poszczególnych kategorii elementarnych przyjęto na podstawie informacji z literatury i wyników badań własnych. W artykule przeanalizowano wpływ charakteru ruchu pojazdów samochodowych, zdefiniowanego dla ruchu w miastach, poza miastami oraz na autostradach i drogach ekspresowych, na całkowitą emisję zanieczyszczeń.

6

Results of air emission inventory from road transport in Poland in 2014

Bebkiewicz K., Chłopek Z., Szczepański K., Zimakowska-Laskowska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2017

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z. 1/110

77--88

EN

The article presents results of balancing the national pollutant emission from vehicles, using for the first time in Poland COPERT software to the official report within the framework cooperation in the European Union. The calculation was made for the year 2014 based on number of vehicles from Polish Central Vehicle and Driver Register system (CEPiK). Intensity and way of usage data for each vehicle categories comes from literature and on the on the basis of own research. The article contains results for aggregated vehicle categories for the selected pollutants which are reported in European Union reports.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki bilansowania krajowej emisji zanieczyszczeńz pojazdów, stosując po raz pierwszy w Polsce oprogramowanie COPERT do oficjalnego raportowania w ramach współpracy w Unii Europejskiej. Badania wykonano dla 2014 r., wykorzystując oficjalne dane o liczności pojazdów, zawarte w bazach Systemu Informatycznego Centralnej Ewidencji Pojazdów i Kierowców. Dane nt. intensywności oraz sposobu użytkowania pojazdów poszczególnych kategorii elementarnych przyjęto na podstawie informacji z literatury i wyników badań własnych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dla skumulowanych kategorii pojazdów dla wybranych substancji, których emisja jest inwentaryzowania w raportach Unii Europejskiej.

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Model of the structure of motor vehicles for the criterion of the technical level on account of pollutant emission

Chłopek Z., Bebkiewicz K.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2017

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Vol. 19, no. 4

501--507

EN

Inventory of total vehicle pollution emission is only possible through the use of emission modelling. One of the most difficult problems in modelling total emission from motor vehicles is the identification of the structure of vehicle fleet. While it is possible to use vehicle registration data to model the numerosity of elementary vehicle categories, it is very difficult to design representative driving cycles for vehicles in separate categories, in the absence of empirical evidence. The article proposes two models of the structure of motor vehicles for the criterion of technical level on account of pollutant emission. The method of modelling the intensity of use of motor vehicles by elementary categories on account of pollutant emission, outlined in this article, is the first unique undertaking in this field on a global scale. This method was used for inventorying pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland, in the years 2000–2015.

PL

Inwentaryzacja całkowitej emisji zanieczyszczeń samochodowych jest możliwa tylko dzięki zastosowania modelowania emisji zanieczyszczeń. Jednym z najtrudniejszych problemów modelowania całkowitej emisji zanieczyszczeń z pojazdów samochodowych jest identyfikacja ich struktury. O ile jest możliwe wykorzystanie danych związanych z rejestracją pojazdów samochodowych do modelowania liczności kategorii pojazdów samochodowych, o tyle wyznaczenie reprezentatywnych przebiegów pojazdów elementarnych kategorii jest zadaniem bardzo trudnym ze względu na brak wyników badań empirycznych. W artykule zaproponowano dwa modele struktury pojazdów samochodowych dla kryterium poziomu technicznego ze względu na emisję zanieczyszczeń. Przedstawiony w niniejszym artykule sposób modelowania intensywności użytkowania pojazdów samochodowych kategorii elementarnych ze względu na emisję zanieczyszczeń jest pierwszym unikatowym przedsięwzięciem w tym zakresie w skali światowej. Metodę tę zastosowano do inwentaryzacji zanieczyszczeń pojazdów samochodowych w Polsce w latach 2000–2015.

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Study on sensitivity of national annual pollutant emission from passenger cars to traffic patterns

Bebkiewicz K., Chłopek Z., Stosio G., Szczepański K., Zimakowska-Laskowska M.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 4

170--174

EN

The paper presents the results of the study on the sensitivity of the national annual pollutant emission from passenger cars to traffic patterns. The study was carried out in accordance with the methodology applied in the COPERT 4 software. The traffic pattern was modelled as the share of road lengths under various traffic conditions: urban, rural and on motorways and expressways, in the total length of trips covered by vehicles. A relatively small and less varied sensitivity of the national annual pollutant emission from passenger cars to the traffic pattern was found due to the substance emitted. This was considered to be a valuable proposal for the selection of parameters for the total emission model of vehicular pollutants, in view of the difficulty of estimating the share of road lengths under model traffic conditions.

9

Evolution of national annual pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland

Bebkiewicz K., Chłopek Z., Szczepański K., Zimakowska-Laskowska M.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 4

92--96

EN

The work analyses the national annual emission of pollutants from passenger cars in Poland, in the years 2000–2015, including the classification of combustion engines relative to the ignition system. The study was carried out in accordance with the methodology used in the COPERT 4 software. The vehicle traffic model was analysed under the following conditions: urban, rural and on motorways and expressways. The national annual pollutant emission was found to change substantially alongside the changes in vehicle properties over the period analysed; the effect varied due to the performance of respective substances. The relative annual national emission of the various pollutants compared to the situation in 2000 were determined. There was a clear declining trend, from 2008 onwards, in the relative annual emission of pollutants from a representative passenger car; this was valid for all substances.

10

Estimating pollutant emission from motor vehicles in the years 2000–2015

Bebkiewicz K., Chłopek Z., Szczepański K., Zimakowska-Laskowska M.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 4

62--67

EN

National annual emission from motor vehicles were estimated with the use, for the first time in Poland, of the COPERT software programme developed in support of official reporting under the EU cooperation framework. The quantification of vehicular emission covered the period 2000–2015. The results were analysed for the following cumulated vehicle categories: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, urban buses, coaches, motorcycles and mopeds. The national annual emission from motor vehicles in Poland was found to be markedly declining. The relative national annual emission of individual pollutants was balanced against the situation in the year 2000. Starting from 2006, a distinct decreasing trend was observed for the relative national annual emission of pollutants from a representative motor vehicle; this was valid for all the substances except for nitrous oxide alone.

11

Effect of average velocity of passenger cars on national annual emission of pollutants

Bebkiewicz K., Chłopek Z., Stosio G., Szczepański K., Zimakowska-Laskowska M.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 4

121--136

EN

The paper presents the results of the study on the sensitivity of the national annual emission of pollutants from passenger cars to their average velocity under the following traffic conditions: urban, rural, and on motorways and expressways. The study was carried out in accordance with the methodology used in the COPERT 4 software. The effect of traffic speed within cumulated categories of passenger cars on the national emission of pollutants was analyzed. The national annual pollutant emission of pollutants was found to be substantially affected by the average car velocity, this effect being largely differentiated due to the character of road traffic. The type of the dependence of the national annual pollutant emission on the average velocity is similar for all substances, especially under traffic conditions in rural areas as well as on highways and expressways. A distinct minimum of the national pollutant emission was found at a velocity of about 70 km/h under rural conditions.

12

Assessment of results of pollutant emission inventory of the road transport sector in Poland in 2000–2015

Bebkiewicz K., Chłopek Z., Szczepański K., Zimakowska-Laskowska M.

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2017

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Vol. 78, nr 4

5--25

EN

The article presents results of inventorying pollutant emission from road transport in Poland in the years 2000–2015, prepared at the National Centre for Emissions Management (KOBiZE) of the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute. The pollutant emission was determined by modelling, which was carried out with using the EU-recommended COPERT 4 program. The fleet sizes and annual mileage (in kilometres) of vehicles classified in each cumulated category have been given. The motor vehicle traffic was characterized by the shares of vehicle mileages covered in the urban, extra-urban (rural), and high-speed (highway) driving modes in the total vehicle mileage and by the average vehicle velocity values determined for the said different driving modes. Data on annual national emission of carbon monoxide – CO, volatile organic compounds – VOC, nitrogen oxides – NOx, particulate matter – PM, and carbon dioxide – CO2 have been specified for the years 2000–2015, for which the emission balance was inventoried. A marked downward trend was revealed in the annual national emission, especially for carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds. This is an effect of technological progress in the field of automotive engineering. The average specific distance emission and average emission factor values were also experimentally determined. Based on results of these tests, conclusions have been formulated as regards clearly visible improvement in the environmental properties of motor vehicles in the years 2000–2015; an effect of this improvement is a considerable reduction in the environmental loading caused by road transport.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki inwentaryzacji emisji zanieczyszczeń w sektorze transportu drogowego w Polsce w latach 2000–2015, opracowane w Krajowym Ośrodku Bilansowania i Zarządzania Emisjami Instytutu Ochrony Środowiska – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego. Emisję zanieczyszczeń wyznaczono na podstawie modelowania z zastosowaniem oprogramowania COPERT 4, rekomendowanego przez Unię Europejską. Przedstawiono liczność i przebiegi roczne pojazdów kategorii skumulowanych. Parametry charakteryzujące ruch samochodów przyjęto jako udział długości drogi przebywanej przez pojazd w warunkach jazdy: w miastach, poza miastami oraz na autostradach i drogach ekspresowych, a także prędkość średnią pojazdów w tych warunkach. Przedstawiono krajową emisję roczną: tlenku węgla, lotnych związków organicznych, tlenków azotu, cząstek stałych i dwutlenku węgla dla lat bilansowania 2000–2015. Stwierdzono tendencję do znaczącego zmniejszania się krajowej emisji zanieczyszczeń, szczególnie tlenku węgla i lotnych związków organicznych. Jest to wynik postępu technicznego pojazdów samochodowych. Zbadano również średnią emisję drogową i średni wskaźnik emisji zanieczyszczeń dla wszystkich pojazdów samochodowych. Sformułowano na podstawie tych badań wnioski na temat wyraźnej poprawy właściwości ekologicznej pojazdów samochodowych w latach 2000–2015, czego skutkiem jest znaczące zmniejszenie obciążenia środowiska przez transport drogowy.

13

Ocena błędu inwentaryzacji emisji zanieczyszczeń dla celów związanych z modelowaniem dyspersji zanieczyszczeń w powietrzu

Bogacki M.

Inżynieria Środowiska / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. S. Staszica w Krakowie

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2000

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T. 5, z. 1

45-57

PL

Weryfikacja poprawności działania modeli dyspersji zanieczyszczeń w powietrzu wymaga posiadania informacji o granicach niepewności danych wejściowych przyjętych do obliczeń. W artykule podjęto próbę zdefiniowania błędu inwentaryzacji emisji oraz metodyki jego obliczania. Przedstawiona metoda uwzględnia zarówno wpływ niepewności współczynnika masowego emisji jak i wpływ reaktywności chemicznej. W oparciu o przedstawioną metodykę wykonano obliczenia błędu dla rzeczywistych danych pochodzących z inwentaryzacji emisji na terenie Nowego Sącza.

EN

Verification of operation correctness of air pollutant dispersion models requires information of uncertainties ranges for input data considered to estimations. An attempt at creating definition of emission identification error and its estimation methodology have been made in the paper. The method incorporates the influence of uncertainties in both mass emission rates and chemical reactivity. The error estimations for real data coming from Nowy Sącz area emission inventory have been carried out basis of the described methodology.