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1

Infrastructure for supporting the process of internationalization of higher education: the experience of Poland

Ostenda Aleksander, Kaprunovska Alla, Padchenko Olena, Livshun Oleksandr

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach

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2023

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T. 16

171--184

EN

The article proposes a definition of the term „infrastructure supporting the process of internationalization of higher education” and examines its role in the development of higher education in the context of globalization and strengthening of international relations, focusing on the experience of Poland. The authors of the article highlight the importance and functions of the infrastructure supporting the process of internationalization of higher education at different levels - academic, institutional, and systemic. Support infrastructure is considered as a system of organizational, structural, human, financial and informational resources created and maintained by higher education institutions, government bodies, international organizations, and other stakeholders to promote the internationalization of higher education. Special attention is paid to the analysis of three infrastructure subsystems supporting the internationalization of higher education: international, state, and private. The example of Poland is given as an example of a successful country that is actively developing the internationalization of its higher education institutions, becoming attractive to foreign students, and the infrastructure supporting the internationalization of higher education plays a key role in creating favourable conditions for international cooperation and knowledge exchange.

PL

W artykule zaproponowano definicję pojęcia „infrastruktura wspierająca proces umiędzynarodowienia szkolnictwa wyższego” oraz zbadano jej rolę w rozwoju szkolnictwa wyższego, w kontekście globalizacji i zacieśnienia stosunków międzynarodowych, skupiając się na doświadczeniach Polski. Autorzy artykułu podkreślają znaczenie i funkcje infrastruktury wspierającej proces internacjonalizacji szkolnictwa wyższego na różnych poziomach – akademickim, instytucjonalnym i systemowym. Infrastruktura wspierająca jest rozumiana jako system zasobów organizacyjnych, strukturalnych, ludzkich, finansowych i informacyjnych, tworzony i utrzymywany przez instytucje szkolnictwa wyższego, organy rządowe, organizacje międzynarodowe i innych interesariuszy w celu promowania umiędzynarodowienia szkolnictwa wyższego. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono analizie trzech podsystemów infrastruktury wspierających internacjonalizację szkolnictwa wyższego: międzynarodowego, państwowego i prywatnego. Podano przykład Polski jako kraju odnoszącego sukcesy, który aktywnie rozwija internacjonalizację swoich uczelni, stając się atrakcyjnym dla zagranicznych studentów, a infrastruktura wspierająca internacjonalizację szkolnictwa wyższego odgrywa kluczową rolę w tworzeniu sprzyjających warunków do międzynarodowej współpracy i wymiany wiedzy.

2

The policy (strategy) of financing Polish joint stock companies, in the context of their internationalization

Różański Jerzy

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 169

623--636

EN

Purpose: In the scientific literature in Poland, but also in the world, there is a lack of publications defining the relationship occurring between the internationalization of the enterprise and its financing strategy, most fully reflected in the capital structure. The point, therefore, is to examine to what extent the various stages of internationalization of the enterprise (export, establishment of subsidiaries, acquisition of enterprises in countries hosting foreign investors) affect the capital structure. It was also necessary to examine whether the sector of the business has an impact on the presence, or non-occurrence, of these relationships. Design/methodology/approach: To investigate this, the ratios of internationalization of sales and the share of debt in total company financing were compared, and Lillefors and Fisher- Snedecor statistical tests were applied to 28 apparel companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. At the same time, a case study of the LPP group, the largest apparel company in Poland, was developed to determine why the apparel sector was found to lack such relationships. The results of the study were compared with the results of research previously conducted at home and abroad. Findings: It was shown that in the apparel sector, no statistically significant relationship was found between internationalization and changes in capital structure. It was found, using the example of LPP, that the foreign expansion of Polish companies in the apparel industry is increasingly associated with the use of online sales, which does not result in an increase in costs that could cause an increasing need for foreign capital. However, it also does not result in a reduction in the size of financing, as a study of Malaysian companies would suggest. Originality/value: The lack of research in this area indicates its originality. At the same time, the already conducted and further intended research will make it possible to estimate how the demand for capital will or will not change in enterprises depending on the sector of enterprise activity. After all, studies conducted in the construction sector have shown a far-reaching dependence, which, however, is not the content of the presented study.

3

Capital structure of polish joint stock companies in the process of internationalization

Bogołębska Justyna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 169

145--156

EN

Purpose: In the scientific literature in Poland, but also in the world, there is a lack of publications defining the relationship occurring between the internationalization of the enterprise and the structure of financing. Therefore, the extent to which the various stages of internationalization of the enterprise defined according to the literature affect the capital structure was examined. It was investigated whether the sector of the business has an impact on the occurrence or non-occurrence of these relationships. Design/methodology/approach: To investigate this, the ratios of internationalization of sales and the share of debt in total company financing were compared, and Lillefors and Fisher- Snedecor statistical tests were applied to 44 construction industry companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The results of the research were compared with the results of studies previously conducted at home and abroad. Findings: It was shown that a statistically significant relationship between internationalization and changes in capital structure was found in the sector. It was found that the peculiarities of the construction sector indicate the high capital intensity of the internationalization process of these companies and the high dependence of the internationalization process and the formation of the capital structure of this process. Originality/value: The lack of research in this area demonstrates its originality. It has been shown in pilot studies conducted before the stage of target research for the following article that the specifics of the sector determine the dependence on the capital structure or the complete absence of this dependence.

4

The importance of teachers’ cultural intelligence for the internationalization process of higher education

Teneta-Skwiercz Dorota, Sobińska Małgorzata, Białowąs Piotr

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 160

613--630

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of this article is to diagnose the level of cultural intelligence of academic teachers of public economic universities in Poland and identify factors related to this kind of intelligence. Design/methodology/approach: The tests carried out were quantitative. The following methods were used: analysis of the subject literature, surveys, and analysis of organizational documentation. Findings: The study showed that the level of cultural intelligence of teachers of economic universities in Poland is relatively high and slightly different between the surveyed universities. There was no correlation between the cultural intelligence level and such variables as gender and a scientific degree. On the other hand, the number of languages known at the communicative level and the number of countries in which the employee has stayed under international cooperation programs are positively correlated with the level of cultural intelligence. Research limitations/implications: The original plan was to carry out the survey at all five public universities of economics in Poland. Eventually, due to a small number of completed questionnaires, teachers from three public universities of economics were included in the study. Practical implications: This study may contribute to revealing the factors influencing the cultural intelligence level of academics and, consequently, the intercultural work environment and the wider internationalisation process of universities. Originality/value: This is pioneering research on the level of cultural intelligence of employees at Polish economic universities. Some of the findings are novel, such as the diagnosed correlation between a lecturer's academic degree and the level of cultural intelligence. The authors believe that their study may inspire researchers from other countries to conduct more in-depth research in the area of cultural intelligence of lecturers.

5

Internationalization of Polish higher education in the context of demographic challenges. Selected aspects

Piotrowska-Piątek Agnieszka

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 162

583--597

EN

Purpose: This article addresses selected aspects of internationalization of higher education (HE) in Poland in the context of demographic changes. The purpose of it is to analyze the dynamics of the number of foreign students studying at Polish Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and their structure by type of HEI, field of study and origin. Design/methodology/approach: A review of the literature on the subject and desk research with reference to data from the Statistics Poland were used. The analysis, covered the years 2004-2020, was based on selected methods of descriptive statistics. Findings: Between 2004 and 2020, the number of foreign students increased almost 10-fold. The average growth rate in the analyzed time series was 15.2% for the group of HEIs and 21.5% for non-public HEIs. The choices of foreign students most often group fields of study in the areas of social sciences, economy and medicine. There has been an increase in interest in studies in technology and services, while there has been a marked decline in fields of study related to the humanities and education. Research limitations/implications: The demographic perspective adds a new dimension to the issues of growth and development of HEIs, that is why this issue involves further in-depth analysis. Practical implications: Despite the apparent positive change with regard to the number of student-foreigners studying at Polish HEIs, this statistic, compared to other European countries, is still unsatisfactory. In the face of projected further unfavorable demographic trends, countries with positive natural increase and younger age structures, become an opportunity to compensate for the loss of Polish students. Efforts by the entire HE sector are needed to seize these opportunities. It is necessary to further correlate sectoral policies - HE with population, foreign and social policies. HEIs should improve processes related to caring for the broader relationship with foreign students. Originality/value: The paper is addressed to all interested in HE policy. The study should be seen as a contribution to the existing discussion in the issue of growth and development of HEIs.

6

Capital structure of enterprises in the process of internationalization

Różański Jerzy, Bogołębska Justyna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 157

417--430

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to define the capital structure in Polish enterprises – in the group of enterprises exporting their products and in the group of enterprises that do not conduct export activities. Design/methodology/approach: 30 companies representing various sectors of the economy were taken into account for the preliminary research. In the first group of 15 companies that exported their products (the first stage of internationalization), the capital structure was examined, determining the level of financing with equity and foreign capital. The research scheme from the first group was also used in the second examined group – enterprises that do not export their products. Each surveyed group included a company that represented one selected sector. A case study for three Polish listed companies was also used. Findings: Thus, the view of foreign authors based on the results of their study that, in emerging markets countries, companies that have internationalised their activities have higher levels of indebtedness than companies operating only domestically, should not be considered as confirmed (for the time being on the example of pilot studies). Originality/value: The results of the preliminary research made it possible to identify the most important differences in the capital structure for companies that exported their products and companies that did not export.

7

Internationalization and Quality Assurance in Higher Education

Wysocka Karolina, Jungnickel Christian, Szelągowska-Rudzka Katarzyna

Management

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2022

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Vol. 26, no. 1

204--230

EN

Internationalization is an inevitable phenomenon among all contemporary higher education institutions (HEIs) in a globalizing world. It is the driving force for development and progress. In course of the last 30 years, it became an inevitable element of HE management. However, it carries along a number of risks, pitfalls, and organizational challenges. To hedge those, quality assurance (QA) is called to the stage. HEIs therefore need not only to search for chances but also to increase the advancement of methods to safeguard the quality of education and research. It is for this reason that a discussion on the mutual evolution and impact of internationalization and QA is required, and this is the aim of this article to combine the issues dialectically. There are tools and institutions within the internationally and nationally developed QA concepts that have the potential and aim to secure the benefits of internationalization.

8

Internationalization strategies and instruments of competition - Polish furniture companies on the foreign market

Grzegorzewska Emilia, Stasiak-Betlejewska Renata

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2022

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No. 119

78--83

EN

Internationalization strategies and instruments of competition - Polish furniture companies on the foreign market. Despite the global economic situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Polish furniture industry is still a dynamically developing branch of the national economy of Poland. One of the most important paths in the development of this industry is still internationalization. The aim of the article was to define the internationalization strategies of Polish furniture enterprises, as well as to indicate the instruments of competition used by these companies on the foreign market. Empirical research was carried out in a group of 100 medium and large furniture enterprises conducting export activity. The research identified the most frequently used internationalization strategies by furniture companies, identified the most effective strategies, and identified competition instruments of the greatest importance for Polish furniture manufacturers. The research showed that ethnocentric strategy is most often used in the furniture industry. This strategy is the most effective. Regardless of the size of the enterprise, the quality of products was recognized by the respondents as the most important instrument of competition on the external market.

PL

Strategie internacjonalizacji i instrumenty konkurencji polskich przedsiębiorstw meblarskich na rynku zagranicznym. Pomimo ogolnoświatowej sytuacji gospodarczej związanej z pandemią COVID-19 polski przemysł meblarski jest wciąż dynamicznie rozwijającą się gałęzią gospodarski narodowej Polski. Jedną z ważniejszych ścieżek rozwoju tej branży nadal pozostaje internacjonalizacja. Celem artykułu było określenie strategii internacjonalizacji polskich przedsiębiorstw meblarskich, a także wskazanie instrumentow konkurencji stosowanych przez te firmy na rynku zagranicznym. Badania empiryczne przeprowadzono w grupie 100 średnich i dużych przedsiębiorstw meblarskich prowadzących działalność eksportową. W ramach badań zidentyfikowano strategie umiędzynarodowienia najczęściej stosowane przez firmy meblarskie, wskazano strategie o największej skuteczności, a także określono instrumenty konkurencji o największym znaczeniu dla polskich producentow mebli. Z badań wynika, że strategia etnocentryczna jest najczęściej stosowana w branży meblarskiej. Ta strategia jest uważana za najbardziej efektywną. Niezależnie od wielkości przedsiębiorstwa, jakość produktow została uznana przez respondentow za najważniejszy instrument konkurowania na rynku zewnętrznym.

9

Internationalization of Polish enterprises. A comparative analysis of family and non-family businesses

Steinerowska-Streb Izabella

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2021

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z. 150

255--266

EN

Purpose: The study aimed to determine whether family businesses in Poland are as involved in international activity as non-family businesses. Moreover, the intention was to identify differences in the forms of foreign expansion employed by family and non-family firms. Design/methodology/approach: The objectives were pursued based on primary research conducted in 188 family firms and 223 non-family firms operating on the Polish market. Findings: The analysis of the results indicates that family firms conduct business activity outside the domestic market significantly less frequently than non-family firms. The most common form of internationalization chosen by Polish family firms is export and import. Generally, these firms are not interested in joint ventures with foreign partners. Compared to non-family firms, Polish family firms establish divisions abroad significantly less frequently. However, they engage in non-equity cooperation more often than non-family firms. Practical implications: Knowledge about the involvement of family and non-family firms in international activity and their preferred forms of internationalization can be used by business environment institutions. Originality/value: The study results enrich the knowledge on the activity of Polish family firms on foreign markets as compared to similar activity of non-family businesses.

10

A possible relationship between internationalization and innovation strategies: an analysis of portuguese SMEs

Azevedo Mónica, Azevedo Lobo Carla, Maldonado Isabel, Santos Pereira Carla, Durão Natércia

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2021

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Vol. 23, No. 1

74--90

EN

The importance of internationalization for firm’s survival and growth seems to be consensual among the researchers on this topic. Innovation is also considered a key factor for firm’s development and competitiveness. Moreover, the relationship between innovation and internationalization has become a matter of increasingly interest in the literature and can be analysed according to two streams: innovation as cause or consequence of companies’ internationalization. Additionally, given the great importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for the growth of economies, part of literature has paid special attention to this kind of enterprises. The purpose of this work is to verify the existence of a possible relationship between internationalization and innovation strategies among Portuguese firms by exploring whether Portuguese entrepreneurs consider innovation as an important factor or a motivation in the internationalization process. To achieve this goals, and based on data obtained from an online questionnaire survey, descriptive and inferential data analysis techniques are used. In particular, graphical representations, descriptive measures and also, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis (with multiple comparisons) non-parametric tests.

PL

Znaczenie umiędzynarodowienia dla przetrwania i rozwoju firmy wydaje się być zgodne wśród badaczy zajmujących się tym tematem. Innowacyjność jest również uważana za kluczowy czynnik rozwoju i konkurencyjności firmy. Ponadto związek między innowacją a internacjonalizacją stał się przedmiotem coraz większego zainteresowania w literaturze i można go analizować według dwóch nurtów: innowacja jako przyczyna lub konsekwencja umiędzynarodowienia przedsiębiorstw. Dodatkowo, biorąc pod uwagę duże znaczenie małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MŚP) dla rozwoju gospodarek, w części literatury zwrócono szczególną uwagę na tego typu przedsiębiorstwa. Celem tej pracy jest zweryfikowanie istnienia możliwego związku między umiędzynarodowieniem a strategiami innowacji wśród portugalskich firm poprzez zbadanie, czy portugalscy przedsiębiorcy uważają innowacje za ważny czynnik lub motywację w procesie internacjonalizacji. Aby osiągnąć te cele, na podstawie danych uzyskanych z ankiety internetowej, stosuje się opisowe i inferencyjne techniki analizy danych. W szczególności reprezentacje graficzne, miary opisowe, a także testy nieparametryczne Manna-Whitneya i Kruskala-Wallisa (z wielokrotnymi porównaniami).

11

Corporate global mindset and internationalization of SMES

Kwiotkowska Anna

Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy

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2021

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nr 2

83--95

EN

Introduction/background: Although internationalization is crucial for SMEs' development little research exists on the relationship between the attributes that create corporate global mindset, and their effects on companies’ internationalization. While existing research focuses on the isolated analysis of single factors, this paper introduces a set-theoretic approach, investigating interdependencies of complementarity, efficiency, and novelty among the various factors making up corporate global mindset. Aim of the paper: The study's objectives are to: (1) identify attributes (business postures) relating to corporate global mindset; and (2) identify and evaluate the combinations of corporate global mindset attributes that lead to internationalization behavior. Materials and methods: This study performs a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fs/QCA) to analyze how corporate global mindset relates to SMEs internationalization. The sample consists of 73 Polish SMEs. Results and conclusions: This study confirms that four different combinations of corporate global mindset attributes can lead to the same outcome – the high degree of internationalization. This research lies in providing an understanding of how different solutions can lead to the same result. This insight is helpful in gaining a deeper understanding of firms’ internationalization.

12

Doing Business in Vietnam from the Perspectives of Polish Entrepreneurs – the Role of Local Partners

Nguyen Cao Son

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2021

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no. 2

453--458

EN

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the challenges of expanding into an emerging market for multinational enterprises (MNEs) and the strategies they adopted to overcome these adversities. While interest in the expansion of MNEs into the Vietnamese market is increasing, there is a lack of research on this process from the Polish businesses' perspectives, which may differ from existing literature. The analysis of information obtained by a semi-structured interview method shows that the psychic/cultural distance is the most critical challenge the Polish enterprises must face when entering the Vietnamese market. The study also shows that the key success factor for the expansion of the Polish enterprises into this market is a local partner, i.e., acquiring an appropriate Vietnamese partner, good cooperation with him/her, and building mutual trust. As a result, among the available forms of internationalization, the Polish enterprises most often choose export and various forms of cooperation with local partners as the main ways to enter this market.

13

The availability of organizational resources and the degree of internationalization of furniture companies - the empirical research findings

Grzegorzewska Emilia

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2021

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No. 116

46--53

EN

The availability of organizational resources and the degree of internationalization of furniture companies - the empirical research findings. The article presents the results of empirical research carried out in 100 medium and large furniture companies. The availability of organizational resources was assessed in the group of furniture manufacturers using the Likert scale. The respondents indicated that the highest availability, taking into account the average score for all surveyed companies, was obtained in the case of financial and material resources. It should be emphasized, however, that the remaining categories of resources were also characterized by a relatively high level of availability. The differences were noticed in the groups of enterprises considering the degree of internationalization. The highest availability of all resources was indicated by respondents from companies operating mainly in foreign markets. Moreover, the relationship between the level of availability of organizational resources and the degree of internationalization of the surveyed enterprises was checked. For this purpose, the Spearman's rho correlation coefficient was used. Such a relationship was confirmed in the case of human resources and information resources. The research shows that higher availability of the indicated resources occurs in enterprises showing a greater degree of involvement in foreign activities.

PL

Dostępność zasobów organizacyjnych a stopień internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw meblarskich – wyniki badań empirycznych. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań empirycznych zrealizowanych w 100 średnich i dużych przedsiębiorstwach meblarskich. Podjęto próbę̨ oceny dostępności zasobów organizacyjnych w grupie producentów mebli z wykorzystaniem skali Likerta. Respondenci wskazali, że najwyższą dostępność z uwzględnieniem średniej oceny punktowej dla ogółu badanych firm uzyskano w przypadku zasobów finansowych i rzeczowych. Należy jednak podkreślić, że pozostałe kategorie zasobów również charakteryzowały się względnie wysokim poziomem dostępności. Różnice zauważono w grupach przedsiębiorstw z uwzględnieniem stopnia internacjonalizacji. Najwyższą dostępność wszystkich zasobów wskazali respondenci z firm działających głównie na rynkach zagranicznych. Ponadto sprawdzono występowanie zależności pomiędzy poziomem dostępności zasobów organizacyjnych a stopniem internacjonalizacji badanych przedsiębiorstw. W tym celu wykorzystano współczynnik korelacji rho Spearmana. Taką zależność potwierdzono w przypadku zasobów ludzkich i zasobów informacyjnych. Z badań wynika, że większa dostępność wskazanych zasobów występuje w przedsiębiorstwach wykazujących wyższy stopień zaangażowania w działalność zagraniczną.

14

Small business for globalization and internationalization of economy

Sowier-Kasprzyk Izabella

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

|

z. 144

469--479

EN

Purpose: The reason for writing the paper is the need for presentation of the approach of small business in the context of globalization and the aim of the research is presentation of the importance of small business companies in the global economy because the entry of small enterprises into a new market is a strategically important step and perspective for long-term development. Design/methodology/approach: The literature research and observation were conducted. The design was based on the review of the advantages and disadvantages of small companies in relation to global processes. Findings: It was found that the conditions for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises resulting from their impact on the environment change over time. It was also noticed that the entry of small enterprises into a new market is a strategically important step and perspective for long-term development, but in the literature it is emphasized that globalization generally worsens the conditions of competition (intensifying particular "forces" identified in the Porter model).

15

Regional support for internationalization of SMEs – case study of the Autonomous Region of Valencia

Szulc Tomasz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

|

z. 148

719--734

EN

Purpose: The objective of the paper is to identify the activities, interorganizational relations among implementing institutions and formulas of their financing, in order to facilitate access to international markets by small and medium-sized enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: Methodology of the paper comprises critical literature review on internationalization, interviews with the representatives of institutions rendering services form SMEs (regional administration and the Chamber of Commerce) as a part of a case study, as well as observation. Theoretical framework of the paper was prepared with a use of critical literature review. Analysis of the business environment of Valencia Autonomous Region was prepared with the application of observation conducted by the author and analysis of secondary sources, mainly regional statistics. The main part of the research was conducted with the use of direct interviews with the employees of the regional and municipal administration and business support organizations. Findings: The literature provides a variety of definitions and paradigms of internationalization. Only a minor part is exercised in practice by the businesses. The majority follows the internationalization path determined in the Uppsala model, however SMEs do not rather proceed to foreign direct investments. Based on the interviews it was determined, that the regional authorities of Valencia provide a range of support services, concentrating financial resources on practically three of them which demonstrate the highest effectiveness and lead to best results in terms of increase of share of exports in the regional GDP. Research limitations/implications: Due to confidentiality, financial indicators concerning public spending, financial participation, as well as the names and respective shares of export net sales revenues were not revealed by the representatives of the Chamber of Commerce. Practical implications: Identified services may be used as a best practice for similar organisations (regional government, business support units) for designing their local mutations of export supporting services. Originality/value: The paper is a comprehensive analysis of public services supporting regional exports and their conformance with the theoretical models of internationalization.

16

The impact of gender on financial performance: evidence from a sample of Portuguese SMEs

Pacheco Luís, Lobo Carla, Maldonado Isabel

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2020

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Vol. 22, No. 2

384--401

EN

The objective of the present paper is to study the effects of gender on financial performance and examine the variables that may influence the presence of women leading the firm or being its main shareholder. The relation between gender and profitability in the context of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is a less studied topic in the broader context of performance determinants. Contributing to fill this research gap, it is used an unbalanced panel data of 141 Portuguese firms for the period from 2010 to 2018, obtained with primary and secondary data sources. The relation between gender and financial performance is addressed with two methodologies, a Tobit regression and a Random Effects Model. Our results evidence fewer possibilities for women to be firm leaders in larger and older organizational structures, which do not seem pressured towards equality. Additionally, firm age moderates the positive relation between female leadership and profitability. Given the SMEs importance in the majority of countries, the results and implications of this paper can be generalized to other economies.

PL

Celem tego artykułu jest empiryczne zbadanie wpływu płci na wyniki finansowe. Ponadto w artykule przeanalizowano zmienne, które mogą wpływać na obecność kobiet kierujących firmą lub będących jej głównym akcjonariuszem. Literatura dotycząca determinantów wyników jest bogata, jednak związek między płcią a dochodowością w kontekście małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MŚP) jest znacznie mniej zbadany. Przyczyniając się do wypełnienia tej luki badawczej, wykorzystano niezrównoważone dane panelowe 141 portugalskich MŚP za okres od 2010 do 2018, uzyskane z pierwotnych i wtórnych źródeł danych. Zależność między płcią a wynikami finansowymi jest określana za pomocą dwóch metod, regresji Tobita i modelu efektów losowych. Nasze wyniki pokazują, że kobiety mają mniejsze możliwości bycia zdecydowanymi liderkami w większych i starszych strukturach organizacyjnych, które nie wydają się być naciskane na równość. Dodatkowo, zdecydowany wiek łagodzi pozytywny związek między przywództwem kobiet a rentownością. Ze względu na znaczenie MŚP w większości gospodarek nasze wyniki i ich konsekwencje można uogólnić na inne kraje.

17

Management features in Bulgarian SMEs as determinants of business internationalization

Kolarov Kostadin, Georgieva Silviya

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2020

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Vol. 22, No. 1

279--294

EN

The aim of the paper is to present the findings from an analysis of SMEs management features as determinants of the internationalization of SMEs on the basis of an empirical study of 468 SMEs (excluding micro-enterprises). Based mainly on the deductive approach, and following the review of available research and publications in the field, the research methodology covers a set of techniques for analyzing primary data from an empirical study of a sample of different groups of SMEs, differentiated by their size, type of ownership and management (family and non-family), approaches and degrees of internationalization of their activities. In the analysis an important emphasis is placed on the characteristics of entrepreneurs and their potential successors, as prerequisites for their effectiveness in the management of internationalization. The research findings prove the importance of building management teams with the participation of managers, specialists in international activities, for the success of internationalization and the size of the business, but leave open the issues related to the involvement of family members in the management of family SMEs.

PL

Istotna rola małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MŚP) w społeczeństwie i ich wkład w gospodarkę narodową to kwestie, które od dawna nie były kwestionowane. Jednak tradycyjnie MŚP są zorientowane na rynki lokalne lub krajowe i tylko część z nich jest w pewnym stopniu umiędzynarodowiona, chociaż pozytywne powiązania między stopniem umiędzynarodowienia a wynikami gospodarczymi MŚP, takie jak wzrost obrotów i wartość dodana, wzrost zatrudnienia i innowacje poziom został udowodniony. Jednym z pytań badawczych niezbyt dobrze zbadanych w poszukiwaniu nowej wiedzy o determinantach konkurencyjności MSP w międzynarodowym otoczeniu biznesowym jest wpływ sposobu zarządzania działaniami związanymi z internacjonalizacją ich biznesu. Wiadomo, że w ogólnym zbiorze MSP zarządzanie rzadko jest sprofesjonalizowane, gdyż przedsiębiorcy często nie przekazują swoim współpracownikom uprawnień zarządczych. Jednocześnie internacjonalizacja biznesu stawia kierownictwu wyższe wymagania, wyrażające się w określonej wiedzy, podejściu do zarządzania i rozwiązaniach, na które nie każdy przedsiębiorca jest gotowy. To w dużej mierze determinuje potrzebę budowania zespołu zarządzającego skoncentrowanego na działaniach w międzynarodowym środowisku. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników analizy cech zarządzania MSP jako determinant umiędzynarodowienia MŚP na podstawie badania empirycznego 468 MŚP (z wyłączeniem mikroprzedsiębiorstw). Opierając się głównie na podejściu dedukcyjnym i po przeglądzie dostępnych badań i publikacji w tej dziedzinie, metodologia badań obejmuje zestaw technik analizy danych pierwotnych z badania empirycznego próby różnych grup MŚP, zróżnicowanych pod względem wielkości, rodzaj własności i zarządzania (rodzinny i nierodzinny), podejścia i stopnie umiędzynarodowienia ich działalności. W analizie duży nacisk położono na cechy przedsiębiorców i ich potencjalnych następców, jako przesłanki ich skuteczności w zarządzaniu internacjonalizacją. Wyniki badań potwierdzają znaczenie budowania zespołów zarządzających z udziałem menedżerów, specjalistów w działaniach międzynarodowych, dla powodzenia internacjonalizacji i wielkości firmy, ale pozostawiają otwarte kwestie związane z zaangażowaniem członków rodziny w zarządzanie rodziną MŚP.

18

Innovative techniques and technologies for the mining industry – conclusions from the KOMTECH-IMTech 2020 Conference

Stańczak Lilianna

Mining Machines

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2020

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no. 4

67--74

EN

A review of selected papers, presented during the 21stInternational Scientific-and-Technical Conference KOMTECH-IMTech “Innovative techniques and technologies for the mining industry in the aspect of safety, efficiency and reliability” are described in the article. During twelve conference sessions forty-four papers, concerning work safety in the mining industry, minerals’ extraction systems, state-of-the-art control, monitoring and diagnostic systems of machines and equipment, cyber-security, new solutions of hydraulic systems, new generation, highly efficient haulage assemblies for longwall systems, hoisting machines, a recovery of minerals, preparation systems, an improvement of mining personnel’s qualifications and an internationalization of the Polish circum-mining sector, were presented. Special attention should be paid to the special session oriented onto a presentation of information about a roadway driving technology with use of a Bolter Miner, and also onto debates concerning the mining industry in future as well as a demand for innovations from the future mining industry.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przegląd wybranych referatów wygłoszonych podczas 21. Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowo-Technicznej KOMTECH-IMTech „Innowacyjne techniki i technologie dla górnictwa w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa, efektywności i niezawodności”. Podczas dwunastu sesji konferencyjnych zaprezentowano czterdzieści cztery referaty dotyczące bezpieczeństwa pracy w górnictwie, systemów wydobywczych, nowoczesnych systemów sterowania, monitoringu oraz diagnostyki maszyn i urządzeń, cyberbezpieczeństwa, nowych rozwiązań układów hydraulicznych, nowej generacji systemów posuwu wysokowydajnych kompleksów ścianowych, maszyn wyciągowych, odzysku minerałów, systemów przeróbczych, poprawy kwalifikacji pracowników górnictwa oraz internacjonalizacji polskiego sektora około górniczego. Na szczególną uwagę zasługuje tematyka sesji specjalnej, ukierunkowanej na prezentację technologii drążenia z zastosowaniem kombajnu urabiająco-kotwiącego Bolter Miner, a także debaty na temat górnictwa przyszłości oraz potrzeby innowacyjności w aspekcie przyszłości górnictwa.

19

Main problems of business enterprise internationalization

Wolniak Radosław

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2019

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z. 136

665--673

EN

The presented publication focuses on the basic issues related to the internationalization processes of the organization. The aim of the publication is to provide the most important definitions of internationalization of enterprises and concepts related to it, on the basis of literature analysis of the subject. It presents the genesis of internationalization processes, thoroughly analyzes the definitions of internationalization appearing in the literature, discusses the static and dynamic approach to internationalization, and presents the relationship between internationalization and globalization.

20

International dimension of knowledge management in supplier of quality outsourcing – case study

Puto Agnieszka, Puto Mariusz

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2019

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Vol. 1, nr 1

921--928

EN

Currently, the conditions enterprises are operating in are marked by considerable instability. Thus the changes they may undergo are difficult to predict. Practitioners and theoreticians of management science point to various approaches to building competitive advantage. In the past few years, the focus has been put mainly on information and knowledge. According to advocates of the knowledge management concept, knowledge is of key importance to building competitive advantage and succeeding on the market. The issues of knowledge and how it is gathered, updated and applied are not new. The challenge for contemporary entrepreneurs is, however, how to manage knowledge in global enterprises. The aim of this study is to analyse the issue of knowledge management in a company which based its development on expansion into foreign markets. The research method applied is illustrative case study, the aim of which is to show how important knowledge management is for improving the efficiency of an internationalized enterprise.