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1

Internet of autonomous vehicles communication infrastructure: a short review

Alhabib Mustafa Haitham, Ali Qutaiba Ibrahim

Diagnostyka

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, No. 3

art. no. 2023302

EN

Recent years have witnessed increased attention towards vehicular communications as a part of an overall modernization trend towards the emergence of a reliable, less human-dependent, and more efficient Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) conjugated with the rapid growth of smart cities. ITS imposes better safety and security through the employment of Autonomous Vehicles (AV) to reduce the possibility of accidents caused due to human intervention. The application of autonomous vehicles to the traditional Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) has paved the way for the development of a newer networking paradigm called the Internet of Autonomous Vehicles (IoAV). IoAV enjoys several advantages over VANET in terms of robustness, security, and scalability. However, due to the gradual transition from existing vehicles to autonomous ones, both types may be going to coexist together in the same environment. Therefore, a reliable, fast responsive, and flexible infrastructure is necessary to serve both kinds in such a hybrid setting until the transition to all AV is completed. In this context, this paper represents a concise review of the architecture of IoAV infrastructure, its communication modules, message dissemination, protocols and services that comprise the main body of the IoAV framework, in addition to further remarks and research challenges.

2

Genetic algorithm application for optimizing traffic signal timing reflecting vehicle emission intensity

Hai Dinh Tuan, Manh Do Van, Nhat Nguyen Minh

Transport Problems

|

2022

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T. 17, z. 1

5--16

EN

Urbanization has created continuous growth in transportation demand, leading to serious issues, including infrastructure overload, disrupted traffic flow, and associated vehicular emissions. As a result, resolving these problems has become one of the primary missions of governments worldwide. The optimization of the traffic signal timing system is considered a promising approach to overcoming the negative consequences of increasing vehicle volume. In metropolises, oversaturated intersections, where the traffic density and vehicle exhaust emission levels are significant, have been considered as the priority to target. Several scientists have attempted to design traffic lights with the most appropriate timing. However, the majority of previous studies have not formed a comprehensive evaluation of essential factors, especially regarding the appropriate weighting of vehicle emission parameters. By assessing the all-inclusive relationship of critical elements with an emphasis on vehicle exhaust emissions, a performance index model using a genetic algorithm (GA) is established in this paper, demonstrated by data from a case study in Taiwan.

3

Vehicle classification using the convolution neural network approach

Trivedi Janak, Devi Mandalapu Sarada, Dhara Dave

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2021

|

z. 112

201--209

EN

We present vehicle detection classification using the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) of the deep learning approach. The automatic vehicle classification for traffic surveillance video systems is challenging for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) to build a smart city. In this article, three different vehicles: bike, car and truck classification are considered for around 3,000 bikes, 6,000 cars, and 2,000 images of trucks. CNN can automatically absorb and extract different vehicle dataset’s different features without a manual selection of features. The accuracy of CNN is measured in terms of the confidence values of the detected object. The highest confidence value is about 0.99 in the case of the bike category vehicle classification. The automatic vehicle classification supports building an electronic toll collection system and identifying emergency vehicles in the traffic.

4

Wpływ rozwiązań ekologicznych na rozwój i funkcjonowanie miast

Banach Marzena

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura, Urbanistyka, Architektura Wnętrz

|

2021

|

Z. 6

57--64

PL

Miasta w ostatnich latach ulegają dużym przemianom. Dzieje się tak nie tylko z powodu systematycznego powiększania się populacji zamieszkujących miasta (rozległe metropolie czy wręcz megapolis) i wynikających z tego faktu problemów, ale także w związku ze zmieniającymi się potrzebami ich użytkowników czy też zmianą polityki w urbanistyce. Rozwiązaniem wielu z tych problemów ma być nowa forma miasta jako nowoczesnej, inteligentnej struktury przestrzennej realizującej postulaty ekologiczne. W kierunek ten wpisują się z pewnością inteligentne rozwiązania w postaci nowoczesnych technologii, na których w niedalekiej przyszłości miałoby się opierać funkcjonowanie miast, np. w zakresie transportu czy kontroli jakości powietrza etc. Zaprezentowany cykl publikacji dotyczy rozwiązań technicznych, które mogłyby być wdrożone w nowoczesnych przestrzeniach zurbanizowanych. Bardzo ważna przy tym jest strona technologiczna na etapie implementacji owych rozwiązań, co również zostało poruszone w prezentowanym poniżej materiale.

EN

Cities have undergone major changes in recent years. This is not only because of the systematic expansion of the population living in cities (large metropolises, or even megapolis) and the resulting problems, but also in connection with the changing needs of their users, or changes in urban policy. The solution to many of these problems could be the new form of the city, as a modern, intelligent spatial structure that implements ecological demands. Smart solutions, in the form of modern technologies, on which the functioning of cities would be based in the near future, e.g. in the field of transportation or air quality control, are certainly part of this direction. The presented series of publications concerns technical solutions, that could be implemented in modern urbanized areas. The technology side is very important at the stage of implementing these solutions, which was also discussed in the material presented below.

5

Ekologiczne rozwiązania typu smart w mieście (etap II)

Banach Marzena

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura, Urbanistyka, Architektura Wnętrz

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2021

|

Z. 5

29--39

PL

Współczesne miasta stawiają czoła różnym problemom, które częściowo wynikają również ze zmian struktury potrzeb mieszkańców. Odpowiedzią na niektóre z nich ma być idea tzw. miast inteligentnych dotycząca ich rozwoju w różnych obszarach związanych z funkcjonowaniem terenów zurbanizowanych. Jednym z ważniejszych systemów w miastach jest transport. Zapewnia on ich funkcjonowanie, dlatego nie jest możliwe całkowite jego wyeliminowanie, stąd też rozważania nad regeneracyjnym dla środowiska miejskiego wpływem wprowadzenia inteligentnych technologii do systemu transportowego. Przedstawiony zestaw publikacji zawiera techniczne rozwiązania, zarówno te dotyczące przestrzeni miejskich, jak i inteligentnych rozwiązań dla miast w przyszłości. To właśnie dostosowanie do użytkowników zależy od szczegółów związanych z implementacją partykularnych technologii lub innych rozwiązań. Zaprezentowany cykl opracowań przedstawia kwestie bezpośrednio związane z transportem inteligentnym, a także z potencjałem, jaki może przysłużyć się nowoczesnej, proekologicznej urbanistyce.

EN

Contemporary cities face various problems, which partly also result from changes in the structure of residents’ needs. The answer to some of them is the idea of the so-called intelligent cities based on their development in various areas related to the functioning of urbanized areas. One of the most important systems in cities is transportation. It ensures their functioning, therefore it is not possible to eliminate it completely. Hence the considerations on the regenerative effect of the urban environment on the impact of introducing intelligent technologies into the transport system. The presented set of publications contains technical solutions, both regarding urban spaces and intelligent solutions for cities in the future. Because it is the adaptation to users, that depends on the details related to the implementation of particular technologies or other solutions. The presented series of studies presents issues directly related to intelligent transport, as well as the potential that can contribute to modern, proecological urban planning.

6

Tomaszewska Ewelina Julita

Engineering Management in Production and Services

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2021

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Vol. 13, no. 4

131--147

EN

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) are undoubtedly an opportunity for the sustainable development of smart cities today. ITS is based on advanced transport technologies that help minimise the emission of harmful substances to the environment. Smart mobility and ITS are related to the use of ICT. The implementation of technologically advanced ITS is associated with several benefits, barriers and difficulties. However, transport, ITS and smart mobility (as a component of a smart city) are indicated as the most desirable option for sustainable urban transport systems. The article aims to identify barriers related to the implementation of ITS in cities from the point of view of people responsible for the organisation of urban transport representing the local government of selected voivodship cities in Poland. The goal formulated in this way allowed to identify the following research question: what are the problems and barriers of implementing ITS in the city from the local government’s perspective? To achieve the paper’s aim, the author based their analysis on a qualitative technique of collecting empirical data. Ten individual in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives of local governments (vice-mayors and members of urban transport organisers) in voivodship cities, which represented six Polish macro-regions. Research results and findings indicate the main categories and subcategories of barriers related to the ITS implementation. The identified barriers are grouped into the following categories: economic, social, organisational, technological and legal. The contribution is twofold: first, in the presentation of the theoretical and practical barriers to ITS in juxtaposition; and second, in identifying the intelligent transportation impact, which affects the provision of being a smarter city. The findings can positively influence as important factors for local governments to focus on intelligent transport.

7

Problems of ITS components selection that meet the needs of smart cities

Karoń G., Mikulski J.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2019

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Vol. 12, iss. 2

44--48

EN

The article presents selected problems of selecting ITS system components that meet the needs of users of urban transport systems. An algorithm that enables solving problems of selecting ITS services is presented. The article contains examples from selected cities of the urban agglomeration.

8

Positioning improving of RSU devices used in V2I communication in intelligent transportation system

Banach Marzena, Kubiak Katarzyna, Długosz Rafał

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2019

|

Vol. 20

73--79

EN

In this work we present solutions which aim at enhancement of the localization precision of the road side unit (RSU) devices which will participate in vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication in future autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Currently used localization techniques suffer from limited accuracy which is due to various factors, including noise, delays caused by environmental conditions (e.g. temperature variation) and differences in elevation between devices communicating with each other in the road environment. In case of application of the ITS, these factors can be the source of significant discrepancies between real positions of the RSUs and their estimated values provided by the V2I system. The proposed techniques, based on various approximation techniques, as well as linear and nonlinear filters, allow to improve the localization accuracy, reducing the positioning errors by more than 90%.

9

The use of artificial intelligence in automated in-house logistics centres

Rymarczyk T., Kłosowski G.

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2018

|

T. 8, nr 1

48--51

EN

The paper deals with the problem of works transport organization in logistic center with the use of artificial intelligence algorithms. The presented approach is based on non-changeable path during travel along a given loop. The ordered set of containers requesting transport service was determined by fuzzy logic, while the sequence of containers in a loop was optimized by genetic algorithms. A solution for semi-autonomous transport vehicles wherein the control system informs the driver about optimal route was presented. The obtained solution was verified by a computer simulation.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy problematyki sterowania transportem wewnątrzzakładowym w zautomatyzowanych centrach logistycznych z zastosowaniem metod sztucznej inteligencji. Zaprezentowane podejście zakłada predykcję niezmiennej trasy przejazdu środka transportu. Kolejność zbioru regałów wymagających obsługi transportowej jest determinowana przez logikę rozmytą, natomiast do optymalizacja trasy przejazdu wykorzystano algorytmy genetyczne. Zaprezentowano koncepcję środka transportu, w którym system sterowania informuje kierowcę dokąd ma jechać. Uzyskane rozwiązanie zostało zweryfikowane z wykorzystaniem metod symulacji komputerowej.

10

Analiza niezawodnościowo-eksploatacyjna układów zasilania ITS z uwzględnieniem OZE

Siergiejczyk M., Rosiński A., Chmiel J.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2018

|

R. 19, nr 12

646--649

PL

Problematyka analizy niezawodnościowo-eksploatacyjnej układów zasilania stosowanych w inteligentnych systemach transportowych (ITS) jest niezwykle istotna z punktu widzenia zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa ruchu. Stosowanie w systemach ITS zaawansowanych urządzeń elektronicznych wymaga zasilania ich z odpowiednio zaprojektowanych układów zasilania. Aby zapewnić ciągłość działania urządzeń elektronicznych stosuje się najczęściej zasilanie podstawowe i rezerwowe. Powinny one cechować się określonymi wartościami wskaźników niezawodnościowych i eksploatacyjnych. Dlatego też został opracowany model niezawodnościowo-eksploatacyjny układu zasilania z uwzględnieniem odnawialnych źródeł energii (OZE), jaki jest m.in. stosowany w inteligentnych systemach transportowych. Pozwoliło to na uzyskanie zależności umożliwiających wyznaczenie wartości prawdopodobieństw przebywania układu zasilania zastosowanego w inteligentnym systemie transportowym w określonych stanach niezawodnościowo-eksploatacyjnych.

EN

The problem of reliability and exploitation analysis of power systems used in intelligent transport systems (ITS) is extremely important from the point of view of ensuring the traffic safety. The use of advanced electronic devices in ITS systems requires their power supply from properly designed power systems. To ensure the continuity of operation of electronic devices, the basic and backup power supply are most often used. They should have specific values of reliability and performance indicators. Therefore, a reliability and exploitation model of the power system has been developed, taking into account renewable energy sources (RES), such as used in intelligent transport systems. This allowed to obtain dependencies engabling to determine the probability of staying of the power system used in the intelligent transport system in the specified reliability and exploitation states.

11

Transport system telematics, Burundi case study

Ciza M., Szpytko J.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2018

|

Vol. 11, iss. 3

3--10

EN

Mobility supported via transportation processes are the engine to economic growth of any country. Unfortunately, the existing infrastructure cannot keep up with both growth of population and people mobility, especially in the developing countries. One of the main problem in transportation processes in Africa are accidents caused among others by reckless driving, fatigue, and illegal overloading, as well as poor transportation infrastructure. To improve transportation-oriented safety and drastically reduce transport based accidents and the unnecessary loss of lives are the main today important goal. Can this goal be achieved using telematics? Telematics is a fast-growing industry and it is interesting for various applications and places around the world. The subject of the article is the concept of transport telematics system and its introduction on the example of Burundi. In most cases, intelligent transport system applications in Africa are focused on: traffic monitoring using CCTV cameras, automatic number plate recognition systems, automatic vehicle location systems, and variable traffic management systems.

12

Possible directions for development of C-ITS services in cities on the example of the TRISTAR System

Oskarbski J., Zawisza M., Żarski K., Jamroz K.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2018

|

Vol. 11, iss. 3

35--42

EN

During the previous EU financial perspective (2007 - 2013), we observed an intensification of the development of transport management systems using ITS services in Polish cities. One of the biggest territorially and functionally system is Tri-city TRISTAR system, the implementation of which was completed in 2015. The concept of the TRISTAR system and its architecture was developed in the years 2002-2007. Currently, we can observe the intensification of the development of C-ITS services, allowing for the exchange of information between the vehicle and the infrastructure or other vehicles. The existing transport management systems were not prepared, e.g. to communicate with vehicles, and use of Floating Car Data. For this reason, it is necessary to verify the architecture of the systems and indicate the directions of development, allowing them to adapt to the current state of technology and new ITS services. The article presents directions for the development of the TRISTAR system in functional, physical and logical terms. Directions of activities will be indicated to allow the system to be adapted to provide C-ITS services.

13

Modelling of ITS service configuration and stakeholders aspirations

Karoń G., Mikulski J.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

|

2018

|

Vol. 11, iss. 3

24--29

EN

Paper presents important issues related to the development of intelligent transportation systems with following ITS components: stakeholders, ITS services, variants of ITS configurations. The use of formulated original models was presented in relation to the case study: ITS concept for the urban agglomeration in Poland. An important scientific contribution is the mathematical formal description of following issues: mathematical model of stakeholders of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) with its aspirations regarding the services of ITS system, mathematical model of ITS services, and mathematical model of technical variants of ITS configuration.

14

Concept of the sustainable intelligent transport system, Iraq case study

Al-Bistenchy (Alshemmary) E. N. A., Szpytko J.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

|

2018

|

Vol. 11, iss. 4

3--9

EN

Existing defi nitions for sustainable intelligent transport may vary and promote one particular dimension such as the environment (green transport), society (mass transport) or the economic dimension (eff ective and competitive transport). However, the sustainable intelligent transport is generally aimed at balancing the economic, social and environmental dimensions of the sector in an integrated manner to ensure synergies, complementarities, and coherence. The sustainable intelligent transport systems require, among other following features: the ability to provide safe means of transport socially inclusive, affordable, reliable, affordable and fuel/energy efficient, environmentally friendly, low-carbon and resilient to shocks and disturbances, including those caused by climate change and natural disasters. The three basic pillars of a sustainable transport system include economic, social and environmental aspects related to technology. The subject of the paper is the concept of the sustainable intelligent transport system on the Iraq example.

15

Computer algorithms probabilistic supporting intelligent transportation management of internal

Topolski M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach

|

2017

|

nr 9

93--100

EN

This paper presents a probabilistic model in managing intelligent internal transport based on decision making risk. The term reliability of an internal transport denotes failure-free operating time of internal transport as compared to the entire time particular transport is supposed to operate correctly. This paper illustrates a model of risk evaluation in internal transport operation based on probability that the system will reliably function within particular time, in a particular environment for specific purposes. Building probabilistic models used to calculate the risk of production planning is based on a reliable analysis of all possible aspects of producing a particular economic good. Modelling evaluates strengths and weaknesses of an enterprise which would like to complete a transport task, plans a transport processes based on the most important goals originating from the transport process.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia model probabilistyczny w zadaniu zarządzania inteligentnym transportem wewnętrznym bazującym na ryzyku związanym z podejmowaniem decyzji. Poprzez termin niezawodności systemu transportu wewnętrznego rozumie się czas bezawaryjnego działania transportu wewnętrznego w stosunku do całości czasu, w którym dany transport powinien działać poprawnie. Artykuł przedstawia model oceny ryzyka działania transportu wewnętrznego na bazie prawdopodobieństwa z jakim system będzie bezawaryjnie funkcjonował w zadanym okresie czasu, przy pracy w określonym środowisku i dla określonego celu. Budowanie modeli probabilistycznych służących do wyznaczania ryzyka planowania produkcji opiera się na rzetelnej analizie wszystkich możliwych aspektów produkcji danego dobra gospodarczego. W modelowaniu poddaje się ocenie mocne i słabe strony przedsiębiorstwa, które chce podjąć się zadania transportowego, dokonuje się planowania samego procesu transportowego w oparciu o najważniejsze cele wynikające z procesu transportowego.

16

System Dynamicznej Informacji Pasażerskiej w komunikacji miejskiej : analiza użyteczności i zadowolenia pasażerów na przykładzie KZK GOP

Brożyna E.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2017

|

R. 18, nr 6

16--21

PL

Niniejszy artykuł porusza tematykę Systemów Dynamicznej Informacji Pasażerskiej, które coraz powszechniej wykorzystywane są w komunikacji miejskiej. Skupia się na analizie użyteczności i zadowolenia pasażerów z tego typu systemów. W pierwszym rozdziale podano informacje dotyczące SDIP jednego z większych organizatorów transportu zbiorowego – KZK GOP (Komunikacyjnego Związku Komunalnego Górnośląskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego). W dalszej części artykułu zawarto prezentację wyników badań ankietowych online, przeprowadzonych przez autorkę artykułu w okresie marzec–kwiecień 2017 r. wśród pasażerów KZK GOP. Badania te miały na celu poznanie przydatności systemu oraz zadowolenia pasażerów z SDIP KZK GOP. W badaniach udział wzięło łącznie 635 osób. Ankietowani ocenili jakość działania SDIP KZK GOP jako dostateczną (średnia ocen: 3,18 w skali od 1 do 5, gdzie 5 stanowiło najwyższą ocenę). Analiza niniejszego podsumowania badań umożliwi bardziej szczegółowe poznanie opinii pasażerów na temat SDIP KZK GOP oraz pozwoli na wysunięcie propozycji działań, których celem będzie udoskonalenie tegoż systemu.

EN

This article presents topic of Dynamic Passenger Information Systems which are more and more often used in the public transport. It focuses on analysis of utility and passengers’ satisfaction of this type of system. In the first chapter there are information about DPI system that is used by one of the larger organizer of public transport – KZK GOP (Komunikacyjny Związek Komunalny Górnośląskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego). In next part of article there is online research results made by author in March – April 2017 among the passengers of KZK GOP. Research goal was knowing the utility and passengers’ satisfaction of DPI system KZK GOP. There took part 635 people in research. Respondents judged the performance quality of DPI system KZK GOP as sufficient (average rating: 3,18 on scale from 1 to 5 where 5 was the highest rate). Analysis of this research summary will let to more detailed knowing passengers’ opinion for DPI system KZK GOP and will let to suggest the actions which goal will be improvement this system.

17

Using information collected by weigh in motion for modeling traffic structure of vehicles

Smolarek L., Ziemska M.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2017

|

Vol. 10, iss. 4

32--37

EN

The article presents an example of a dynamic traffic flow modeling using as a data source information the measurement system weight Preselection Implemented in Gdynia. The measuring point is located on the road leading to the Gdynia container terminals and to Gdynia Kwiatkowski, which is Directly connected with the TriCity Bypass. One of the goals of the system is collect data which can be used for operational purposes and statistics. Measurement period allowed the appointment of a mathematical model which describes the dynamic variation of the structure of the stream. In Addition, an analysis of the variability of the traffic flow in both the daily and weekly basis is presented. This give possibility to determine the effect of time of day and day of the week on the parameters of a dynamic model describing the structure of a generic stream. The resulting model allows the study of the impact of the share of heavy vehicles on ride comfort of passenger cars.

18

State of development of intelligent transport systems services on national roads in Poland

Oskarbski J., Mowiński K., Żarski K.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

|

2017

|

Vol. 10, iss. 4

21--27

EN

In recent years we can see intensifying implementation of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) measures in Polish cities and on national roads. The architecture of the National Traffic Management System (KSZR) will enable the implementation of a uniform, integrated and intelligent ICT system to launch ITS systems that are the most important for drivers and the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways (GDDKiA). This paper presents the current state of the implementation of the ITS services on national roads in functional, physical and logical terms and the premises for the KSZR’s development. The description of the state of the development of ITS services on national roads was compiled within the framework of the RID 4D “The impact of the usage of Intelligent Transport Systems services on the level of road safety” research project, funded by the National Centre for Research and Development and the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways.

19

Randomized algorithms supporting management of an intelligent internal transport system

Topolski M.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

|

2017

|

Vol. 10, iss. 3

46--50

EN

This paper presents a probabilistic model in managing intelligent internal transport based on decision making risk. The term reliability of an internal transport denotes failure-free operating time of internal transport as compared to the entire time particular transport is supposed to operate correctly. This paper illustrates a model of risk evaluation in internal transport operation based on probability that the system will reliably function within particular time, in a particular environment for specific purposes. Building probabilistic models used to calculate the risk of production planning is based on a reliable analysis of all possible aspects of producing a particular economic good. Modelling evaluates strengths and weaknesses of an enterprise which would like to complete a transport task, plans a transport processes based on the most important goals originating from the transport process.

20

Evolution and selected implementation examples of ITS in the European Union

Kozlowski R., Jablonski J., Adamek R.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2017

|

Vol. 10, iss. 3

16--20

EN

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are evolving in response to a range of factors, which are discussed in this paper in conjunction with major directions of future ITS development. The technology of cooperation between the various elements of infrastructure and vehicles will determine further evolution of telematic solutions, leading to synergies arising from both existing and new applications, as well as from the advent of the Internet of things in transportation. The next step in the development of such systems is Cooperative ITS. It already has a solid foundation in the European Union’s strategic documents on transportation, and the first implementations are under way.