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1

Evaluation of Structural Powder Steel Properties after High-Temperature Thermomechanical Treatment and Finish Turning

Leksycki Kamil, Feldshtein Eugene, Maruda Radosław, Dyachkova Larisa, Szczotkarz Natalia, Zverko Alexandra

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

|

Vol. 18, no 1

26--35

EN

High-temperature thermo-mechanical processing (HTTMP) is a combination of plastic deformation and heat treatment operations. Such action makes it possible to increase metal mechanical properties resulting from both mechanical strengthening and heat treatment. As a result, it is possible to achieve high complex of operating characteristics of different types of steel and other alloys. However, there is a lack of information on the applicability of HTTMP of powder steel. These types of steel are very effective substitutes for traditional structural steel but are characterized by poor mechanical properties. This study considers the possibility of using HTTMP for powder steel frame additionally infiltrated by bronze with MoS2 addition to increase mechanical properties of the materials studied. Steel infiltrated, infiltrated and then hardened, infiltrated and then HTTMP treated with strain rates of 30, 50 and 70% were compared. The microstructural properties and hardness of the materials before machining were studied as well as the cutting forces and surface topography of those materials after turning with AH8015 carbide inserts. Cutting forces tests were realized with vc = 157 m/min, f = 0.25 mm/rev and ap = 0.25 mm. Surface topography tests were carried out with vc = 157 m/min, f = 0.25 mm/rev and ap = 0.25 mm. Constant cutting parameters were used to eliminate the effects of rest factors. It was found that the lowest cutting forces (Fc, Fp and Ff), surface roughness parameters (Sa and Sq) and small areas with single high peaks on the machined surface were obtained for infiltrated powder steel with subsequent HTTMP machining under 50% strain rate.

2

Hydrodynamic and Erosive Behavior of Vertisols in the Wadi Sra Catchment (Central Rif, Morocco) – Analysis of the Rainfall Simulation Results

El-Ommal Mouhssine, Tribak Abdellatif

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

66--77

EN

The objective of this work was to analyze the hydrodynamic and erosive behavior of soils in the wadi Sra catchment (Central Rif, Morocco) using a mini ramp rain simulator on micro-plots of 1 m2. The plots were selected on vertisols with a slope (between 17 and 33%), considering four types of land use: cannabis cultivation, cereal cultivation, fallow land and abandoned land, with the aim of comparing and determining the effects of the land use types on infiltrability and sediment production. The simulation tests were carried out during each season, due to the variability of cultivation practices, surface conditions and prior soil moisture from one season to another. Before each simulation, the surface condition of the concerned plots was checked; it is a question of raising the rate of closed or open surfaces and covered or bare surfaces according to the quadrat points method. Laboratory tests allowed identifying the physico-chemical properties of the soil, the initial humidity, the bulk density and the porosity. The results obtained show that the final infiltration is characterized by a significant variation, between (8.32 mm/h and 70.40 mm/h). Low values concern abandoned and fallow land and very high values are recorded on plowed land (cannabis and cereal cultivation). In addition, solid transport recorded significant spatio-temporal variations, between (5.15 and 157 g/l); the maximum average values are recorded in the cannabis cultivation plots, followed by abandoned land, then fallow land and cereal cultivation land.

3

Simulating transient flow in unsaturated porous media using finite-difference modeling

Chetti Ahmed

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

|

2023

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no. 4

247--258

EN

The purpose of this study concerns the establishment of numerical model of transient flow in a variably saturated porous medium. Groundwater flow can only be studied adequately if one considers the fluxes between the saturated and the unsaturated zones through the free surface. However, this water table undergoes variations in level resulting either from losses of mass by gravity drainage or evaporation or from an excess of mass by infiltration from the surface of the porous medium. This describes the various phenomena that groundwater flow can undergo, such as gravity drainage, infiltration and evaporation. The adopted model is based on the Richards equation, which is a parabolic and strongly non-linear equation. The h-based form of the Richards equation is solved numerically by using the 1D upwind finite difference method. Referring to published experimental work and comparing our numerical results with their results, we have obtained a good fit. The importance of this model lies in its simplicity and its generality in treating the different flow states in a variably saturated porous medium, and therefore its usefulness in practice for a wide range of applications, contributing significantly to the understanding of transient flow phenomena in variably saturated porous media. Its capacity to address the complexities of groundwater movement, including gravity-driven drainage, infiltration, and evaporation, underlines its versatility and its potential to make meaningful contributions to various scientific and engineering fields.

4

Skuteczność oczyszczania ścieków w złożu gruntowym przydomowej oczyszczalni ścieków z drenażem rozsączającym

Kalenik Marek

Rynek Instalacyjny

|

2022

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Nr 5

90--94

PL

Celem badań było sprawdzenie w warunkach laboratoryjnych, czy wprowadzenie do gruntu warstwy wspomagającej z klinoptylolitu o granulacji 1-5 mm i opoki o granulacji 1-6 mm poprawi skuteczność usuwania związków azotu i fosforu ze ścieków bytowych. Przeprowadzone badania dotyczyły warstwy wspomagającej skuteczność oczyszczania ścieków bytowych w przydomowej oczyszczalni pod drenażem rozsączającym. Badania modelowe oczyszczania ścieków przeprowadzono w złożu z piasku średniego z warstwą wspomagającą z klinoptylolitu o miąższości 0,10 i 0,25 m oraz opoki o miąższości 0,10 i 0,20 m. Badania potwierdziły, że klinoptylolit o granulacji 1-5 mm i opoka o granulacji 1-6 mm mogą być stosowane do wspomagania usuwania związków azotu i fosforu ze ścieków z zastosowaniem drenaży rozsączających.

EN

The study aimed to examine in laboratory conditions whether an introduction of supporting clinoptilolite rock layer of 1-5 mm granulation and supporting opoka rock layer of 1-6 mm granulation into the ground improves the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from domestic wastewater. The study concerned the layer supporting the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment in a home sewage treatment plant under infiltration drainage. The model study of wastewater treatment was carried out in a medium sand bed with the supporting clinoptilolite rock layer, 0,10 and 0,20 m thick, and supporting opoka rock layer, 0,10 and 0,20 m thick. The results confirm that the clinoptilolite rock of 1-5 mm granulation and opoka rock of 1-6 mm granulation can be used to improve the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from wastewater when infiltration drainage is applied.

5

Projekt koncepcyjny systemu zagospodarowania wód opadowych dla osiedla jednorodzinnego

Suchanek-Gabzdyl Ewa

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 3 (23)

2--9

EN

The aim of the research was to create a draft concept for the management of rainwater from the area of a single-family housing estate through the use of retention and infiltration systems with the possibility of collecting rainwater on the surface or under its surface. These systems include: a storage reservoir, an absorbent trough, a rain garden, an infiltration basin, drainage boxes and root boxes. All devices have been designed in such a way that they harmonize with each other and create an extensive system of blue and green infrastructure, without overloading the sewage network. The amount of rainwater was also calculated and the planned devices were designed and dimensioned. The devices located in the estate were arranged in such a way that they could intercept water from every part of the drained area. They can hold a total of nearly 46.5 m3 of water at the same time. This gives a very high efficiency of operation in terms of protection of surface waters and retaining them at the place of their formation. Thanks to such a high absorbency of the devices used, the estate is able to work like a sponge. The accumulated water from the drained catchments is mostly drained directly into the soil profile. This has a positive effect on maintaining the appropriate quality and high level of groundwater. Water, infiltrating into the ground through drainage layers, undergoes natural pretreatment, limiting the migration of organic and mineral micro-pollutants. The applied infiltration allows to increase the efficiency of groundwater intakes without reducing their level excessively, and its maintenance is necessary to ensure an appropriate composition of these waters. Oxygenated water infiltrating the aquifer, which contains iron and manganese compounds, can oxidize sulphides to sulphates and dissolve ferric and manganese sulphates. This means an increase in costs and an extension of the purification and treatment process of the abstracted waters. The planned infiltration and retention system is of a landscape nature. It is related to the shape and development of the land surface and the directions of its use. At the same time, the systems used do not take up much space on the ground surface, give the impression of being natural, thanks to which the area around the buildings has become more attractive in terms of aestheticsand functional.

6

Causes of groundwater level and chemistry changes in an urban area; a case study of Warsaw, Poland

Krogulec Ewa, Gruszczyński Tomasz, Kowalczyk Sebastian, Małecki Jerzy J., Porowska Dorota, Sawicka Katarzyna, Trzeciak Joanna, Wojdalska Anna, Zabłocki Sebastian, Zaszewski Daniel

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2022

|

Vol. 72, no. 4

495--517

EN

The presented studies focus on changes in groundwater levels and chemistry, and the identification of important factors influencing these changes on short- and long-term scales in urban areas. The results may be useful for rational and sustainable groundwater planning and management in cities. The studies concerned three aquifers: (1) the shallow Quaternary aquifer, (2) the deep Quaternary aquifer, and (3) the Oligocene aquifer in the capital city of Warsaw (Poland). The spatial variability of groundwater recharge was determined and its changes in time were characterized. The characteristics of groundwater levels were based on long-term monitoring series. The results indicate that urban development has caused overall reduction in infiltration recharge (from 54 to 51 mm/year), which is particularly clear in the city suburbs and in its centre, where land development has significantly densified during the last 30 years. Studies of groundwater levels indicate variable long-term trends. However, for the shallowest aquifer, the trends indicate a gradual decrease of the groundwater levels. In the case of the much deeper Oligocene aquifer, groundwater table rise is observed since the 1970s (averagely c. 20 m), which is related with excessive pumping. Based on the studied results, the groundwater chemistry in the subsurface aquifer indicates strong anthropogenic influence, which is reflected in multi-ionic hydrogeochemical types and the occurrence of chemical tracers typical of human activity. The Oligocene aquifer is characterized by a chemical composition indicating the influence of geogenic factors.

7

Czyn niepodległościowy Józefa Piłsudskiego a zjawiska zdrady i szpiegostwa : wybrane aspekty

Paduszek Konrad

Kwartalnik Bellona

|

2021

|

Nr 2

67--90

PL

W latach czynu niepodległościowego Józefa Piłsudskiego (od czasów jego działalności konspiracyjnej po odrodzenie Rzeczypospolitej) intensywnie rozwijały się instytucje wywiadu, kontrwywiadu i policji politycznych w państwach zaborców, a po odzyskaniu niepodległości - we wrogich Polsce państwach sąsiednich. Następstwem podejmowanych przez te instytucje działań - infiltracji, inwigilacji i prowokacji, były zjawiska zdrady i szpiegostwa. Taki stan rzeczy wpłynął na formy, metody i możliwości walki Józefa Piłsudskiego o niepodległość, zarówno wtedy, gdy działał w konspiracji, jak i później, gdy pełnił funkcje naczelnego wodza oraz naczelnika państwa. W artykule opisano wybrane przypadki zdrady i szpiegostwa oraz środki przeciwdziałania im w warunkach działalności konspiracyjnej i odrodzonego państwa polskiego. Omówiono formy, metody i możliwości działań niepodległościowych podejmowanych przez Józefa Piłsudskiego w obliczu zdrady i szpiegostwa oraz jego stosunek do tych zjawisk.

EN

During the years of Józef Piłsudski’s independence act (from the time of his underground activity to the rebirth of the Republic of Poland), the institutions of intelligence, counterintelligence and political police in the partitioning states developed intensively, and after regaining independence – in the neighboring countries hostile to Poland. The actions taken by these institutions - infiltration, surveillance and provocation - resulted in the phenomena of treason and espionage. This state of affairs affected the forms, methods and possibilities of Józef Piłsudski’s fight for independence, both when he was active in the underground and later, when he was the commander-in-chief and the head of state. The article describes selected cases of treason and espionage as well as measures to counteract them in the conditions of underground activity and the reborn Polish state. The forms, methods and possibilities of independence activities undertaken by Józef Piłsudski in the face of betrayal and espionage as well as his attitude to these phenomena were discussed.

8

The benefits of synthetic or natural hydrogels application in agriculture : an overview article

Grabowska-Polanowska Beata, Garbowski Tomasz, Bar-Michalczyk Dominika, Kowalczyk Agnieszka

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 51

208--224

EN

In recent years, a growing problem of water deficit has been observed, which is particularly acute for agriculture. To alleviate the effects of drought, hydrogel soil additives – superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) – can be helpful. The primary objective of this article was to present a comparison of the advantages resulting from the application of synthetic or natural hydrogels in agriculture. The analysis of the subject was carried out based on 129 articles published between 1992 and 2020. In the article, the advantages of the application of hydrogel products in order to improve soil quality, and crop growth. Both kinds of soil amendments (synthetic and natural) similarly improve the yield of crops. In the case of natural origin polymers, a lower cost of preparation and a shorter time of biodegradation are indicated as the main advantage in comparison to synthetic polymers, and greater security for the environment.

9

Impact of raw and purified wastewater reuse from the Dar El-Gueddari treatment plant on the soil

Njimat Smail, Elfettahi Fouad, Griou Hajar, El Brouzi Mohammed Y., Aboulouafa Mohammed, Ibn Ahmed Said

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2021

|

no. 49

121--128

EN

The study has been carried out at two experimental sites. It aims to assess the impact of the reuse of raw wastewater, purified and diluted with conventional water on the physicochemical quality of soils compared to irrigated soils with conventional drilled water and non-irrigated soil. The obtained results show that the electrical conductivity EC and sodium gradually increase in all the plots irrigated with wastewater. Additionally, a slight increase in the pH levels at the first site and a slight decrease in the second site was seen, but at both sites the soils remained alkaline. The infiltration rate of water slide decreases in relation to the amount of irrigation, especially in plots irrigated by raw and treated wastewater. For the same plots, the values of organic matter increased, and the values obtained for the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) became high in the third year and reached 17.0% and 16.7% respectively.

10

Investigations on the effectiveness of wastewater purification in medium sand with assisting opoka rock layer

Kalenik Marek, Chalecki Marek

Environment Protection Engineering

|

2021

|

Vol. 47, nr 1

53--65

EN

The objective of the undertaken investigations was to examine in laboratory conditions whether an introduction of an assisting opoka rock layer with the granulation of 1–6 mm into the ground improves the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from domestic sewage. The performed investigations concerned the layer supporting the removal efficiency of domestic sewage in a home sewage treatment plant under infiltration drainage. The model investigations of wastewater purification were carried out in a medium sand bed with an assisting, 0.10 and 0.20 m thick opoka rock layer. The effectiveness of wastewater purification related to basic qualitative indicators (total suspended solids – TSS, BOD5, COD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus) was in line with the Polish standards on sewage disposal into grounds and surface water. The medium sand soil bed with the 0.20 m thick assisting opoka rock layer showed higher effectiveness of wastewater purification than that 0.10 m thick. The application of the 0.20 m thick opoka rock layer increased the removal efficiency regarding TSS by 6.2%, total nitrogen by 20.4%, ammonium nitrogen by 8.3% and total phosphorus by 2.9%, and removal efficiency regarding BOD5 by 1.2% and COD by 1.9% with relation to the 0.10 m thick assisting layer (all percentages − in average). The results confirm that the natural opoka rock with the granulation of 1–6 mm can be used to assist in the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from wastewater with the application of infiltration drainage.

11

Fenomen sowieckich służb specjalnych

Świerczek Marek

Wiedza Obronna

|

2020

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nr 2

63--74

PL

Autor artykułu, analizując fenomen skuteczności sowieckich służb specjalnych, wysuwa hipotezę, że była ona skutkiem splotu kilku czynników. Wśród głównych elementów składających się na niebywałą sprawność służb sowieckich w pierwszej dekadzie po przewrocie październikowym, zdaniem autora znajdują się: fuzja doświadczeń instytucjonalnych Ochrany z wiedzą środowisk kryminalno-rewolucyjnych tworzących WCzK oraz rozwiązania operacyjne niespotykane wśród cywilizowanych społeczeństw. Zdaniem autora, sowieckie służby zostały de facto wyjęte spod prawa i nakazów moralności (uznawanych za przeżytek burżuazyjny), co umożliwiło stosowanie metod i form pracy niemożliwych w Europie Zachodniej. Tak rozumiane instrumentarium sowieckich służb składało się z mieszanki terroru, infiltracji, prowokacji i dezinformacji.

EN

The article author, analyzing the phenomenon of the effectiveness of the Soviet special services, puts forward the hypothesis that it was the result of a combination of several factors. Among the main elements that made up the incredible efficiency of the Soviet services in the first decade after the October coup, according to the author there were: a fusion of institutional experiences of the Okhrana with the knowledge of criminal-revolutionary environments creating the VChK and operational solutions unheard of in civilized societies. According to the author, the Soviet services acted under no law and moral obligations (considered by revolutionaries as bourgeois remnant), which allowed the use of methods and forms of operational work unthinkable in Western Europe. The instruments of the Soviet services consisted of a mixture of terror, infiltration, provocation and disinformation.

12

The influences of meteorological and hydrological factors on the operation and performance of a semi-natural stormwater reservoir

Wałęga Andrzej, Młyński Dariusz, Radecki-Pawlik Artur

Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications

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2020

|

Vol. 8, Iss. 1

28--34

EN

The aim of this research was to determine the influences of meteorological and hydrogeological factors on the water level of a rainwater storage and infiltration reservoir. The examined reservoir is located in the urban and industrial area of Krakow, on ground owned by the Polish State Railways (PKP), Kraków-Bieżanów branch. We analyzed a range of climatic (precipitation and evaporation) and hydrological factors (water stage in the reservoir and groundwater level) and their inter-relationships to determine their influences on the water depth regime in the storage and infiltration reservoir. Based on our results, the increase in the water table level in the reservoir is connected with the increase in the groundwater level and it is observed in the spring and summer periods, when meltwater and stormwater enter the reservoir. At the end of July, the groundwater table level increases because of excessive rainfall events. Throughout the entire experimental period, the reservoir was fed by infiltering groundwater from the upper parts of the basin. The water depth averages in the reservoir were closely correlated with the average groundwater table levels, the sum of precipitation from the week prior to the date of the examination of water depth in the reservoir, and the sum of potential evaporation in the given week.

13

Wpływ infiltracji brzegowej na przekształcenie środowiska hydrogeochemicznego warstwy wodonośnej na przykładzie ujęcia Mosina-Krajkowo

Górski Józef, Dragon Krzysztof, Kruć Roksana

Technologia Wody

|

2019

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Nr 3 (65)

24--31

PL

W latach 1989-1990 w odwiercie Mosina-Krajkowo na stalowych elementach konstrukcyjnych niektórych odwiertów znajdujących się na galerii studni na wyższym tarasie zaobserwowano rozwój korozji siarkowo-wodorowej. Te procesy, katalizowane mikrobiologicznie, doprowadziły do szybkiej korozji i zatykania ekranów szybowych. W tej sytuacji niezbędne okazało się wykorzystanie do budowy odwiertu materiałów niemetalowych. Fakt, że siarkowodór, który nie występował na taką skalę w warunkach naturalnych, pojawił się w wodzie w niektórych studniach, potwierdzono w badaniach przeprowadzonych w latach 1996-1998. Badania te obejmowały dwuletnie analizy chemii wody z wybranych studni: studni tarasowej oraz ze studni położonych na równinie zalewowej i niektórych studniach obserwacyjnych. Badania wykazały znaczące stężenia siarkowodoru w czterech studniach badanych w barierze tarasowej położonej kilkaset metrów od rzeki oraz w obserwatorium zlokalizowanym ok. 250 m od rzeki. W kilku studniach studni zalewowej położonej 60÷80 m od rzeki siarkowodoru nie stwierdzono. Pojawienie się znacznych stężeń siarkowodoru może wiązać się z migracją materii organicznej z rzeki Warty do warstwy wodonośnej, co zostało potwierdzone badaniami mikrobiologicznymi, które wykazały obecność planktonu nawet w studniach zlokalizowanych kilkaset metrów od rzeki. Migracja materii organicznej występowała najczęściej wtedy, gdy wody rzeki stykały się z osadami gruboziarnistymi występującymi pod kilkumetrową warstwą drobnych osadów rzecznych. Warunki ułatwionej migracji materii organicznej wykazały badania wody ze studni na równinie zalewowej. Badania te wykazały, że wody rzeczne stykają się bezpośrednio z gruboziarnistymi złogami w strefie silnie rozwiniętego meandru, gdzie podczas regulacji rzeki do przeciwdziałania erozji bocznej wykorzystano ostrogi, co z kolei doprowadziło do rozwoju głębokiej erozji koryta rzeki. Podobne zjawisko może wystąpić także na innych odcinkach rzeki, ale należy założyć, że migracja miała miejsce głównie w początkowym okresie infiltracji, a później została ograniczona przez zatykanie koryta rzeki. Należy podkreślić, że zjawisko wzbogacania warstwy wodonośnej reaktywną materią organiczną, oprócz korozji siarczkowej, może sprzyjać rozwojowi autotroficznych procesów denitryfikacji. Z drugiej strony, proces ten, oprócz procesów utleniania siarczków, może przyczyniać się do niekorzystnych zmian jakości wody, obserwowanych w studni tarasowej w zakresie zawartości siarczanów, żelaza, manganu, a także twardości całkowitej.

EN

In 1989-1990, at the Mosina-Krajkowo well field, the development of sulfur-hydrogen corrosion of steel structural elements of some wells situated on the higher terrace well gallery was found. These microbiologically catalyzed processes led to rapid corrosion and clogging of the well screens, and in this situation it was necessary to use non-metallic materials for the construction of the well. The fact that hydrogen sulphide appeared in water in some wells, which was not observed on such a scale in natural conditions, was confirmed by studies carried out in 1996-98. These studies included two-year analyzes of water chemistry from selected wells of the terrace well gallery as well as from wells located in flood plain and from some observation wells. The tests showed significant concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in the four wells tested in the terrace barrier situated several hundred meters from the river as well as in the observation well located approx. 250 m from the river. In several wells of the flood plain well gallery located 60-80 m from river the hydrogen sulphide, concentrations have not been found. The appearance of significant concentrations of hydrogen sulphide could be associated with the migration of organic matter from the Warta river into the aquifer, which was confirmed by microbiological tests that showed the presence of plankton remains even in wells located several hundred meters from the river. Migration of organic matter occurred, in particular, where river waters contacted with coarse-grained sediments occurring under a several-meter layer of fine river alluvial sediments. Conditions for the occurrence of facilitated migration of organic matter revealed water studies from the well gallery in flood plain. These studies showed the occurrence of contact of river waters with coarse deposits in the zone of strongly developed meander, where during the regulation of the river spurs were used to counteract the development of lateral erosion, which in turn led to the development of deep erosion of the river bed. A similar phenomenon could also develop on other sections of the river, but it should be assumed that the migration took place mainly in the initial period of launching the infiltration, and then this phenomenon was limited by development of river bed clogging. It should be emphasized that the phenomenon of enriching the aquifer with reactive organic matter, in addition to sulphide corrosion, may favor the development of autotrophic denitrification processes. On the other hand, this process, in addition to sulphide oxidation processes, may contribute to adverse changes in water quality observed in the terrace well gallery in the range of sulphates, iron, manganese and total hardness.

14

Numerical assessment of intensive green roof efficiency

Gdela Martyna, Widomski Marcin K., Musz-Pomorska Anna

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2019

|

Vol. 13, No. 1-2

17--25

EN

The actual increased urbanization and increase in the area of sealed surfaces distort the natural water balance of ecosystems. As the result, the natural infiltration of surface water is limited and the significant increase in surface runoff is being commonly noted. In most cases water of surface runoff is collected and discharged by the stormwater systems to the surface water reservoirs, including rivers and lakes, commonly without any treatment, posing a significant environmental threat to water quality. This paper contains the attempt of numerical assessment of intensive green roof efficiency utilizing three different, commercially available substrates. The numerical modeling of green roof efficiency was performed by the means of the popular modeling software FEFLOW, Wasy-DHI. The developed model reflected the cross section of the tested green roof. The required input data for modeling covering the saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention characteristics were based on information available in the technical descriptions of the tested substrates. The obtained results showed various performance, understood as different volume of retained water, under the same boundary conditions, directly related to the properties of green roof filling substrates.

PL

Zauważalna aktualnie wzmożona urbanizacja i wzrost udziału powierzchni uszczelnionych zaburzają naturalny bilans wodny ekosystemów. W rezultacie naturalna infiltracja wód opadowych zostaje ograniczona, a zdecydowanie wzrasta objętość spływu powierzchniowego. W większości przypadków wody spływu powierzchniowego są zbierane przez układy kanalizacji deszczowej i kierowane do odbiorników, zazwyczaj bez żadnego oczyszczania, stwarzając poważne zagrożenie środowiskowe dla jakości wody. Prezentowana praca zawiera numeryczną próbę oceny efektywności hydraulicznej zielonego dachu wykorzystującego trzy zróżnicowane komercyjnie dostępne substraty warstwy retencyjnej. Modelowanie numeryczne efektywności zielonego dachu zostało przeprowadzone za pomocą popularnego pakietu symulacyjnego FEFLOW, Wasy-DHI. Opracowany model odzwierciedlał wybrany przekrój badanego zielonego dachu. Niezbędne dane wejściowe do obliczeń modelowych, obejmujące współczynniki filtracji oraz charakterystyki retencyjne badanych materiałów porowatych, uzyskano z materiałów technicznych wybranych substratów. Otrzymane wyniki obliczeń numerycznych wykazały zróżnicowaną efektywność badanych substratów, rozumianą jako objętość retencjonowanej wody przy zastosowaniu tych samych warunków brzegowych, bezpośrednio zależną od właściwości hydraulicznych badanych wypełnień zielonego dachu.

15

Time of concentration based infiltration under different soil density, water content, and slope during a steady rainfall

Harisuseno Donny, Khaeruddin Dian Noorvy, Haribowo Riyanto

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2019

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no. 41

61--68

EN

Time of concentration, Tc, is defined as time elapsed from the beginning of rainfall infiltrated into soil layer until it reaches a constant infiltration rate (fc) which is indicated an equilibrium subsurface flow rate. In hydrological view, time of concentration plays a significant role in elaboration of transformation of rainfall into runoff in a watershed. The aims of this research are to define influence of soil density and soil water content in determining time of concentration using infiltration concept based on water balance theory, and to find out the effect of land slope this time. Watershed laboratory experiment using rainfall simulator was employed to examine time of concentration associated with infiltration process under different slope, soil density and soil water content based on water balance concept. The steady rainfall intensity was simulated using sprinklers which produced 2 dm3∙min–1. Rainfall, runoff and infiltration analysis were carried out at laboratory experiment on soil media with varied of soil density (d) and soil water content (w), where variation of land slopes (s) were designed in three land slopes 2, 3 and 4%. The results show that relationship between soil density and land slope to time of concentration showed a quadratic positive relationship where the higher the soil density address to the longer time of concentration. Moreover, time of concentration had an inverse relationship with soil water content and land slope that means time of concentration decreased when the soil water content increased.

PL

Czas koncentracji Tc definiuje się jako czas, który upływa od początku opadu infiltrującego glebę do osiągnięcia stałej prędkości infiltracji (fc), co oznacza zrównoważone tempo przepływu podpowierzchniowego. W hydrologii czas koncentracji odgrywa znaczącą rolę w ocenie transformacji opadu w odpływ w zlewni. Celem badań było określenie wpływu gęstości gleby i zawartości wody w glebie na czas koncentracji z wykorzystaniem koncepcji infiltracji bazującej na teorii bilansu wodnego oraz określenie wpływu nachylenia terenu na ten czas. Przeprowadzono laboratoryjny eksperyment z użyciem symulatora opadu w celu zbadania czasu koncentracji związanego z procesem infiltracji w warunkach różnego nachylenia gruntu, gęstości gleby i zawartości wody w glebie w oparciu o koncepcję bilansu wodnego. Stałą intensywność opadu symulowano używając zraszaczy o wydajności 2 dm3∙min–1. Analizę opadu, odpływu i infiltracji prowadzono w eksperymencie laboratoryjnym na glebach o różnej gęstości (d) i zawartości wody (w) w warunkach nachylenia gruntu (s) równego 2, 3 i 4%. Wyniki wskazują, że zależność między gęstością gleby i nachyleniem a czasem koncentracji wyraża się dodatnim równaniem kwadratowym, gdzie większej gęstości gleby odpowiada dłuższy czas koncentracji. Ponadto czas koncentracji wykazywał odwrotną zależność od zawartości wody w glebie i od nachylenia, co oznacza, że czas koncentracji maleje wraz ze zwiększeniem zawartości wody w glebie.

16

Investigations on the effectiveness of wastewater purification in medium sand with assisting clinoptilolite layer

Kalenik Marek, Chalecki Marek

Environment Protection Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 45, nr 2

117--126

EN

Model investigations of wastewater purification were carried out in a medium sand bed with an assisting natural clinoptilolite layer 0.10 or 0.25 m thick. The effectiveness of wastewater purification related to basic qualitative parameters was in accordance with the Polish standards on sewage disposal into grounds and surface water. Medium sand soil bed with the assisting natural clinoptilolite layer 0.25 m thick showed on average the removal efficiency regarding TSS higher by 3.3%, total nitrogen by 29.3%, total phosphorus by 25.9%, reduction efficiency regarding BOD5 by 1.1% and COD by 15.9% than that with the thinner clinoptilolite layer. The investigations confirmed that natural clinoptilolite with the granulation 1-5 mm can be used to enhance the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from wastewater with the application of infiltration drainage. However, very good effect of the TSS removal from the wastewater in the investigated soil beds can lead to their fast clogging under the infiltration drainage. Septic tanks should be designed in such a way that they retain as much TSS as possible, e.g., multi-chamber tanks instead of one-chamber ones.

17

Retention efficiency of vegetative filter strips for nitrogen in Danjiangkou Reservoir area, Central China

Lei Junshan, Chen Jiazhou, Yin Wei

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2019

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Vol. 26, nr 2

279--297

EN

To investigate the retention efficiency and mechanism of nitrogen of Vegetative filter strips (VFSs) in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area, simulated runoff discharging experiments were carried out in a new-established Bermuda VFS. The results showed that the Bermuda VFS reduced 73.1-86.1 % of surface runoff through infiltration. The outflow rate of runoff increased first and then became stable with time. The concentration reduction rates (CRRs) and load reduction rates (LRRs) of NH3-N increased initially and then decreased with the increase of inflow concentration. The average CRRs and LRRs of NH3-N in three treatments ranged 66.1-90.3 % and 90.0-96.7 %, respectively. The concentration reduction of NH3-N was primarily achieved by soil adsorption. The optimal inflow concentration of NH3-N for the optimum CRR was between 0.65 and 3.52 mg/dm3. The CRRs and LRRs of NO3-N fluctuated between 6.8-14.0 % and 72.0-77.9 % in three treatments. The concentration reduction of NO3-N was primarily achieved by plant uptake and soil microbe assimilation. The optimal inflow concentration of NO3-N for optimum CRR exceeded 6.78 mg/dm3. The CRRs and LRRs of TN increased with the increase of inflow concentrations. The average CRRs in the low, moderate and high treatments reached 9.7, 14.8 and 27.4 %, respectively, and the average LRRs reached 72.1, 74.3 and 81.2 %, respectively. The optimal inflow concentration of TN for optimum CRR exceeded 10.21 mg/dm3. The study showed that Bermuda grass can retain nitrogen in runoff efficiently and should be promoted around the Danjiangkou reservoir.

18

Hydraulic efficency of selected intensive green roof substrates

Gdela Martyna, Widomski Marcin K., Musz-Pomorska Anna

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2019

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Vol. 26, nr 1-2

37--45

EN

The rapid urbanization resulting in increased area of sealed surfaces distorts the natural water balance of urbanized ecosystems. Thus, the natural infiltration of surface water is reduced and the significant increase in volume surface runoff is being commonly observed. Water of surface runoff is usually collected and redirected by the stormwater systems to the natural surface water reservoirs, including also rivers and lakes, commonly without any treatment. So, a significant environmental threat to water quality posed by surface runoff from urbanized areas is obvious. This paper contains the attempt of numerical assessment of efficiency of six different commercially available substrates for intensive green roof. The numerical modeling of green roof efficiency was performed by the means of the finite elements modeling software FEFLOW, Wasy-DHI. The developed model reflected the cross section of the tested green roof. The required input data for modeling covered the saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention characteristics and were based on information available in the technical descriptions of the tested substrates. The obtained results showed the diversified performance, due to different volume of retained water under the same boundary conditions, directly related to the properties of green roof filling substrates.

PL

Gwałtowna urbanizacja prowadząca do wzrostu areału powierzchni uszczelnionych zaburza naturalny bilans wodny zurbanizowanych ekosystemów. Powyższe zazwyczaj prowadzi do obniżenia naturalnej infiltracji wód opadowych i znacznego wzrostu objętości spływu powierzchniowego. Wody spływu powierzchniowego są zazwyczaj ujmowane i przekierowywane, bardzo często bez żadnego oczyszczania, przez układy kanalizacji deszczowej bezpośrednio do odbiorników, czyli do wód powierzchniowych. Oczywistym jest zatem znaczne zagrożenie środowiskowe stwarzane jakości wód powierzchniowych poprzez zrzut nieoczyszczonych wód deszczowych z obszarów zurbanizowanych. Niniejsza praca przedstawia próbę numerycznej oceny efektywności hydraulicznej sześciu różnych dostępnych na rynku substratów wypełnień intensywnych zielonych dachów. Obliczenia numeryczne efektywności zielonego dachu zostały przeprowadzone w komercyjnym pakiecie FEFLOW, Wasy-DHI. Opracowany model odzwierciedlał przekrój poprzeczny wybranego dachu. Wymagane dane wejściowe do modelowania obejmujące przewodnictwo hydrauliczne w stanie nasyconym oraz charakterystyki retencyjne zastosowanych materiałów zostały wyznaczone w oparciu o ogólnodostępne informacje techniczne badanych wypełnień. Uzyskane wyniki obliczeń wykazały zróżnicowaną efektywność hydrauliczną badanych materiałów, szacowaną na podstawie zawartości retencjonowanej wody przy tych samych warunkach brzegowych, wynikającą bezpośrednio z właściwości hydraulicznych substratów objętych analizami.

19

Parametry migracji zanieczyszczeń w odpadach flotacyjnych na podstawie terenowego eksperymentu znacznikowego na przykładzie obiektu unieszkodliwiania odpadów wydobywczych „Gilów”

Chudy Krzysztof, Worsa-Kozak Magdalena

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 475, Hydrogeologia z. 16

35--42

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki terenowego eksperymentu znacznikowego oraz szacowania parametrów migracji zanieczyszczeń dla drobnoziarnistych odpadów flotacyjnych na potrzeby danych wejściowych do modelu numerycznego migracji. Badania przeprowadzono dla Obiektu Unieszkodliwiania Odpadów Wydobywczych (OUOW) „Gilów” na 3 poligonach badawczych z wykorzystaniem jonu Cl– jako znacznika. Odpady flotacyjne zdeponowane w obiekcie mają charakterystykę gruntów drobnoziarnistych piaszczystych i pylastych, co przekłada się na ich niskie parametry migracji zanieczyszczeń. Prędkości migracji w poszczególnych profilach, oszacowane zarówno z krzywej przejścia znacznika, jak i obliczone w programie CXTFIT oscylowały w granicach od 0,27 do 1,8 m/a, klasyfikując odpady flotacyjne do najniższej, 5 klasy pod względem prędkości migracji. Przeprowadzone testy terenowe pozwoliły na uzyskanie rzeczywistych danych stanowiących wiarygodny wsad wejściowy na potrzeby dalszych analiz migracji zanieczyszczeń w obrębie OUOW „Gilów” i w jego otoczeniu

EN

The paper presents the results of the field tracer test and the results of estimation of pollutants migration parameters for fine-grained flotation wastes. The need of reliable input data for the numerical migration mod el was the cause of the research. It was carried out for the “Gilów” tailings pond on three sampling sites using the Cl– ion as a tracer. The flotation wastes deposited in the facility are classified as fine sandy and silty soils what corresponds with their low migration parameters. Migration rates in individual profiles, estimated from the tracer transition lines and calculated with the CXTFIT software, have been oscillated within the limits of 0.27 to 1.8 m/a. It places flotation wastes in the lowest, 5th class in terms of migration speed. The conducted field tests allowed to obtain real data constituting a reliable input for the purposes of further analysis of pollutants migration within the “Gilów” tailings pond and its surroundings.

20

Tailored Al2O3-Al2TiO5-TiO2 Composite Ceramics from different Titanium Precursors

Dittert B., Wiessner M., Angerer P., Lackner J. M., Leichtfried H.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2019

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Vol. 64, iss. 4

1277--1286

EN

Al2 O3 -Al2 TiO5 -TiO2 composites can be obtained by the infiltration of molecular titanium precursors into presintered α-Al2 O3 (corundum) cylinders. Two titanium tetra alkoxides, and two dialkoxy titanium bis (acetylacetonates) serve as precursors for TiO2 (rutile) and Al2 TiO5 (tialite). The precursors were infiltrated as ethanolic solutions. After sintering at 1550, 1600, and 1650°C, the prepared ceramics’ properties were investigated by SEM, in-situ HT-XRD, and conventional XRD. Titanium tetraisopropoxide leads to the highest content of Al2 TiO5 in the composite. The more reactive the precursor, considering the Al2 O3 /precursor interface, the lower and more anisotropic the grain growth, the more homogeneous is the TiO2 contribution and the higher is the content of Al2 TiO5 . Raising the sintering temperature causes an increase of the crystalline Al2 TiO5 content as well as of the grain growth. Moreover, the reactivity of the precursor molecule influences the Ti/(Al+Ti) ratio in the obtained tialite phase.