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1

Operational resilience regarding safety and security aspects of industrial automation and control systems

Kosmowski Kazimierz T.

Safety and Reliability of Systems and Processes

|

2023

|

Summer Safety and Reliability Seminar 2023

99--116

EN

This chapter addresses selected issues concerning shaping resilience of the industrial automation and control systems (IACS). Such systems play nowadays a key role in safety and security of hazardous industrial installations and critical infrastructure networks due to a considerable attack surface. Productivity, safety, and security management is becoming now more and more challenging due to dynamic changes in business conditions, limited access to energy sources at accepted costs, adverse environment, pandemic consequences, difficulties in maintaining reliable and timely supply chains, etc. In situation of significant uncertainty and interrelated systems involved, a reasonable approach to achieve adopted goals is to elaborate a rational strategy of sustainable development to be combined with shaping resilience of relevant systems in life cycle. It concerns any organisation that governs for instance an industrial company and its manufacturing system, or a state institution responsible for critical infrastructure development. In this chapter shaping operational resilience of industrial control systems regarding basic functional safety and cybersecurity requirements is outlined.

2

Optimization of the Conveyor Line System Using Computer Simulation on the Example of a Modern Warehouse

Gawron Eryk, Sika Robert, Rogalewicz Michał

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 1

304--314

EN

The paper presents a outline of a modern large-area warehouse of an enterprise engaged in the sale of, among others, food products, software, books, automotive components, and many others. The techniques, methods, research and design tools used were described. A control system was designed, its plan and network connections of control devices based on the characteristics of technological documentation. The design of logical structures controlling the conveyor line, network topology configuration and also the safety system was proposed. The performance and errors of the line were checked in the simulation process. The paper also includes the process of commissioning and testing an industrial PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) on a real object, which is a modern warehouse.

3

Towards strategic resilience of process plants and critical infrastructure regarding functional safety and cybersecurity requirements

Kosmowski Kazimierz T.

Safety and Reliability of Systems and Processes

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2022

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Summer Safety and Reliability Seminar 2022

117--132

EN

This chapter addresses selected issues of strategic resilience of Industry 4.0 process installations and critical infrastructure systems that are designed and operated using converged technologies OT/IT/CT (operational technology/information technology/cloud technology) for effective business management in changing and uncertain environment. Two kinds of strategic resilience are distinguished: (I) the resilience concerning business processes to be evaluated and supported applying in industrial practice, e.g., a methodology of business continuity management (BCM), and (II) the resilience related to the safety and security technologies. Selected issues of these two areas of the overall resilience are discussed in relation to current references and reports. In area (II) the resilience of industrial automation and control systems (IACS) is emphasized that includes the requirements imposed on solutions of the functional safety (FS) and cybersecurity (CS) to be designed according to the defence in depth (DinD) concept using defined protection layers (PL). Responsible tasks in abnormal and accident situations are executed by the human operators that make use of an alarm system (AS) and its interface within overall human system interface (HSI). The human error probability (HEP) for relevant human operator behaviour type is evaluated using a human cognitive reliability (HCR) model. It is concluded that the resilience engineering (RE) concept is useful, but additional research effort is needed to develop integrated approaches and tools for supporting real engineering and organisational issues of strategic resilience.

4

Thermal removing the primary coating layer from the fiber optic surface

Węglarski Piotr, Jung Jarosław

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 5

33--37

EN

The article describes a new technology of thermal removal of the acrylic coating layer from optical fibers. Based on the analysis of the results of thermo-gravimetric tests, the decomposition temperature of the acrylic layer was determined, and then, knowing the optical and geometric parameters of optical fibers, a prototype of a device for the automatic removal of the protective layer from the terminal of optical fibers was built. The designed control system and the prototype of the device, which consists of a 6-axis robot, vision system and regulators, were presented. The efficiency of the proposed method and the device made was compared with the existing systems. It has been shown that it will be possible to remove acrylic layers much faster than before, while maintaining very good quality of optical fibers. Due to these advantages, the presented technology can be successfully used in industrial lines intended in the fiber optic connectorization process.

PL

W artykule opisano nową technologię termicznego usuwania warstwy pokrycia akrylowego z włókien światłowodowych. Na podstawie analizy wyników badań termo-grawimetrycznych wyznaczono temperaturę rozpadu warstwy akrylowej, a następnie znając parametry optyczne oraz geometryczne światłowodów zbudowano prototyp urządzenia do automatycznego usuwania warstwy ochronnej z ich końcówek. Przedstawiono zaprojektowane układy sterownia oraz urządzenia wykonawcze, których najważniejszymi elementami są: robot sześcioosiowy, układ wizyjny oraz system regulatorów. Wydajność zaproponowanej metody oraz wykonanego prototypu została porównana z innymi urządzeniami wykorzystywanymi w praktyce. systemami. Pokazano, że można będzie znacznie szybciej niż dotychczas usuwać warstwy akrylowe przy zachowaniu bardzo dobrej jakości powierzchni włókien szklanych. Dzięki tym zaletom przedstawiona technologia może być z powodzeniem zastosowana w przemysłowych liniach przeznaczonych do łączenia włókien światłowodowych.

5

Identifying the phenomenon of complexity in the sector of industrial automation

Lewandowska-Ciszek Anna

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2022

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Vol. 13, No. 2

3--14

EN

The main objective of the research work was to identify the dimensions of complexity and study the relationship between these defined dimensions in the industrial automation sector. To achieve these objectives in the study, there was assumed the following major hypothesis: With the increasing role of dynamic cross-section of the complexity there is growing importance of relationship dimension for competitive advantage. In the study there were diagnosed four dimensions of complexity. Existence of the relationship between these four identified dimensions of complexity occurred by the use of the Fisher’s exact test, which is a variant of the test of independence χ2. Furthermore, there were calculated V-Cramer factors to estimate the intensity of the above-mentioned relationship between analyzed dimensions. The research discovered that the three out of four dimensions such as the number of elements, variety of elements and uncertainty depend on the last dimension of complexity which is the relationship between elements. In the turbulent environment there is a growing importance of the relationship dimension. It forms competitive advantage and is a key condition of success in creating a new type of modern enterprise strategy that occurs within complexity management in the industrial automation sector.

6

Bezpieczna sieć przemysłowa - studium przypadku

Bednarczyk Stefan

Nowa Energia

|

2021

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nr 3

14--15

PL

W artykule poruszono kwestię cyberzagrożeń w sieciach przemysłowych i zaprezentowano proces wdrażania stosownych zabezpieczeń. Od analizy ryzyka, zgodnej ze standardem IEC-62443, przez właściwą architekturę sieci, do implementacji przemysłowych firewalli DPI.

7

Availability Study of a Longwall Shearer Including Phases of its Operation

Brodny Jarosław, Brzana Estera

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 4, Iss. 1

200--211

EN

The mining production process includes a number of sub-processes, the most important of which is mining the rock mass. In this process, increasingly modern mining machines are being used to replace human labor and to achieve high productivity. Full utilization of the potential of these machines is of great importance for the efficiency of individual stages and the whole process of mining production. In the process of mining the rock mass, the use of machinery of a mechanized longwall system is of fundamental significance. Their availability, efficiency and reliability significantly affect the efficiency of the whole mining production process. The paper refers to the availability of a longwall shearer as the basic machine of a mechanized mining system. Based on the analysis of diagnostic signals, recorded by the industrial automation system, the availability of the longwall shearer was determined for 10 selected cycles of its operation. The analysis also included the phases of these cycles, treated as separate periods of the shearer’s work. This division is a consequence of a great difference in the character of the shearer’s work in particular phases of the operating cycle. The analysis covered the phases of cutting, mining and shunting. The determined temporal waveforms and the shearer’s availability in these phases show their great diversity. Therefore, the results indicated the necessity to analyze the operation of mining machines in their characteristic periods, which can be the basis for minimizing unplanned interruptions in their operation and improving the efficiency of their use.

8

Mathematical models of a pneumatic cascade and pneumatic membrane actuator described with a fractional calculus

Luft M., Łukasik Z., Pietruszczak D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14. no. 3

643--648

EN

The paper presents the analysis of dynamic properties of pneumatic systems such as: cascade connection of membrane pressure transmitters and a pneumatic membrane actuator by means of differential equations of integer and non-integer order. The analyzed systems were described from the time perspective by means of step response, and in terms of frequency with the help of the Bode plot, i.e. logarithmic magnitude and phase responses. Each response was determined using differential equations of non-integer order. To determine the responses, the interactive Simulink package was an irreplaceable programming tool built on the basis of the MATLAB program, which enables the analysis and synthesis of continuous dynamic systems.

9

Analysis of electrical parameters of an internal combustion engine to determine the state of Its efficiency and ecological level

Olszowiec P., Luft M., Łukasik Z.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14. no. 3

649--652

EN

The article presents an analysis of research on a series of passenger vehicles equipped with diesel and spark-ignition engines of modern generation. These studies show the attempt to determine the consistency of the measurement results presented by the electrical motor with respect to the external direct measurements determining the level ecological driving unit such as a gas analyzer. The premise of this material is to assess the suitability of the read actual parameters sent by the ECU as the data source the level of organic vehicle, for example. The test for diagnostic station with annual regular reviews. The inspiration for the material was the attempt to determine the sensitivity of the self-diagnosis system of the propulsion unit, which correctness of the diagnosis itself is one of the criteria of the positive periodic test guidelines.

10

Cyber security requirements for railway control systems according to standard IEC 62443

Tworek Bartłomiej

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2020

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z. 131

79--86

EN

Modern railway control systems are based on computer and embedded systems. This components are connected directly via ICT networks, it is also possible to use wireless industrial networks. Cyber security attacks in automation control systems are becoming more dangerous and common. To protect these safety critical systems, the standard IEC 62443 has been developed. This standard provides guidelines and requirements for industrial automation and control systems which also apply to railway systems. This article is mainly focused on chapter IEC 62443-4-2 which provides Technical security requirements for IACS components. Proper protection against cyber attacks is also important for maintaining RAMS parameters (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety). Railway control systems performs mainly safety critical functionality which are related with railway traffic management. Safety related control algorithms and vital modules cannot be disturbed by security mechanisms and functions. The analysis of cyber threats should be performed by railway infrastructure operators in cooperation with manufacturers of railway control systems. It is important to determine what level of requirements fulfilment according to standard IEC 62443 must be met (security level). Railway traffic control systems are long life and high availability systems, therefore they should be properly maintained during lifecycle. The manufacturer of railway control systems and end user should together develop a policy and guidelines for securing the systems against cyber attacks.

11

Complexity of a modern enterprise and its flexibility in the sector of industrial automation

Lewandowska-Ciszek A.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 3

575--584

EN

The awareness of the growing importance of the complexity in creating a new type of a modern enterprise strategy and in introducing changes within planning, control and organizational structures contributed to undertaking studies on relationships occurring between the complexity of a modern enterprise and its flexibility in the sector of industrial automation, as well as filling the gap relating to the cognitive impact of poor complexity management on the flexibility of the company. The main objective of the research work is to check whether there is an important relationship between the complexity of the business and its flexibility in the industrial automation sector. Quantification of the relationship between these two quantities – the complexity and flexibility – happened by the use of the Multidimensional Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Perceptual Maps. The study which has been carried out indicated that the flexibility and complexity functions in the enterprise management rise, however, the knowledge of these issues is highly insufficient. The research discovered that the obstacles which hamper striking a balance between the flexibility and complexity in their advanced stages exert a devastating impact on the quality of the process management. Reducing the flexibility at its higher levels generates a context in which the market risk is enhanced. Companies characterised by improper flexibility management bear higher workforce costs and their processes of decision-making last longer. Methodical and systematized study of flexibility and complexity will decrease the destructive influence of the interaction between these two categories.

12

Functional safety and cyber security analysis for life cycle management of industrial control systems in hazardous plants and oil port critical infrastructure including insurance

Kosmowski Kazimierz, T., Gołębiewski Dariusz

Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association

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2019

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Vol. 10, No. 1

99--126

EN

This report addresses selected methodological aspects of proactive reliability, functional safety and cyber security management in life cycle of industrial automation and control systems (IACS) in hazardous plants and oil port critical installations based on the analysis of relevant hazards / threats and evaluation of related risks. In addition the insurance company point of view has been also considered, because nowadays the insurer, interested in decreasing risks to be insured, offers the expertise how to limit effectively risks in life cycle from the design conceptual stage of hazardous plant, through its reliable and safe operation, until decommissioning. Therefore, the risk evaluation model for insurance related decision making for the period considered, e.g. one year, should be plant specific with some predictive properties due to changing environment and business conditions, and usually considerable uncertainty involved. The objective is to evaluate and mitigate risks, and control them proactively, through undertaking appropriate activities within a process based management system according to elaborated policy and strategy that includes organisational and technical aspects, including preventive maintenance activities of sensitive equipment and updating in time the training programmes. Careful evaluating and controlling risks is also crucial for the insurance company. Basic activities of the risk engineers and underwriters in the insurance process are outlined in the context of identified hazards/threats and defined factors that significantly influence risks to be considered in evaluating the insurance premium in the context of terms and conditions specified.

13

PLC – elektroniczny element automatyki przemysłowej

Cetnarowicz D., Kardyś P., Dąbrowski A., Pawłowski P.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2018

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R. 94, nr 9

121--124

PL

Programowalny układ logiczny do zastosowań przemysłowych (PLC) stał się standardowym elementem elektronicznym układów automatyki przemysłowej. Układ ten wytwarzany jest przez wielu producentów. W ofercie handlowej spotyka się wiele typów PLC różniących się wielkością, możliwościami oraz różnorodnością modułów dodatkowych, rozrzerzających dostępne wejścia i wyjścia. W artykule przedstawiono wyposażenie laboratorium układów PLC, w którym są prowadzone zajęcia dydaktyczne dla studentów kierunku Automatyka i Robotyka na Politechnice Poznańskiej. W artykule wymienione zostały główne podzespoły tworzące każde stanowisko, wskazując na zagadnienia, które są tematami ćwiczeń laboratoryjnych.

EN

The programmable logic controller (PLC) has become a standard electronic component of industrial automation systems. Such components are produced by many manufacturers. Commercial offers include many types of PLCs that differ in size, functionality, and diversity of additional modules extending available inputs and outputs. This article presents the equipment of the PLC systems laboratory, organized for didactic classes for students of the Automation and Robotics at the Poznan University of Technology. The presentation lists the main components of each laboratory set, pointing to possible issues that may be the subjects of the exercises.

14

Nowe podejście do komunikacji i jej konfiguracji opartej na protokole CANopen na przykładzie sterownika PLC Fatek

Pękala Ł.

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2018

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R. 20, nr 11

14--16

PL

Firma Fatek jest obecna na polskim rynku od 2005 roku. Od tego czasu sterowniki PLC tego producenta z Tajwanu znalazły zastosowanie w tysiącach różnego rodzaju projektów wdrożonych w licznych rodzimych przedsiębiorstwach. Klienci chętnie korzystają z Fateka ze względu na satysfakcjonujący stosunek ceny do jakości, poparty między innymi długim okresem gwarancyjnym (do 4 lat).

15

FINDER – komponenty w automatyce

Soliński R.

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2018

|

R. 20, nr 9

36--38

PL

Finder to wiodący europejski producent przekaźników elektromagnetycznych, czasowych i gniazd od 1954 r. Nasze doświadczenie w branży i ścisła specjalizacja powodują, że dostarczamy asortyment unikalny pod względami technicznymi, dzięki czemu nasi odbiorcy mogą liczyć na długą sprawność instalowanych podzespołów. Automatyka to część branży, w której można zauważyć naszą obecność w różnych aplikacjach przemysłowych, spożywczych, energetyce etc.

16

Edukacja techniczna w dobie nowoczesnej automatyki przemysłowej

Mielcarek P.

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2018

|

R. 20, nr 11

11--12

PL

Współczesne podejście do automatyzacji produkcji wymaga stosowania złożonych narzędzi w pracy inżynierów i techników. Oprócz znajomości podstaw regulacji, elektryki, elektroniki i samego procesu produkcyjnego liczy się uaktualnianie swojej wiedzy. Nowoczesne maszyny i stanowiska różnią się od tych starszych nie tylko wykorzystaną aparaturą, ale również programem.

17

Adaptacyjna platforma oprogramowania PC Worx Engineer. Szybsze wdrożenie projektów automatyzacji przy mniejszej liczbie błędów

Walde F., Wachowicz K.

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2018

|

R. 20, nr 9

32--34

PL

Na Targach SPS IPC Drives 2016 Phoenix Contact po raz pierwszy zaprezentował Technologię PLCnext – nową otwartą platformę przeznaczoną do sterowania. Adaptacyjne oprogramowanie PC Worx Engineer stanowi podstawę tego rozwiązania. Narzędzie to łączy w sobie najważniejsze funkcje rozwiązań stosowanych w automatyce i systematycznie zwiększa możliwości równoczesnego rozwijania projektu. Ponadto PC Worx Engineer dostosowuje zakres funkcjonalny do wymagań, zapewniając dodatkową efektywność kosztową.

18

O „krwawych” surowcach mineralnych i nie tylko

Kicki J.

Inżynieria Górnicza

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2018

|

nr 4

24--27

PL

To miał być artykuł na koniec wakacji, ale może dobrze się stało, że napisałem wtedy nieco bardziej rozrywkowy tekst o podróżowaniu. Ten poniżej zmusza do chwili refleksji i wpisuje się w szeroko dyskutowany problem wzrostu zapotrzebowania i spadku wystarczalności surowców mineralnych, a także pogoni za nimi.

19

Metody oceny bezpieczeństwa systemów automatyki przemysłowej

Nowakowski W., Łukasik Z., Bukalski W.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2018

|

R. 19, nr 12

158--162

PL

Automatyka przemysłowa, jako dział automatyki zajmujący się automatyzacją procesów wytwarzania i procesów technologicznych, odgrywa istotną rolą w gospodarce. We współczesnym świecie trudno wyobrazić sobie nowoczesną fabrykę bez zrobotyzowanych linii produkcyjnych. Postęp ten związany jest jednak z potrzebą zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa. Znaczenie bezpieczeństwa w przemyśle stale rośnie i oczywiście dotyczy to również automatyki przemysłowej. Ma to swoje odzwierciedlenie w przepisach, w tym m.in. w dokumentach normatywnych. W artykule przedstawiono metody przeprowadzenia weryfikacji systemów automatyki przemysłowej bazując na dwóch podstawowych parametrach, jakimi są: poziom zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa PL (Performance Level) oraz poziom nienaruszalności bezpieczeństwa SIL (Safety Integrity Level).

EN

Industrial automation as the machine control section handling the automation of generating processes and technological processes, plays a significant role in economy. In the contemporary world it is difficult to imagine a modern plant without robotic assembly lines. This progress is connected to the need of ensuring safety. The significance of security in the industry is constantly raising and naturally concerns also the industrial automation. It is reflected in the regulations, including, among others, normative documents. This article presents methods of conducting verification of industrial automation systems basing on two basic parameters, which are: the level of ensuring Performance Level and the level of Safety Integrity Level.

20

Zastosowanie systemów automatyki w zarządzaniu budynkami

Behrendt Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

|

2017

|

nr 98

20--26

PL

W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono ogólne informacje o systemach automatyki budynkowej oraz najczęściej stosowane standardy oraz protokoły komunikacji. Druga część zawiera omówienie wpływu zastosowanej automatyki budynkowej na efektywność energetyczną budynków zgodnie z normą PN-EN 15232:2012. W zakończeniu przedstawiono dalsze perspektywy rozwoju technologii systemów automatyki budynkowej.

EN

The first part of the article depicts general information about building automation systems, applied standards and communication protocols. The second part contains the impact of building automation on energy efficiency in accordance with The European Standard EN 15232:2012. The summary contains the perspective of further development in building automation systems.