Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Przegląd metod wytwarzania energii elektrycznej z wodoru i ocena potencjału ich zastosowania w krajowym systemie elektroenergetycznym

Łukasik Jakub, Jewartowski Marcin

Rynek Energii

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2022

|

Nr 2

10--20

PL

W artykule dokonano przeglądu dostępnych metod wytwarzania energii elektrycznej z udziałem technologii wodorowych i podjęto próbę oceny potencjału ich zastosowania w polskim systemie elektroenergetycznym. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono ogniwom paliwowym, omawiając dostępne na rynku typy ogniw oraz ich podstawowe parametry techniczne. W zakresie technologii wodorowych, rozważono możliwość samodzielnej pracy ogniw paliwowych, turbin gazowych i silników tłokowych w strukturze rozproszonej, jak też zasadność współpracy wybranych układów w formie systemów hybrydowych. Przytoczono przy tym zalety i wady omawianych rozwiązań. Zwrócono uwagę na wysoki potencjał niektórych układów do pracy w poligeneracji. W oparciu o studia literaturowe, oszacowano jednostkowe koszty inwestycyjne i operacyjne omawianych technologii w perspektywie roku 2050. Mają one istotne znaczenie w aspekcie aktualnych proekologicznych strategii energetycznych, które są bodźcem do transformacji krajowego systemu elektroenergetycznego.

EN

The article reviews the available methods of generating electricity with the use of hydrogen technologies and attempts to assess the potential of their application in the Polish power system. Particular attention was paid to fuel cells, discussing the types of cells available on the market and their basic technical parameters. In the field of hydrogen technologies, there were considered the possibility of independent operation of fuel cells, gas turbines and piston engines in a dispersed structure, as well as the legitimacy of cooperation of selected systems in the form of hybrid configurations. The advantages and disadvantages of the presented solutions were discussed. The attention was paid to the high potential of some systems to work in polygeneration. Based on literature studies, the unit investment and operating costs of the technologies in question were estimated by 2050. They have significant importance in the aspect of current pro-ecological energy strategies that stimulate the transformation of the national power system.

2

Verification and Parameter Synthesis for Real-Time Programs using Refinement of Trace Abstraction

Cassez Franck, Jensen Peter Gjøl, Guldstrand Larsen Kim

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2021

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Vol. 178, nr 1/2

31--57

EN

We address the safety verification and synthesis problems for real-time systems. We introduce real-time programs that are made of instructions that can perform assignments to discrete and real-valued variables. They are general enough to capture interesting classes of timed systems such as timed automata, stopwatch automata, time(d) Petri nets and hybrid automata. We propose a semi-algorithm using refinement of trace abstractions to solve both the reachability verification problem and the parameter synthesis problem for real-time programs. All of the algorithms proposed have been implemented and we have conducted a series of experiments, comparing the performance of our new approach to state-of-the-art tools in classical reachability, robustness analysis and parameter synthesis for timed systems. We show that our new method provides solutions to problems which are unsolvable by the current state-of-the-art tools.

3

Bełchatów – wyzwania przyszłości

Skowroński Paweł

Energetyka – Społeczeństwo – Polityka

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2021

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nr 1(9)

15--21

EN

The article presents technological and economic conditions of electricity production in coalfired units. In this context, the chances of Bełchatów’s survival are considered and various business scenarios are analyzed.

4

Neural hybrid tomograph for monitoring industrial reactors

Kłoskowski Grzegorz

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2020

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R. 96, nr 12

190--193

EN

The article concerns research on the hybrid tomographic method, which simultaneously takes into account two types of tomography – ultrasonic tomography (UST) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT). An algorithm based on artificial neural networks (ANN) has been developed, the characteristic feature of which is the training of many regression neural networks. Each ANN output generates one of 4096 pixels of the reconstructed image. The inputs of neural networks are UST and EIT measurement vectors. Three variants of ANNs were trained: UST, EIT and a hybrid variant including UST and EIT measurements. Then the reconstruction results were compared. Surprisingly, the results of the performed experiments prove that the hybrid approach, i.e. the simultaneous use of UST and EIT measurements, does not always give better results than the use of a separate UST or EIT method. In the considered cases, when due to the nature of the examined object there are large differences in the quality of reconstruction between UST and EIT, the hybrid system tends to average the image. As a result, reconstructions from the hybrid system can be better than separate EIT but worse than separate UST.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy badań nad metodą tomografii hybrydowej, która jednocześnie uwzględnia dwa rodzaje tomografii - ultradźwiękową (UST) i impedancyjną (EIT). Opracowano algorytm oparty na sztucznych sieciach neuronowych (ANN), którego charakterystyczną cechą jest wytrenowanie wielu regresyjnych sieci neuronowych. Każde wyjście ANN generuje jeden z 4096 pikseli zrekonstruowanego obrazu. Wejściami sieci neuronowych są wektory pomiarowe UST i EIT. Wytrenowano trzy warianty ANN: UST, EIT oraz wariant hybrydowy obejmujący pomiary UST i EIT. Następnie porównano wyniki rekonstrukcji. Co zaskakujące, wyniki przeprowadzonych eksperymentów dowodzą, że podejście hybrydowe, czyli jednoczesne zastosowanie pomiarów UST i EIT, nie zawsze daje lepsze rezultaty niż oddzielne zastosowanie metody UST lub EIT. W rozważanych przypadkach, gdy ze względu na charakter badanego obiektu występują duże różnice w jakości rekonstrukcji pomiędzy UST i EIT, system hybrydowy dąży do uśrednienia obrazu. W rezultacie rekonstrukcje z systemu hybrydowego mogą być lepsze niż czyste EIT, ale gorsze niż UST.

5

Adaptive Virtual Organisms : A Compositional Model for Complex Hardware-software Binding

Paduraru Ciprian Ionut, Stefanescu Gheorghe

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2020

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Vol. 173, nr 2-3

139--176

EN

The relation between a structure and the function it runs is of interest in many fields, including computer science, biology (organ vs. function) and psychology (body vs. mind). Our paper addresses this question with reference to computer science recent hardware and software advances, particularly in areas as Robotics, Self-Adaptive Systems, IoT, CPS, AI-Hardware, etc. At the modelling, conceptual level our main contribution is the introduction of the concept of "virtual organism" (VO), to populate the intermediary level between reconfigurable hardware agents and intelligent, adaptive software agents. A virtual organism has a structure, resembling the hardware capabilities, and it runs low-level functions, implementing the software requirements. The model is compositional in space (allowing the virtual organisms to aggregate into larger organisms) and in time (allowing the virtual organisms to get composed functionalities). The virtual organisms studied here are in 2D (two dimensions) and their structures are described by 2D patterns (adding time, we get a 3D model). By reconfiguration an organism may change its structure to another structure in the same 2D pattern. We illustrate the VO concept with a few increasingly more complex VO's dealing with flow management or a publisher-subscriber mechanism for handling services. We implemented a simulator for a VO, collecting flow over a tree-structure (TC-VO), and the quantitative results show reconfigurable structures are better suited than fixed structures in dynamically changing environments. Finally, we briefly show how Agapia - a structured parallel, interactive programming language where dataflow and control flow structures can be freely mixed - may be used for getting quick implementations for VO's simulation.

6

Past, present and future of thermal gasification of biomass and waste

Hrbek Jitka

Acta Innovations

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2020

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no. 35

5--20

EN

The thermal gasification has been used for nearly 200 years. At the beginning coal or peat were used as a feedstock to produce gas for cooking and lighting. Nowadays, the coal gasification is still actual, anyway, in times without fossils the biomass and waste gasification becomes more important. In this paper, the past, present and future of the biomass and waste gasification (BWG) is discussed. The current status of BWG in Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and USA is detailed described and the future potential of the technology is outlined.

7

Metoda obniżenia kosztu chłodu produkowanego przez sprężarkowy agregat chłodniczy

Malicki Marcin, Zwierzchowski Ryszard

Chłodnictwo : organ Naczelnej Organizacji Technicznej

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2019

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R. 54, nr 4

2--6

PL

W naszym kraju zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną do celów chłodniczych i klimatyzacyjnych systematycznie wzrasta. Poza nowymi obiektami, które praktycznie zawsze wyposażane są w klimatyzację, widoczna jest także intensyfikacja trendu modernizacji istniejących obiektów handlowych, usługowych, biurowych czy mieszkaniowych z wykorzystaniem urządzeń klimatyzacyjnych. Wzrost jest szczególnie widoczny w dużych metropoliach, takich jak np. Londyn, gdzie do 2030 roku prognozowany jest wzrost zainstalowanej mocy chłodniczej o 40%, głównie z wykorzystaniem urządzeń zasilanych energią elektryczną. Ponad 99% planowanego wzrostu zapotrzebowania na energię ma zostać pokryte przez urządzenia zasilane właśnie energią elektryczną. W ostatnich miesiącach w Polsce wielokrotnie zostały przekroczone rejestrowane letnie wartości maksymalne zapotrzebowania na moc z systemu elektroenergetycznego, przekraczając w czerwcu tego roku po raz pierwszy 24 GW. Można spodziewać się, że w najbliższych latach dojdzie do wyrównania szczytowego zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną w okresie zimowym z zapotrzebowaniem z okresie letnim. Obecnie, praktycznie całe światowe zapotrzebowanie na chód jest pokrywane przez urządzenia zasilane energią elektryczną. W Polsce stanowi to również problem, ponieważ dostępność energii elektrycznej z Krajowego Systemu Elektroenergetycznego właśnie latem jest najmniejsza, a cena energii elektrycznej najwyższa. W artykule opisano metodę wytwarzanie chłodu za pomocą rozwiązania hybrydowego, będącego źródłem chłodu łączącym klasyczne rozwiązanie sprężarkowe zasilane energią elektryczną, z rozwiązaniem sorpcyjnym, zasilanym ciepłem z Miejskiego Systemu Ciepłowniczego. W ten sposób, zaproponowano wykorzystanie „wolnych mocy ciepłowniczych” w sezonie letnim do produkcji chłodu ograniczając jednocześnie zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną. Szczegółowo przeanalizowano modele układów hybrydowych, tj. sorpcyjno-sprężarkowych do wytwarzania chłodu na potrzeby klimatyzacji budynków. Zastosowanie hybrydowych źródeł chłodu zmniejsza zapotrzebowania na moc i energię elektryczną oraz zwiększa zapotrzebowania na ciepło, przy pełnym pokryciu zapotrzebowania odbiorców na chłód. Wyniki obliczeń przedstawiono w formie tabelarycznej.

EN

In Poland, the demand for electricity for refrigeration and air-conditioning purposes is systematically growing. Apart new buildings, which are practically always equipped with air conditioning, the trend of modernization of existing commercial, service, office or residential buildings with the use of air conditioning devices is also increasing. The increase is particularly visible in large metropolises, such as London, where by 2030 the installed cooling capacity is forecast to increase by 40%, mainly with the use of equipment powered by electricity. Over 99% of the planned increase in energy demand has to be covered by devices powered by electricity. In recent months in Poland, the registered summer maximum demand for power from the power system has been exceeded many times, exceeding 24 GW for the first time in June this year. It can be expected that in the coming years the peak demand for electricity in the winter period will equalize with the demand in the summer period. Currently, virtually all the global demand for cooling is covered by devices powered by electricity. In Poland, this is also a problem because the availability of electricity from the National Power System is the lowest in summer and the price of electricity is the highest. The paper describes the method of cold generation using a hybrid solution, which is a source of cold that combines a classic compressor solution powered by electricity, with a sorption solution powered by heat from the Municipal Heating System. In this way, it was proposed to use “free heating capacity” in the summer to produce cold while reducing the demand for electricity. Models of hybrid systems, i.e. sorptioncompressor systems for generating cold for the needs of air conditioning of buildings were analyzed in detail. The use of hybrid sources of cooling reduces the demand for power and electricity and increases the demand for heat, while fully meeting the demand of consumers for cooling. The calculation results are presented in tabular form.

8

Superposition Principle in Composable Hybrid Automata

Akhundov J., Tröger P., Werner M.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2018

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Vol. 157, nr 4

321--339

EN

Hybrid automata are a well-established modelling approach. The formalism is used in many real-time and control systems engineering projects, which makes model composition an increasingly relevant topic. A well-defined composition support allows concurrent engineering activities and the validation of larger systems. However, many existing publications seldom consider it or make unrealistic assumptions on the model design. The article discusses the common problems with hybrid automata composition and presents a new formalism, called linear time-invariant hybrid automata (LTI-HA), which targets specifically these issues. Our approach considers the superposition principle for flow functions, which makes it specifically useful for practical modelling purposes in the spacecraft and control domain. We compare the approach to well-known related ideas, such as hybrid I/O automata. Several properties of composition, such as commutativity, are proven.

9

The use of thermionic emission phenomenon as support for renewable energy sources

Tatarczak J., Sikora J.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2018

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z. 65, nr 3

35--42

EN

Energy converters using the phenomenon of thermionic emission to generate electricity and their applications related to renewable energy sources (RES) have been presented. Taking into account new technical solutions, hybrid systems combining thermionic energy converters (TEC) with other energy generators, e.g. with PV cells, the Stirling engine, improving the efficiency of the entire electric energy generating system, have been described. Leading technologies related to thermionic energy conversion and TEC hybrid systems powered by solar radiation have been shown in the tables. The dynamic development of TEC technology in recent years, in our opinion, will contribute to the wider interest of research communities to use the thermionic emission phenomenon to generate electricity.

10

Review on plantar data analysis for disease diagnosis

Ramirez-Bautista J. A., Hernández-Zavala A., Chaparro-Cárdenas S. L., Huerta-Ruelas J. A.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 38, no. 2

342--361

EN

Force distribution on foot surface allows to understand the human mechanical behavior, providing detailed information for the evaluation of foot alterations. In diagnosis for diseases related to plantar pathologies, there are many devices for plantar pressure mea-surement, and corresponding algorithms for data analyzing, providing medical tools for assisting in treatment, early detection, and the development of preventive strategies. In medicine, use of computational intelligence is increasing, making the diagnostic processes faster and more accurate. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) can handle large amounts of data to improve decision-making, helping to prevent the deterioration of people's health. Numerous approaches have been applied over the past few decades to solve medical problems such as hepatitis, diabetes, liver disease, pathological gait, and plantar diseases, among others. This paper presents the developments reported in the literature for detecting diseases through plantar pressure data and the corresponding algorithms for its analysis and diagnosis, using different electronic measurements systems. Finally, we present a discussion about the future work required to improve in the field of plantar pressure diagnosis algorithms using different approaches suggested by the authors as potential candidates. In this sense, hybrid systems which include fuzzy concepts are the most promising methodology.

11

Wielowariantowa analiza geotermalnego systemu ciepłowniczego w Konstantynowie Łódzkim

Pająk L., Barbacki A. P., Dendys M., Jankowski S.

Technika Poszukiwań Geologicznych

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2017

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R. 56, nr 2

85--104

PL

W artykule przedstawiono informacje geologiczne i hydrogeologiczne o poziomach wód geotermalnych w rejonie miasta Konstantynów Łódzki, w aspekcie wykorzystania ich dla celów ciepłowniczych. Jako najbardziej przydatny do tych celów wytypowano zbiornik jury dolnej. Opracowany wielowariantowy model źródła energii zawierał następujące elementy: bezpośredni wymiennik ciepła geotermalnego, pompy ciepła absorpcyjne albo sprężarkowe (alternatywnie) oraz przyłącze do istniejącej sieci ciepłowniczej. Najlepszym wariantem energetycznym był wariant zakładający włączenie do systemu części odbiorców systemu ciepłowniczego miasta Łodzi. W aspekcie ekonomicznym najlepszy okazał się wariant zakładający wykorzystanie energii geotermalnej przy wspomaganiu pomp ciepła przez Konstantynów Łódzki i przejęcie części odbiorców zasilanych z miejskiej sieci ciepłowniczej poza sezonem grzewczym. Wszystkie analizowane warianty wykorzystania energii geotermalnej dla Konstantynowa Łódzkiego zakładające wykorzystanie energii geotermalnej uzyskały pozytywny efekt ekologiczny w postaci redukcji emisji zanieczyszczeń.

EN

The article presents geological and hydrogeological information on geothermal waters in the area of the city of Konstantynów Łódzki, in terms of their use for heating purposes. The Lower Jurassic aquifer was selected for this purpose. The developed multi-variant power source model included the following: a direct geothermal heat exchanger, an absorption or compressor heat pump (alternatively) and a connection to an existing district heating network. The best was the option of incorporating into the system some of the recipients of the heating system of the city of Lodz into the system. In the economic aspect, the best option was the use of geothermal energy supported by heat pumps – by Konstantynów Łódzki and the takeover of part of the customers supplied from the district heating network outside the heating season. All the analyzed variants of geothermal energy used for Konstantynów Łódzki assuming the use of geothermal energy have gained a positive ecological effect in the form of the reduction of pollutant emissions.

12

Rozwój systemu elektroenergetycznego w oparciu o hybrydowe źródła odnawialne

Szkutnik J.

Śląskie Wiadomości Elektryczne

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2017

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Nr 6 (135)

4--7

PL

W związku z przewidywanym dynamicznym przyrostem odnawialnych źródeł energii konieczne są analizy wpływu ich pracy na system elektroenergetyczny. Chodzi tutaj nie tylko o sprawy ruchowe, ale także o zbadanie uwarunkowań rozwoju takiej energetyki w kontekście podnoszenia efektywności rozdziału energii elektrycznej. Wstępne badania w tym zakresie wskazują na pozytywne doświadczenia, dodatkowe i źródła rozproszone powodują zmniejszenie strat przesyłowych. Referat przedstawia analizy na rzeczywistym wycinku sieci obejmujące poziom i tych zmian w funkcji przyrostu mocy nowych źródeł. Elementem nowatorskim w referacie jest koncepcja hybrydowego źródła odnawialnego, składającego się z konwencjonalnego rozwiązania uzupełnionego o magazyn energii. Tak skonstruowane urządzenie pozwala już na szersze zarządzanie energią - stwarza szanse na wdrożenie w szerszej skali zasad DSM, przy czym jest to tzw. odwrócony DSM, który nie wymaga uzależnienia od odbiorców energii elektrycznej przy realizacji wyrównywania krzywej obciążenia. Końcowym efektem analiz będą opracowane wskaźniki efektywności dystrybucyjnej dla sieci rozdzielczych z wykorzystaniem proponowanych układów hybrydowych.

EN

Due to the predicted dynamic growth of renewable energy sources, the impact of their operation on the power system needs to be analyzed. The issue is not just about the operation, but also about the determinants of the development of such power sub-sector in the context of increasing the efficiency of electrical power distribution. Preliminary research in this field indicates positive experiences; additional dispersed sources reduce transmission losses. The paper presents analysis results on the actual network part including the level of these changes as a function of the power increase in new sources. A novel concept in the paper is the concept of hybrid renewable energy, consisting of a conventional ; solution supplemented with energy storage. The built-in device allows for even greater energy management - it offers the opportunity to implement a broader scale of DSM rules, which is the so-called inverted DSM, which does not require dependence on the consumers of electricity when carrying out the load curve equalization. The final results of the analyses will be based on the distribution efficiency ratios for distribution networks using the proposed hybrid systems.

13

On D-decomposition of periodically sampled systems

Jańczak J.

Automatyka / Automatics

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2017

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Vol. 21, no. 1

7--15

EN

The problem of the stability of non-uniformly sampled systems is considered. For this purpose, the D-decomposition method for determining the stability region in parameter space is investigated. Moreover, basic information about non-uniform sampling are presented, with an emphasis on periodic sampling. Based on the obtained simulation results, some comparisons of systems with different sampling patterns are considered.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rozwązania na temat stabilności systemów próbkowanych niejednorodnie. W tym celu wykorzystano metodę D-podziału do określenia regionów stabilności w przestrzeni parametrycznej. Ponadto przytoczono podstawowe informacje dotyczące próbkowania niejednorodnego, w szczególności próbkowania periodycznego. Bazując na otrzymanych wynikach symulacji, dokonano porównania systemów z różnymi schematami próbkowania.

14

Full-electric, hybrid and turbo-electric technologies for future aircraft propulsion systems

Łukasik B., Wiśniowski W.

Journal of KONES

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2016

|

Vol. 23, No. 4

305--310

EN

Recently a huge progress in the field of electrical machines makes them more available for aviation. Assuming a big leap forward of electric technology in the near future, many research institutes around the World examine a revolutionary propulsion system which employs electrical machines. This idea can be a perfect response to a drastically growing air traffic and its demands about emission and fuel consumption reduction. There are already manufactured full electric, ultralight airplanes, which show that the technology is promising and future-proof. What is more it seems to be a key enabler for the development of the other technology that will influence the future of aircraft design and will allow introducing completely new airplane architectures. That is why Institute of Aviation in collaboration with The Ohio State University conducts investigation and analysis on feasibility of using such systems for aircraft propulsion. For this task a completely new tool based on Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) environment is being developed. It will enable to analyse the electric devices conjugated with turbine engine as a whole propulsion system in the matter of its performance characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to present some of the most promising ideas and already accomplished analysis of different kinds of architectures. The analysis and optimization of the system, as well as cost effectiveness will be presented.

15

Application of natural zeolite for intensification of municipal wastewater treatment

Ospanov O., Myrzakhmetov M., Andraka D., Dzienis L.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 5

57--63

EN

The purpose of this research was to prove that a hybrid system including activated sludge and biofilm attached to carrying media (natural zeolite) can improve the efficiency of municipal wastewater treatment. The study was performed using a pilot-scale plant installed on Almaty Wastewater Treatment Plant (Kazakhstan) and treated sewage after preliminary mechanical treatment. The investigations were conducted in 2 stages: with installation without packing media (activated sludge only) and packed with zeolite from Chankanaysky field (activated sludge and biofilm). The results from the study showed a significant improvement of treatment efficiency for all examined parameters (BOD5, COD, suspended solids, nitrogen compounds and phosphates). Microbiological examination of biomass from the bioreactor indicated high diversity and activity of identified species, proving good conditions for both activated sludge and biofilm.

16

SyLVaaS : System Level Formal Verification as a Service

Mancini T., Mari F., Massini A., Melatti I., Tronci E.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2016

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Vol. 149, nr 1/2

101--132

EN

The goal of System Level Formal Verification is to show system correctness notwithstanding uncontrollable events (disturbances), as for example faults, variations in system parameters, external inputs, etc. This may be achieved with an exhaustive Hardware In the Loop Simulation based approach, by considering all relevant scenarios in the System Under Verification (SUV) operational environment. In this paper, we present SyLVaaS, a Web-based tool enabling Verification as a Service (VaaS). SyLVaaS implements an assume-guarantee approach to (Hardware In the Loop Simulation based) System Level Formal Verification. SyLVaaS takes as input a finite state automaton defining the SUV operational environment and computes, using parallel algorithms deployed in a cluster infrastructure, a set of highly optimised simulation campaigns, which can be executed in an embarrassingly parallel fashion (i.e., with no communication among the parallel processes) on a set of Simulink instances, using a platform independent Simulink driver downloadable from the SyLVaaS Web site. As the actual simulation is carried out at the user premises (e.g., on a private cluster), SyLVaaS allows full Intellectual Property protection of the SUV model as well as of the user verification flow. The simulation campaigns computed by SyLVaaS randomise the verification order of operational scenarios and this enables, at anytime during the parallel simulation activity, the estimation of the completion time and the computation of an upper bound to the Omission Probability, i.e., the probability that there is a yet-to-be-simulated operational scenario which violates the property under verification. This information supports graceful degradation in the verification activity. We show effectiveness of the SyLVaaS algorithms and infrastructure by evaluating the system on case studies consisting of input operational environments entailing up to 35 641 501 scenarios related to the system level verification of models from the Simulink distribution (namely, Inverted Pendulum on a Cart and Fuel Control System).

17

Hybrydowe układy zasilania stacji ładowania pojazdów elektrycznych

Stawski P., Ziaja E.

Energetyka

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2016

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nr 12

757--762

PL

W ostatnich latach w wielu krajach podejmuje się działania w celu ograniczania emisji w sektorze komunikacji i transporcie samochodowym poprzez wzrost udziału pojazdów elektrycznych (transport e-mobility). Zwiększenie udziału pojazdów elektrycznych w rynku wymaga budowy wielu odpowiednich stacji ładowania. Może również wymagać rozbudowy/modernizacji układów sieciowych z uwagi na znaczący wpływ procesów ładowania na pracę sieci dystrybucji energii elektrycznej. W artykule dokonano przeglądu problematyki ładowania pojazdów elektrycznych i ich wpływu na sieć dystrybucyjną. Omówiono różne przykłady hybrydowych układów zasilania tych stacji, tj. układów, dla których energię pobiera się z sieci dystrybucyjnej oraz dodatkowo z lokalnych źródeł rozproszonych.

EN

In recent years many countries have been taking actions to reduce emission in car communication and transport sectors through increasing share of EVs in road transport (transport e-mobility), but this enquires building of many adequate charging stations. It may also need expansion/modernization of network systems because of significant influence of charging processes on the work of an electric distribution network. A review is done of problems concerning EV charging and its impact on a distribution netowork. Discussed are various examples of hybrid supply systems for EV charging stations i.e. systems that draw energy from distribution networks and additionally from local distributed sources.

18

Nowoczesne techniki i technologie inżynierii środowiska

Miksch K., Cema G., Felis E., Sochacki A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 1

833--857

EN

The novel technologies used in environmental engineering were discussed in this paper – the formation of aerobic granules, the Anammox process, the advanced oxidation processes, the use of fungi for dyes decolorization, constructed wetlands, the soil phytoremediation supported by rhizosphere microorganisms and the use of molecular biology technique in environmental engineering. The structure of granular sludge is influenced by EPS production. The average diameter and density of biogranules increase due to EPS production. Although polysaccharides are essential, proteins were found to be the predominant component of aerobic granular sludge. Compared to loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) showed more significant correlations with granules formation. This investigation will contribute towards a better understanding of the behavior and composition of EPS in sequencing batch reactors. The traditional nitrification and denitrification processes proceed well with typical municipal wastewater. Nevertheless, there are also nitrogen-rich wastewater streams like landfill leachate or reject waters from dewatering of digested sludge, for which traditional nitrification/denitrification can be generally ineffective due to free ammonia inhibition of nitrification and unfavorable biodegradable carbon content for denitrification. Because of high requirements for oxygen and the necessity for addition of external carbon source, treating such nitrogen-rich streams with nitrification/denitrification would become expensive and unsustainable. The least resources consuming pathway for the conversion of ammonium to nitrogen gas is a combination of partial nitrification and the Anammox process. The main advantages of this process compared to the conventional nitrification/denitrification are: low sludge production, decrease of the aeration costs by almost 60% (only half of the ammonia is oxidized to nitrite in the nitritation process without further oxidation to nitrate), and no need for external organic carbon source addition (Anammox process). Furthermore, anammox bacteria oxidize ammonium under anoxic conditions with nitrite as the electron acceptor, and converse energy for CO2 fixation. Additionally, the biomass yield of the Anammox process is very low (0.08 kg VSS kg NH4-N-1 in comparison to 1 kg VSS kg NH4-N-1 in conventional nitrification/denitrification process) consequently, little sludge is produced. The low sludge production is another factor that contributes to the substantially lower operation costs compared to conventional denitrification systems. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are oxidative methods which are based on the generation of the hydroxyl radicals, which are very reactive and less selective than other oxidants. In the wastewater treatment technology, AOPs can be used in a combination with conventional biological techniques (so called hybrid processes), as pre- and post- treatment processes. The advanced oxidation processes have been used in order to increase the biodegradability and also detoxification of the wastewater. The ability of fungi to degrade lignin-cellulose debris is well known. In addition to these natural molecules they may also degrade synthetic compounds, including synthetic dyes. High effectiveness of Evans blue and brilliant green mixture removal by all tested strains was demonstrated. The process was the most effective and fast in shaken conditions. Finally strain MB removed 90% of tested mixture in shaken samples after 96h. It was the best result reached among all the strains used in the experiment. High removal efficiency was accompanied by a decrease of toxicity (from V class to III class in test with D. magna and from IV class even to non-toxic in test with L. minor). The highest decrease of phytotoxicity was noticed in samples with shaken biomass in which the effect of dyes mixture elimination was the best. The research indicates very high potential of tested strains for decolorization and detoxification of dyes mixture. Constructed wetlands are man-made system mimicking the process occurring in natural wetlands. These systems are considered to be an alternative to more technically advanced waste water treatment technologies. The development of constructed wetlands is envisaged to pursue the following directions grouped according to: the type of the waste water to be treated, target contaminants, treatment intensification methods, ancillary benefits and the locality. Mycorrhiza fungi can be used for phytoremediation proccess. They support plant growth by lowering the stress caused by the lack of phosphorus and water. They produce enzymes participating in several stages of xenobiotics decomposition, which is helpful in their further biodegradation performed by the other rhisospherical organisms. The natural colonisation of PAHs contaminated soil is a long-term process. It could be shortend by adding fungal propagules as an inoculum to the soil. Fungi used for the injections should be isolated from PAHs contaminated soil. That guarantees their survival and development in the contaminated environment. The level of PAHs elimination from soil depends on a type of bioremediation modification used. It was shown that the best results are obtained with monocotylous plants combined with bacterial and fungal biopreparations obtained from contaminated soil. The symbiosis of mycorrhiza fungi with monocotylous plants caused ca. 40% increase of 3, 4, 5 and 30% of 6-ring hydrocarbons removal from soil in comparison with the conventional methods. Important aspect of environmental protection and engineering is the possibility for qualitative and quantitative monitoring of complex microbial communities, responsible for biotechnological processes, such as: soil bioremediation, wastewater treatment or composting. Due to the fact that most of the environmental bacteria cannot be grown in the laboratory conditions molecular techniques are widely used in environmental engineering. Among these methods the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based and hybridization-based (such as Fluorescent in situ Hybridization; FISH) techniques are known to be the most useful.

19

The selected problems of controllability of discrete-time switched linear systems with constrained switching rule

Babiarz A., Czornik A., Klamka J., Niezabitowski M.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 3

657--666

EN

In this paper the controllability problem for discrete-time linear switched systems is considered. The main goal is to find a control signal that steers any initial state to a given final state independently of the switching signal. In the paper, it is assumed that there are some constraints posed on the switching signal. Moreover, we present a necessary and sufficient conditions of some kinds of controllability. Three types of controllability, namely: from zero initial state to any final state, from any initial state to zero final state and from any initial state to any final state are considered. Finally, three illustrative examples are shown.

20

Analiza i porównanie układów energetycznych zawierających węglanowe ogniwo paliwowe

Wołowicz M., Milewski J., Badyda K.

Rynek Energii

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2014

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Nr 4

66--73

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę i porównanie układów energetycznych zawierających węglanowe ogniwo paliwowe. Omówiono różne konfiguracje takich układów poczynając od najprostszej, czyli ogniwa pracującego samodzielnie, a kończąc na hybrydowych układach z turbiną gazową, parową i powietrzną. Omówiono również główne parametry pracy układów energetycznych z węglanowym ogniwem paliwowym istotne z punktu widzenia usytuowania ogniwa paliwowego w takim układzie. Wytypowano główne parametry, które są uniwersalne dla każdego układu energetycznego współpracującego z ogniwem. Są to: ilość paliwa jakie zostało utlenione w procesach elektrochemicznych zachodzących w ogniwie (zarówno całkowita jak i procentowa), temperatura pracy ogniwa, ciśnienie pracy i straty ciśnienia, sprawność i moc ogniwa.

EN

The article presents an analysis and comparison of molten carbonate fuel cell hybrid systems. Discusses the different configurations of such systems starting from the simplest, ie. independently working fuel cell and ending with the hybrid systems containing gas, steam and air turbine. It also discusses the main parameters of the energy systems containing molten carbonate fuel cell relevant to the location of the fuel cell in such system. Main parameters that are universal for all the systems are presented and described. These are: the amount of fuel that has been oxidized in the electrochemical processes occurring in the fuel cell (both total and percentage), the fuel cell operating temperature, operating pressure and pressure loss, cell efficiency, power of the fuel cell.