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Populacja ludzka w konfrontacji z naturą : rozważania nad problematyką bezpieczeństwa gatunku ludzkiego

Dąbrowski Marcin

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2022

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R. 12, Nr 24

97--122

PL

Celem artykułu są rozważania dotyczące przeszłości i przyszłości populacji ludzkiej w ujęciu bezpieczeństwa gatunku. Na wstępie zwrócono uwagę w jaki sposób Natura zachowuje równowagę, co zostało wyrażone pod postacią nawiązania do równania Lotki-Volterry w modelu drapieżnik-ofiara. Przedstawiony został wykres przyrostu gatunku ludzkiego w czasie a metodą analizy zdefiniowano kluczowe punkty w historii, które bezpośrednio wpływały na stan populacji, z jednoczesnym dokonaniem weryfikacji w jakim stopniu czynniki, takie jak konflikty zbrojne, klęski żywiołowe, głód światowy oraz epidemie patogenów, przyczyniają się do jej redukcji. Kluczowym elementem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na przekraczanie stanu krytycznego liczebności populacji w konfrontacji ze zdolnością odtwarzania zasobów naturalnych Ziemi przez nadmierną konsumpcję, co prawdopodobnie skutkować będzie globalną katastrofą ekologiczną. Celem odzwierciedlania skali zagrożenia nawiązano do zdarzeń, które miały miejsce niejednokrotnie w historii i nazywane są wielkim masowym wymieraniem gatunków, spowodowanych kataklizmami, zmianami klimatycznymi czy wyczerpaniem zasobu jakim jest tlen w atmosferze. W dalszym etapie artykułu dokonano przeglądu globalnych współczynników umieralności, urodzeń, przyrostu naturalnego, co pozwoliło na prognozę rozwoju populacji na podstawie danych statystycznych w poszczególnych regionach. Analiza charakterystyk dla poszczególnych państw przyczyniła się do utworzenia pewnych wniosków oraz wskazania kroków, które należy poczynić w celu minimalizacji zagrożenia dalszego niekontrolowanego przyrostu populacji ludzkiej. Jak wykazano w treści artykułu brak podjęcia reakcji spowoduje, że sytuacja z dużym prawdopodobieństwem doprowadzi do nieodwracalnych konsekwencji dla populacji, co może być początkiem kolejnego w dziejach masowego wymierania gatunku, tym razem ludzkiego. Artykuł bazuje na analizie powszechnie dostępnych statystyk i badań z różnych gałęzi nauk, przy czym wykorzystano również dane archiwalne z ostatniego 100-lecia.

EN

The aim of the article is to consider the past and the future of the human population in terms of species safety. In the initial part, attention was noticed how nature maintains balance, which was expressed in the form of reference to the equation of the Lotki-Volterra in the predator-victim model. A chart of the human species increment was presented at the time where the analysis method was defined by key points in history that directly affected the state of the population, while verifying To what extent, factors, such as armed conflicts, natural disasters, world hunger and pathogens epidemics, contribute to its reduction. The key element of the article is to draw attention to exceeding the critical state of the population in confrontation with the ability to play natural resources of Earth through excessive consumption, which will probably result in a global ecological disaster. The purpose of reflecting the scale of the threat was referred to events that have often happened in history and are called the great mass extinction of species, caused by cataclysms, climate change or exhaustion of the resource which is oxygen in the atmosphere. At a later stage of the article, global mortality rates, births and natural growth were reviewed, which allowed the population development forecast based on statistical data in individual regions. The analysis of characteristics for individual countries has contributed to the creation of certain conclusions and indications of steps that should be taken to minimize the threat of further uncontrolled population growth. As demonstrated in the content of the article, the lack of reaction will cause that the situation is likely to lead to irreversible consequences for the population, which may be the beginning of the next mass extinction in the history of mass extinction. The article is based on the analysis of commonly available statistics and research from various branches of science, with archival data from the last 100th anniversary.

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Ecological threats to security and state resilience in Afghanistan

Gauster Markus

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 33, No. 1

31--40

EN

This work explores ecological and climate-related threats to Afghanistan and discusses support approaches from a European Crisis Management (ECM) perspective. It goes beyond the much-debated troop withdrawal, COVID-19 crisis and peace negotiations and opens an underestimated topic: ‘Climate Change Assistance’. The article aims to advance knowledge on the effects of climate change on human security in Afghanistan and advocates a conflict-sensitive approach. To this end, a climate-related assessment of the human security situation was undertaken and several threat scenarios, options and solutions for enhancing state resilience were developed. The bases for this research were several field trips undertaken by the author since 2004, workshops and an extensive literature review. As a result, it can be stated that the negative impacts of climate change and pollution on Afghanistan’s security and development architecture are massive and make ECM efforts very complex. However, several capacity-building initiatives for military, diplomatic, humanitarian and local stakeholders were identified. On the regional level, this includes the support for early warning systems and hydro-diplomacy with Pakistan, Iran and India. On the local level, the support for community water management and environmental protection matters, while building upon traditional Afghan mechanisms for handling water crises or disasters. Another outcome is the need for more in-depth research in this field as some findings are also useful for other fragile states. The paper argues that there is an urgent need for ECM to respond to the devastating effects of climate change in Afghanistan and identifies several smart opportunities to tackle some root causes of the conflict.

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The concept of security and defence

Țibu Dana-Maria

Security Review

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2019

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nr 3(12)

3--10

EN

The security issue has increased its interest. At present, the military dimension of security has been brought to the attention of analysts by initiating and stepping up the fight against terrorism and has been recognized as a feature of multidimensionality of risks, dangers and threats. The security agenda for state and non-state actors includes today concepts such as "economic security", "energy security", "environmental security", "individual security", "individual and community security", etc.

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Human security in the information age

Gortad M.

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2014

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R. VIII cz. I

97--105

EN

Since the digital revolution, started in the middle of twentieth century, fast proliferation of information technologies can be observed. In an era where information rules the world we face new challenges. In this paper an attempt to analyse human security in the era of information has been made. The following paragraphs relate to different spheres of human life from military activity to media. Great emphasis was put on connection between the security of the individual and the traditional construct of national security.

PL

Od rewolucji cyfrowej, która rozpoczęła się w połowie XX wieku, można zaobserwować proliferację technologii informacyjnych. W czasach, gdy informacja rządzi światem musimy stawić czoła nowym wyzwaniom. W niniejszej pracy została podjęta próba analizy bezpieczeństwa ludzkiego w dobie informacji. Powyższe akapity odnoszą się do różnych sfer życia człowieka, od działalności wojskowej, do mediów. Duży nacisk położono na związek pomiędzy bezpieczeństwem jednostki a tradycyjną konstrukcją bezpieczeństwa narodowego.

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Status mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych w Polsce w świetle prawa międzynarodowego i krajowego

Maksimiec S.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2012

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nr 3(88)

235-256

EN

Poland is inhabited by thirteen national and ethnic minorities amounting to 253 273 people confirmed in the national census in 2002. In the 2011 census 554,000 people declared their national and ethnic minority status. The following minorities are recognized by Polish legislations: the Byelorussians, Czechs, Lithuanians, Armenians, Russians, Slovaks, Ukrainians and Jews. Ethnic minorities include the Karaims, Lemkos, Roma and Tartars. The Kashubs are the community who use their regional language, Kashubian. National and ethnic minorities in Poland enjoy political and cultural rights as Poland has adopted all international regulations, European ones including, relating to national and ethnic minority protection. Polish legislation complies with international law requirements pertaining to national and ethnic minority protection. Its aim is not assimilation or depriving of national identity but granting equal rights. Minorities in Poland are guaranteed to exercise free and unhindered development, cherish their own traditions, culture, language and education. The German minority shows the most active engagement in politics. They have their representative in the Polish Parliament (Sejm) and play a major role in local government on various levels in the province of Opole, Silesia and Warmia and Mazury. Also the Byelorussian minority activities in political life are noticed as their representatives play a significant role in local authorities on various levels in the Podlasie province. They are also represented byone deputy in the Parliament (Sejm). The remaining minorities are not noticeably active in the Polish political life, although some of them are present in local authorities in the regions they inhabit. For many years there have been struggles on political and legislature grounds to grant the Silesians the status of national or ethnic minority. The Polish authorities have refused. However, national and ethnic minorities representatives claim that their rights are not exercised. This refers mainly to decreasing funds on education and cultural activities from local authorities, some acts of vandalism and devastating places of religious worship and growing resentment coming from ultra right or nationalistic parties.

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Media a współczesne konflikty w świetle wybranych dokumentów Rady Europy : wstęp do analizy prawnej

Badźmirowska-Masłowska K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2012

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nr 3(88)

257-275

EN

The article concerns the legal aspects of media protection under certain Council of Europe documents. Their status is established under both the international humanitarian law and human rights. In particular the following documents have been considered: Declaration on the protection of journalists in situations of conflict and tension (1996), Recommendation No. R (96) 4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Protection of Journalists in Situation of Conflict and Tension, Resolution 1438 (2005) Freedom of the press and the working conditions of journalists in conflict zones, Recommendation 1702 (2005) Freedom of the press and the working conditions of journalists in conflict zones, Resolution, on Freedom of expression and information in times of crisis (2005), and Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on protecting freedom of expression and information in times of crisis (2007).

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Edukacja dla bezpieczeństwa w warunkach zmian społecznych i kulturowych

Pieczywok A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2012

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nr 3(88)

50-72

EN

The subject of the article describes broadly understood process of human safety and education. The main aim is to analyse social, cultural and personal elements influencing the quality of education for security. The author is looking for connections between the essence of the term education for security and environment changeability, the basis of culture and personality development. Education for security is presented as phenomenology of human development path. This is a process of human active and creative adaptation to life situations, behaviour and activities in a social environment.

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The Existential Problems of Human Security

Pieczywok A.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2011

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R. 1, Nr 2

117--125

EN

The universal issues of human security with related concerns are the main topic of this article. The main objective is to analyze the basic factors that influence human existence through this perspective. The author is searching for correlations between the nature of personal and structural security and the human identity understood holistically. Against this background, there are presented numbers of individual and social factors that influence the existential security of a person. Security is perceived here as a way of development of human abilities and desires. It is a process of active and creative adaptation to the generally understood life circumstances, behaviors and activities in the social environment playing important role in establishing the feeling of safety on the individual level.

PL

Bezpośrednim tematem artykułu jest ogólna problematyka procesów ludzkiego bezpieczeństwa. Tym samym celowo podjęta zostaje tutaj analiza podstawowych problemów wpływających na bezpieczeństwo samej egzystencji człowieka. Autor stara się odnaleźć korelację pomiędzy naturą indywidualnego i strukturalnego bezpieczeństwa oraz ludzkiej podmiotowości. Na tym tle rysują się zaprezentowane jednostkowe i społeczne wymiary relacji określających egzystencjalne wymiary bezpieczeństwa człowieka. W tym sensie bezpieczeństwo jest postrzegane jako droga potencjalnego rozwoju ludzkich możliwości i pragnień. Wyraża się w procesach aktywności i kreatywnej adaptacji w relacjach do ogólnych życiowych przypadków, zachowań oraz aktywności ludzkiej w społecznym wymiarze działań.