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1

The effect of topographic factors and land use history on grassland biodiversity in the Polish carpathians

Zarzycki Jan, Korzeniak Joanna, Perzanowska Joanna

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2023

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no. 4

343--355

EN

Semi-natural, extensively managed grassland communities are among the most species-rich plant communities. The species number and floristic composition depend on numerous factors, both natural and associated with human activity, both present and past. In European countries, a system of subsidies for farmers is used to preserve extensive, usually unprofitable management of multi-species grassland communities. The development of specific recommendations requires knowledge of the main factors shaping grassland plant communities. A study was carried out in seven regions of the Polish Western Carpathians, in areas with traditional sheep grazing. Plant species composition (phytosociological relevés) of 517 plots were surveyed in different grassland types. For each plot, topographic parameters, i.e. slope, aspect and altitude, were recorded and land use in the past was read from historical maps. The aim of the study was to a) assess differences in the species composition of grassland vegetation between topographically and historically different regions of the Polish Carpathians, and b) to identify the main factors influencing species composition in each of these regions. Depending on the region, different factors contributed most to explaining the variation in the species composition and species numbers. Topographic factors played a decisive role. The type of past use (arable land or grassland) had little influence on current biodiversity. The results of the study indicate the need for a localised approach to developing principles for protection of grassland biodiversity.

2

Malacological indicators of anthropogenic and natural environmental changes of the Podhale Basin during the last 2000 years. Studies in the Rogoźnik Stream valley (the Carpathian Mountains, Southern Poland)

Alexandrowicz Witold Paweł, Skoczylas-Śniaz Sylwia, Laskowska Paulina

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 3

261--280

EN

The lithological and malacological studies covered sediments forming the low terrace of the Rogoźnik Stream in the northwest part of the Podhale Basin. This terrace is characterised by a uniform structure within a significant part of the valley. Three layers of gravel and four layers of sandy and silty muds were found there. A rich and diversified malacofauna was discovered in fine-grained sediments. Its analysis allowed us to characterise environmental conditions during sediment deposition. The age of the individual components of the sedimentary sequence was determined by radiocarbon dating. A distinct change was found in the upper intervals of the sequence, corresponding to the warm phase of the Medieval Climate Optimum. This period is associated with the robust development of agriculture, and processes related to human activities became the main factor shaping the environment, influencing the course of geological processes, and changing the taxonomical and ecological structure of the fauna and flora assemblages found in this area.

3

Hydrographic changes in the area of the Terespol Fortification caused by the construction and operation of the Brest Fortress

Mięsiak-Wójcik Katarzyna

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 51

62--71

EN

The paper concerns the transformation of water resources induced by the construction and functioning of the Brest Fortress defence structure and presents the current water resources resulting from these changes. The study was conducted by analysing historical materials: maps, plans and written documents. Hydrographic changes were analysed for five study periods covering almost 200 years, from 1823, presenting the hydrographic network before the construction of fortifications, up to 2018, when most of these structures ceased or were repurposed. Hydrographic changes were analysed in detail for the area of the Terespol Fortification. The analysis revealed that almost 80% of the wetland area had disappeared after intensive drainage works, and several dozen originally small and isolated areas had been incorporated into a vast drainage network. One of the consequences of these activities was the creation of significantly transformed artificial catchments within the study area.

4

A study of the climate and human impact on the future survival of the Al-Sannya marsh in Iraq

Hatem Amal Jabbar, Al-Jasim Ali Adnan N., Abduljabbar Hameed Majeed

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 51

168--173

EN

The marshes are the most abundant water sources and ecological rich communities. They have a significant impact on the ecological and economic well-being of the communities surrounding them. However, climatic changes directly impact these bodies of water, especially those marshes which depend on rainwater and flooding for their survival. The Al-Sannya marsh is used as the example of marshes in Southern Iraq for this study between 1987-2017. The research takes place throughout the winter season due to the revival of marshes in southern Iraq at this time of year. The years 1987, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2007, 2014, 2017 are the focus of this study. Satellite imagery from the Landsat 5 (TM) and Landsat 8 (OLI) and the meteorological parameters affecting the marsh were acquired from NASA. The calculation of the areas of water bodies after classification using satellite imagery is done using the maximum likelihood method and comparing it with meteorological parameters. These results showed that these marshes are facing extinction due to the general change of climate and the interference of humans in utilising the drylands of the marsh for agricultural purposes. The vegetation area can be seen to have decreased from 51.15 km2 in 2000 to 8.77 km2 in 2017.

5

Unique finds in palynological spectra: acetolyze resistant vegetative forms of freshwater dinoflagellate based on the Lake Młynek record from northeastern Poland

Bińka Krzysztof, Welc Fabian, Nitychoruk Jerzy, Sieradz Dominika, Lewczuk Antoni

Studia Quaternaria

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2020

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Vol. 37, Nr 2

59--67

EN

The freshwater dinoflagellate represent microfossils which are very rarely noted in lake deposits. In Late Holocene sediments of the Lake Młynek, the Iława Lakeland, northern Poland, we identified intense blooms of algae of the genus Palatinus. They occurred primarily in the period of strong human impact during expansion of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order. The most amazing thing is that samples in which conventional palynological maceration has been used dinoflagellate are represented by armored vegetative forms instead of cysts. During this laboratory processes, especially acetolysis, cellulosic thecae of armored forms should be destructed. This is the second known example of acetolysis resistant thecae of modern dinoflagellate, built by substance other than cellulose. Palatinus blooms were associated probably with the hydrotechnical works made by Teutonic Knights in the catchment, which caused supply and discharge of micronutrients e.g. selenium in the basin.

6

Evidence of cultural eutrophication of the Gulf of Gdańsk based on diatom analysis

Pędziński Jarosław, Witak Małgorzata

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 3

247--261

EN

The objective of this study was to reconstruct the environmental changes in the Gulf of Gdańsk in the last 200 years. Four subbottom sediment cores were analyzed with respect to diatom flora and anthropogenic effects. The so-called “anthropogenic assemblage” – a result of cultural eutrophication – was observed in the surface sediments. Changes in the species composition may have been caused by the increased use of fertilizers, nitrogen loads and increasing organic matter concentration. Three phases (A, B and C) were distinguished based on the floristic spectrum, which clearly indicates trophic changes in the study area.

7

Environmental effects of historical charcoal burning associated with water-powered ferrous metallurgy (Mała Panew basin, southern Poland)

Rutkiewicz Paweł, Malik Ireneusz

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 3

231--240

EN

The main aim of this study was the reconstruction of the environmental changes (identifiable at this stage of research) resulting from large-scale charcoal production for the needs of historical water-powered metallurgy in selected sites in the Mała Panew basin. The identification of the remains of charcoal hearths was carried out by analysing shaded relief models. Shaded relief models were created from data from Airborne Laser Scanning (LIDAR). In order to verify the charcoal hearth remains identified in digital images, ground proofing was carried out. The charcoal hearth remains were subjected to sampling. Fragments of charcoal were extracted from the samples, which were then sent for analysis to identify tree species. In order to determine the age of chosen charcoal hearth remains, 10 charcoal pieces were submitted for radiocarbon dating. The following taxa were identified: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), alder (Alnus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), Norway spruce / larch (Picea abies / Larix sp.), Silver fir (cf. Abies alba) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior). The taxa identified are dominated by Scots pine (56%). This research demonstrates that valuable wood of deciduous species might have been overex-ploited at the initial stage of metallurgical production and very quickly exhausted, being replaced by fast-growing coniferous species. The excessive exploitation of the forests might have had negative environmental effects such as the transformation/modification of the species composition of the forest cover, significant deforestation of exploited areas, intensification of floods or the initiation of aeolian transport of sands. All the charcoal hearth remains investigated date to the period from 1677 to 1957 AD.

8

Ryjkowce (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) jako wskaźniki waloryzacji przyrodniczej środowisk antropogenicznych w polskiej części Karpat Zachodnich

Wiorek M., Knutelski S.

Polish Journal for Sustainable Development

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2018

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T. 22, cz. 1

107--116

PL

Praca przedstawia bogactwo i liczebność gatunków oraz strukturę dominacyjną, a także wartości wskaźników bioróżnorodności Shannona-Wienera (H’), Bergera-Parkera (d) i wartości faunistycznej (FV) 10 różnych zgrupowań ryjkowców występujących w środowiskach antropogenicznych pięciu regionów polskiej części Karpat Zachodnich w aspekcie zastosowania tych roślinożernych chrząszczy do waloryzacji przyrodniczej. Badania w 2016 roku zostały przeprowadzone metodą czerpakowania ilościowego. Wyniki wskazują na zróżnicowany stopień degradacji badanych biotopów. Środowiska silniej przekształcone charakteryzują się niższymi wartościami analizowanych indeksów w porównaniu z biotopami mniej zmienionymi. Zastosowanie wskaźnika FV pozwala na dostrzeżenie także walorów faunistycznych gatunków, a wraz z indeksami bioróżnorodności na lepsze oszacowanie wartości przyrodniczej danego biotopu. Wyniki badań potwierdzają użyteczność ryjkowców jako wskaźników oceny przemian środowiskowych.

EN

The paper presents species richness and abundance, domination structure, values of Shannon-Wiener (H ') and Berger-Parker biodiversity indices (d), as well as fauna value index (FV) of 10 different weevil assemblages occurring in anthropogenic environments of five regions in Polish part of the Western Carpathian Mts., in aspect of the use of these herbivorous beetles for environmental assessment. The study in 2016 was carried out using the quantitative sweep net method. The results show a diversified extent of degradation of the studied biotopes. Environments more changed have lower values of the analyzed indices in comparison with less modified biotopes. The application of the FV index allows also to know the fauna values of species, and together with biodiversity indices, for a better assessment of the nature value of a given biotope. The results of the study support the usefulness of weevils as indicators for assessment of environmental changes.

9

Changes in hydrological, physical and chemical properties of water in closed/open coastal lakes due to hydrotechnical structures

Cieśliński R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 4

345--358

EN

The purpose of the study was to determine quantitative and qualitative changes in the waters of Lake Jamno in northern Poland due to the presence of new hydrotechnical structures in its drainage basin, with a special focus on the effects of a new storm barrier. The study consisted primarily of a review of measurement data, historical records and fieldwork prior to the construction (2002–2008) and following the construction of the storm barrier (2015). Fieldwork included hydrographic surveys and water sampling for laboratory analysis. The main and most easily discernible effect of the construction is the change in water quality in Lake Jamno. This is particularly true in the case of key indicators related to seawater, including conductivity, whose values changed from brackish to fresh water.

10

Wpływ osadnictwa olęderskiego na morfologię nadwiślańskich obszarów zalewowych : na przykładzie Kępy Kiełpińskiej

Zawadzka-Pawlewska U., Tsermegas I.

Landform Analysis

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2017

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Vol. 33

49--56

PL

W rejonie Warszawy i w samej stolicy występuje wiele śladów osadnictwa olęderskiego. Tekst prezentuje wyniki pilotażowych badań nad wpływem tej kolonizacji na ukształtowanie rzeźby Kępy Kiełpińskiej, zagospodarowanej na początku XIX w. Bezpośrednie skutki antropopresji określono na podstawie porównania archiwalnych map topograficznych z lat: 1783, 1794, 1843, 1914–1915, 1936 oraz mapy współczesnej. W oparciu o dwa wiercenia porównano cechy litologiczne (uziarnienie i zawartość materii organicznej) podłoża po dwóch stronach olęderskiej grobli. Wykazano, że w pierwszej fazie modyfikacja rzeźby polegała na utworzeniu nowych form – grobli, rowów, nasypów, które są do dziś wyraźnie widoczne w terenie. W późniejszych etapach wpłynęło to na cechy gruntów użytkowanych rolniczo – groble i pasy zarośli wierzbowo-topolowych oraz płotki z wikliny zatrzymywały grubszy materiał, a na ich zapleczu osadzały się drobniejsze frakcje, wzbogacone w materię organiczną, transportowane w zawiesinie. Uzyskane wyniki uzasadniają potrzebę dalszych badań nad morfologicznymi skutkami osadnictwa olęderskiego w rejonie Warszawy.

EN

In Warsaw and its vicinity, many signs of the Olęder settlement are present. Paper presents the results of the pilot study on the Olęder settlement impact on the relief of the Kępa Kiełpińska, which was brought into cultivation in the beginning of the XIX century. Direct results of the human impact were specified on basis of the archival and modern topographic maps. On basis of two drills the lithology features of the ground on both sides of the Olęder causeway were compared (grain size distribution and LOI). In the first phase, relief modification consisted of the creation of new forms – causeways, trenches, embankments, which are still visible in landscape. In later phases, above mentioned modifications, had impact on features of the land used for agriculture – causeways and osier fences and belts composed from poplar and willow were stopping more coarse material, and on their back, more fine, enriched in organic matter, material transported in suspension was deposited. Obtained results justify the need of the future research on the impact of the Olęder settlement in the vicinity of Warsaw.

11

Human impact on the change of direction of river channel migration caused by formation of a landslide dam

Cebulski J.

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2016

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Vol. 50

5--17

EN

The paper presents the impact of man on the change of direction of the natural migration of a stream channel resulting from triggering a landslide on stream bank. The landslide that was formed on 15th May 2014 in the Łapsze Niżne village led to the formation of a landslide dam and a small dam lake upstream of it. Waters flowed over the surface of the fill terrace and returned to the old channel, approximately 120 m downstream the landslide. Following 33 days of the landslide activation, the dam was cut, and material was removed and deposited within the channel meander downstream. This caused the waters of the Łapszanka stream to return to the cleared channel. Three series of measurements were performed using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). The TLS made possible to calculate the volume of the landslide tongue (1,690m³) and the maximum volume of the material forming the landslide dam for which the flow of the waters of the Łapszanka stream would remain within the old channel (761 m³). Exceeding this value led to diverting the stream waters towards the fill terrace. Thereby, the process of forming a new channel was commenced. During its functioning (33 days), material of a volume of 55 m³ was eroded. Lack of human intervention in the natural process of migration of the channel would result in continuous removal of material from the terrace and formation of a new channel.

12

Zmiany klimatu w holocenie

Marks L.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 1

59--65

EN

Climate has been changing since the beginning of the Earth. During the Holocene the climate has not changed much but there were both warmer and cooler episodes. Varying insolation is the main reason for climate change during the Holocene. All other reasons, including among others changes of the Earth orbital parameters (Milankovitch cycles) and thermohaline oceanic circulation played a secondary role. Occasional volcanic eruptions were climatic disasters but usually on a local or regional scale and only in a short time. A record of climate change during the Holocene indicates its great influence on the development and decline of ancient civilizations and societies. From a geological point of view there is no reasonable record suggesting that contents of CO2 in the atmosphere played a predominant role of in the ongoing climate change during the last century.

13

Natural and anthropogenic indicators of fluvial system changes, the Bobrza Valley (Holy Cross Mts) as an example

Rutkiewicz P., Gawior D.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2016

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Vol. 5, iss. 1

46--60

EN

Transformations of a fluvial system are caused both by natural factors and human pressure. These factors model the system independently at different times and with different intensities or they affect it simultaneously. The aim of this study is to identify the transformation of the Bobrza river valley system occurring under natural conditions and that occurring under the influence of human activity. The identification was based on specific indicators The study was conducted in the valley mouth of the Bobrza River (Holy Cross Mountains), where three research sites were located. The investigation concerned the relief of the valley and the mineral and organic deposits. A wide range of research methods were used during the study e.g. analysis of LiDAR data, macronutrient analysis, and radioactive dating. The analyses enabled the natural and anthropogenic transformations of the Bobrza river system to be distinguished using the following indicators: morphometric and sedimentological characteristics of the palaeomeander (natural transformation), the sequence of mineral and organic deposits in exposures on the contemporary floodplain (natural and anthropogenic transformation) and transformation associated with the operation of a water mill (anthropogenic transformation). In addition, it is worth mentioning that the Bobrza channel is the location which has provided the only fossils of Juncus subnodulosus in south-east Poland.

14

Anthropogenic transformation of the vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the settlement complex in Poganowo (Mrągowo Lakeland, NE Poland)

Szal M., Kupryjanowicz M., Wyczółkowski M.

Studia Quaternaria

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2015

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Vol. 32, Nr 1

19--29

EN

The results of pollen, non-pollen palynomorph and microcharcoal particle analyses of deposits from a small pond in northeastern Poland are presented. The study focused on human-induced vegetation changes that occurred in a close vicinity of the settlement complex at Poganowo during the Middle Ages (ca 10th–16th centuries). We distinguished three phases of human impact. First and third phases correspond to intensified settlement activity. The second phase was a period when human activity decreased and woodland regeneration took place. The high incidence of the parasitic fungus Kretzschmaria deusta in a local forest stand during the third phase was simultaneous with numerous spores of coprophilous fungi (Sordaria-type and Cercophora-type). We consider that Kretzschmaria deusta inhabited the roots and bases of tree trunks damaged by digging and grazing animals. human impact, pollen analysis, fungal spores, Masuria, Middle Ages

15

Monitoring zanieczyszczenia azotem i fosforem bezodpływowego jeziora po odcięciu dopływu ścieków

Rybak M., Joniak T., Sobczyński T.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2015

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Vol. 9, No. 2

737--746

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań koncentracji związków azotu i fosforu w jeziorze bezodpływowym, dokumentujące zmiany jakościowe po odcięciu dopływu ścieków. Uwzględniono zmiany, jakie nastąpiły w zbiorniku po pierwszej fazie rekultywacji (chemiczne strącanie fosforanów, biomanipulacja i natlenianie hypolimnionu). Obniżanie się poziomu wody jeziora zasilanego z poziomu wodonośnego wielkopolskiej doliny kopalnej spowodowało ustanie odpływu powierzchniowego. Redukcja wielkości zasilania przez wody podziemne w ciągu kilkudziesięciu lat spowodowała zmniejszenie powierzchni jeziora o ponad 3 ha, a głębokości średniej o 1 m. Jezioro było przez ponad 40 lat odbiornikiem ścieków bytowych z pobliskiego sanatorium. Eliminacja dopływu ścieków w końcu lat 80. XX wieku nie spowodowała oczekiwanej poprawy stanu jakościowego wód jeziora, lecz intensyfikację eutrofizacji. Cechą jeziora były obfite zakwity fitoplanktonu i wyczerpanie tlenu od głębokości 5-6 m. Analiza przyczyn pogarszającego się stanu jeziora oparta m.in. na gradientach głębokościowych form azotu i fosforanów rozpuszczonych wykazała znaczącą rolę wtórnego zasilania wewnętrznego z osadów dennych. Wydzielanie fosforanów z osadów dennych było stymulowane przez warunki silnie redukujące. W wyniku rekultywacji nastąpił wzrost przezroczystości wody, ale warunki tlenowe nie zmieniły się. Znacznie wzrosły stężenia fosforu całkowitego, a azotu zmniejszyły się.

EN

The results of study the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus content in the lake without outflow after elimination of wastewater inflow were presented. The effects of first phase of the lake restoration (by aeration of the hypolimnion, chemical phosphorus inactivation and biomanipulation) were also noted. Several dozen years ago in result the change of groundwater level in Wielkopolska buried valley from the lake the water outflow was stopped. Reduction of supplying the underground water caused a decrease of the lake area of more than 3 hectares and average depth about 1 m. For the water quality changes in the lake during last 20 years (after 1989) a great impact had the inflow of domestic sewage from nearby sanatorium. The analyses performed after closing of sanatorium revealed the constant increase the concentrations of mineral biogenic compounds in the lake water. The intensification of the lake eutrophication was stated. Characteristic feature of lake was abundant algal blooms and depletion of oxygen from 5-6 m depth. Analysis of the causes of the deteriorating condition of the lake (based on depth gradients of nitrogen forms and dissolved phosphates) a significant role of secondary supplying from bottom sediments showed. Release of phosphate was stimulated by strongly reducing conditions. The result of restoration was improvement of the light conditions, but without improving of oxygen content in water column. In water chemistry higher concentration of TP and smaller of TN were recorded.

16

Analiza i ocena wpływu uwarunkowań ergonomicznych stanowiska operatora na bezpieczeństwo działania systemu eksploatacji środków transportowych

Muślewski Ł., Muciok Ł., Dulcet E.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 4

2056--2063, CD2

PL

Wraz ze wzrostem zapotrzebowania na rozwój społeczny i gospodarczy, nie wszystkie elementy systemów antropotechnicznych rozwinęły się w sposób zrównoważony. Jest to przyczyną dość niskiego poziomu bezpieczeństwa systemów, czego skutkiem jest stosunkowo duża liczba wypadków, a co się z tym wiąże, ofiar zabitych i rannych w wyniku kolizji i wypadków drogowych. Systemy transportowe są systemami socjotechnicznymi typu Człowiek – Maszyna – Otoczenie , w których główną przyczyną zdarzeń niepożądanych jest oddziaływanie człowieka. Czynnik ludzki to nie tylko operator środka transportu, ale i pasażerowie, osoby pracujące w otoczeniu, przechodnie, osoby odpowiedzialne za zarządzanie i organizację systemu transportowego, oraz inne osoby oddziałujące na system. W pracy podjęto problematykę wpływu oddziaływań projektowanych rozwiązań ergonomicznych, w wybranych środkach eksploatacji środków transportowych, oddziałujących na bezpieczeństwo ich działania, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem oceny funkcjonowania i niezawodności działania operatora.

EN

With the increase in demand for social and economic development, not all items anthropotechnical systems developed in a sustainable way. This is the reason for the relatively low level of system security, resulting in a relatively high number of accidents and what's involved, victims killed and injured as a result of collisions and road traffic accidents. Transport systems are systems of type Human – Technical Object - Setting , in which the major cause of adverse events of human interaction. The human factor is not only the operator of the means of transport, but also passengers, people working in the environment, passers-by, persons responsible for the management and organization of the transport system and other persons acting on the system. In this work the problem of the impact of the projected impacts of ergonomic solutions in selected public service of vehicles, affecting the safety of their activities, with particular reference to the functioning and reliability of the operator.

17

Analiza bezpieczeństwa działania wybranego systemu eksploatacji środków transportowych na podstawie oceny oddziaływania wpływu czynnika ludzkiego

Muślewski Ł., Muciok Ł., Dulcet E.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 4

2050--2055, CD2

PL

Pomimo wzrostu zapotrzebowania na transport, jako głównej gałęzi przyczyniającej się do rozwoju gospodarczego kraju, należy podkreślić, że nie wszystkie elementy systemu spełniają podstawowe wymogi dotyczące bezpieczeństwa ich funkcjonowania. Jest to przyczyną dość niskiego poziomu bezpieczeństwa systemu transportu drogowego, czego skutkiem jest stosunkowo duża liczba wypadków, czego następstwem jest liczba ofiar zabitych i rannych. Systemy transportu drogowego są systemami socjotechnicznymi typu Człowiek – Obiekt Techniczny – Otoczenie , w których główną przyczyną zdarzeń niepożądanych jest oddziaływanie człowieka. Czynnik ludzki stanowi podstawowy czynnik wpływający na bezpieczeństwo ich działania. W pracy podjęto próbę budowy modelu oraz metody oceny kształtowania bezpieczeństwa działania systemu transportowego, na podstawie wpływu czynnika ludzkiego, która będzie narzędziem wspomagającym dla decydentów zajmujących się organizacją i zarządzaniem systemów transportowych, a ich adekwatność została potwierdzona na podstawie oceny wyników badań eksploatacyjnych oraz wyników zrealizowanej symulacji komputerowej.

EN

Despite the increase in demand for transport, as the main branch of contributing to the economic development of the country, it should be emphasized that not all elements of the system meet the basic requirements for the safety of their operations. This is the reason for the relatively low level of society the Security-road transport system, resulting in a relatively high number of accidents, resulting in the number of those killed and wounded. Road transport systems are the type of systems Human- Technical Object - Setting , in which the major cause of adverse events is the human impact. The human factor is an essential factor for the safety of their operations. This paper attempts to build the model and the method of evaluating the safety of the transport system operation under the influence of the human factor that will support tool for decision makers involved in the organization and management of transport systems and their adequacy has been confirmed on the basis of the results of field tests and the results of the computer simulation.

18

Zanik jezior okolic Gardei (Pojezierze Iławskie)

Ptak M., Małecka I.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Lądowa i Wodna w Kształtowaniu Środowiska

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2014

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Nr 10

43--50

PL

Jeziora należą do jednych z najmniej trwałych elementów przyrody nieożywionej w środowisku. Od momentu powstania podlegają ciągłej ewolucji, która zmierza ostatecznie do ich zaniku. Tempo i skala tego procesu są zróżnicowane i zależą od splotu czynników naturalnych (np. fluktuacje klimatyczne) jak i sztucznych (antropopresja). W pracy w oparciu o kartograficzną metodę badania zmian środowiska przedstawiono sytuację dotycząca sześciu jezior na Pojezierzu Iławskim, które w okresie kilkudziesięciu lat przestały całkowicie istnieć. Za fakt ten odpowiedzialne są głównie przeprowadzone prace melioracyjne, które spowodowały obniżenie poziomu wody a tym samym zanik jezior.

EN

Lakes are one of the least durable inanimate elements of the natural environment. From the moment of their inception, they are constantly evolving, which ultimately leads to their disappearance. The pace and scale of this process vary depending on the combination of natural (e.g. climate fluctuations) and artificial (anthropogenic impact) factors. Based on the cartographic method of examining environmental change, the paper describes the situation of six lakes in the Iława Lake District, which, over decades, ceased to exist completely. This was mainly caused by land improvement works, which resulted in the lowering of the water level, which, in turn, led to the disappearance of the lakes.

19

Znaczenie środowiska naturalnego w zrównoważonym przedsiębiorstwie

Trojanowski T.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 4

PL

W obliczu postępującej degradacji ekosystemu naszej planety w artykule wskazano na znaczenie środowiska naturalnego w działalności gospodarczej przedsiębiorstw. We wstępie artykułu zamieszczono cel opracowania. W rozdziale pierwszym przybliżono znaczenie zrównoważonego rozwoju jako sposobu na ochronę środowiska naturalnego i przeciwdziałaniu problemom społecznym. Zaprezentowano definicje zrównoważonego rozwoju. W dalszej części opracowania zamieszczono treści dotyczące znaczenia ekologii w zrównoważonym przedsiębiorstwie. Przedstawiono zagadnienia, które powinny uwzględniać aspekty ekologiczne w realizowanej działalności biznesowej przedsiębiorstw począwszy od planowania poprzez nastawienie personelu pracowniczego i opracowania strategii marketingowej uwzgledniającej w swoich działaniach aspekty ekologiczne. Opracowanie kończą wnioski, w których podkreślono wagę racjonalnego gospodarowania zasobami naturalnymi Ziemi w trosce o zapewnienie szans na rozwój przyszłym pokoleniom.

EN

In view of the progressive degradation of the ecosystem of our planet, the article indicates the importance of the environment in business enterprises. The introduction of the article contains the aim of this work. The first chapter brings closer the importance of sustainable development as a way of protecting the environment and preventing social problems. It presents definitions of sustainable development. The further part of the article contains the information about the importance of ecology in sustainable enterprise. It presents the issues, which should take into account the environmental aspects of the business activities of enterprises from planning through the attitude of staff members and development of marketing strategy taking into account in its activities the ecological aspects. The article includes conclusions, which underline the importance of the rational use of natural resources of the Earth in order to provide opportunities for the development of future generations.

20

Wpływ małych elektrowni wodnych na dynamikę zmian stanu, przepływu i temperatury wód powierzchniowych i gruntowych – studium przypadku w dolinie rzeki Słupi

Jarosiewicz A., Obolewski K.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2013

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Vol. 22, No. 4

363--373

PL

Celem pracy było określenie wpływu systemu czterech elektrowni wodnych na dynamikę zmian przepływu, stanu i temperatury wód powierzchniowych i gruntowych w zlewni rzeki Słupi. Przeanalizowano dobowe zmiany poziomu lustra wody, prędkości przepływu i temperatury wód rzeki Słupi na wodowskazie zlokalizowanym około 25 km poniżej systemu elektrowni. Określono również zakres dobowych zmian poziomu i temperatury wód gruntowych w dolinie rzeki. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz ustalono, że rzeka Słupia poniżej ciągu elektrowni wodnych charakteryzuje się wyrównanym stanem wód (średnie dobowe zmiany z wielolecia poniżej 0,1 m) i stabilnym przepływem (dobowy współczynnik zmienności przepływu około 20%), a zmienność temperaturowa (średnio 0,5°C przez 24 h) spowodowana jest przede wszystkim czynnikami klimatycznymi. Średnie dobowe stany wód gruntowych, wyniosły poniżej 0,1 m, a zmiany temperatury nie przekroczyły 0,2°C. Mimo tego iż dolina rzeki Słupi została bezsprzecznie zmieniona na skutek powstających zabudowań hydrotechnicznych, to po około 100 latach sprzyjające warunki pozwoliły na osiągnięcie pewnej stabilizacji ekosystemów.

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of four hydropower plants systems on the Słupia River. Authors analyzed the daily changes in the water levels, discharge and temperature on the station located about 25 km below the hydropower plants system. Moreover authors determined the daily changes in the levels and temperature of groundwater in the river valley. Based on the measurements it was found that the Słupia River below the hydropower plants system is characterized stable water level (on average, daily changes were less than 0.1 m) and water flow (daily flow variability coefficient about 20%), and the temperature variability (0.5°C during 24 h) was mainly due by climatic factors. Daily changes in groundwater levels averaged out at less than 0.1 m, and the changes in temperature did not exceed 0.2°C. Despite the significant changes in the river valley as a result of hydropower plant construction, after 100 years the favourable conditions allowed to achieve some stability of the ecosystem.